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Structural Aspect of Hydroxyethyl-Starch–Anticancer-Drug-Conjugates as State-of-the-Art Drug Carriers 羟乙基淀粉抗癌药物偶联物作为新型药物载体的结构研究
IF 2.5 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91030032
K. Chandra, Sansa Dutta, H. Kolya, C. Kang
Cancer is a genetic disorder and its treatment usually requires a long time and expensive diagnosis. While chemotherapy is the most conventional approach in treating most cancers, patients often suffer from undesired side effects due to various pharmacokinetic aspects. To address this issue, target-oriented drug-delivery systems (DDS) or pulsatile drug-delivery systems (PDDS) have recently been developed as an alternative tool that takes care of the entire pharmacodynamic activities of drug action. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) has emerged as an effective clinical tool for delivering anticancer agents into target cells. These systems have demonstrated significant potential as anticancer drug carrier conjugates through their innate pharmacokinetic properties with their safety profile. This review focuses primarily on the structural aspect during the use of HES or HES-based polymers as carriers for delivering well-known anticancer drugs. This review also indicates a perspective on the long-term research needed for the sake of improving modern drug-delivery systems based on HES polymers and in the form of nanocarriers.
癌症是一种遗传性疾病,其治疗通常需要很长时间和昂贵的诊断。虽然化疗是治疗大多数癌症的最传统方法,但由于各种药代动力学方面的原因,患者经常会出现不良副作用。为了解决这个问题,靶向药物递送系统(DDS)或脉动药物递送系统最近被开发为一种替代工具,可以照顾药物作用的整个药效学活动。羟乙基淀粉(HES)已成为向靶细胞递送抗癌药物的有效临床工具。这些系统通过其固有的药代动力学特性和安全性,已显示出作为抗癌药物载体偶联物的巨大潜力。这篇综述主要集中在使用HES或基于HES的聚合物作为载体递送知名抗癌药物的结构方面。这篇综述还对改进基于HES聚合物和纳米载体形式的现代药物递送系统所需的长期研究提出了展望。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical Investigation of Forced Oxidized Anti-VEGF IgG Molecules: A Focus on the Alterations in Antigen and Receptor Binding Activities 强制氧化抗VEGF IgG分子的分析研究:聚焦于抗原和受体结合活性的改变
IF 2.5 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91030031
A. Parlar, B. Gurel, Mehmet Reşit Sönmez, Meral Yüce
Alterations in the biological activity of the molecules under stress conditions have not been documented as widely in the literature yet. This study was designed to reveal the functional impacts of various oxidation conditions on a model mAb, a commercial anti-VEGF IgG molecule. The responses to antigen binding, cell proliferation, FcRn receptors, and C1q binding, which rarely appear in the current literature, were investigated. The authors report peptide mapping data, post-translational modification (PTM) analysis, cell proliferation performance, and antigen (VEGF), C1q, and FcRn binding activities of the mAb under various stress conditions. The oxidation-prone site of the mAb was determined as Met252 in the DTLMISR peptide. The VEGF binding activity and anti-cell proliferation activity of the mAbs did not alter, while C1q and FcRn binding capacity significantly decreased under oxidative stress conditions. The full report is vital for many scientific and industrial processes about mAbs. The authors recommend performing functional analyses in addition to the structural studies while investigating the impacts of stress factors on therapeutic mAbs.
分子在应激条件下的生物活性变化尚未在文献中得到广泛的记录。本研究旨在揭示各种氧化条件对商业抗VEGF IgG分子mAb模型的功能影响。研究了对抗原结合、细胞增殖、FcRn受体和C1q结合的反应,这些反应在当前文献中很少出现。作者报告了mAb在各种应激条件下的肽图谱数据、翻译后修饰(PTM)分析、细胞增殖性能以及抗原(VEGF)、C1q和FcRn结合活性。mAb的易氧化位点被确定为DTLMISR肽中的Met252。mAb的VEGF结合活性和抗细胞增殖活性没有改变,而C1q和FcRn结合能力在氧化应激条件下显著降低。完整的报告对于mAb的许多科学和工业过程至关重要。作者建议在研究应激因素对治疗性单克隆抗体的影响时,除了进行结构研究外,还进行功能分析。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Compressional Force, Croscarmellose Sodium, and Microcrystalline Cellulose on Black Pepper Extract Tablet Properties Based on Design of Experiments Approach 基于实验设计方法的压缩力、交联纤维素钠和微晶纤维素对黑胡椒浸膏片剂性能的影响
IF 2.5 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91030030
Chaowalit Monton, Thaniya Wunnakup, Jirapornchai Suksaeree, L. Charoenchai, Natawat Chankana
This study aimed to prepare tablets of black pepper extract using the Design of Experiments (DOE) approach. The levels of three factors—compressional force, croscarmellose sodium (CCS), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)—were screened using the one-factor-at-a-time technique, followed by the DOE utilizing the Box–Behnken design. The respective variations for each factor were as follows: compressional force (1500–2500 psi), CCS (1–3%), and MCC (32–42%). The results indicated that compressional force significantly decreased tablet thickness and friability, while increasing hardness and prolonging disintegration time. CCS significantly shortened disintegration time but did not affect tablet thickness, hardness, and friability. MCC, on the other hand, significantly increased tablet thickness and hardness, while significantly decreasing friability. Furthermore, the study observed interactions among factors and quadratic effects of each factor, which significantly influenced tablet properties. The optimal tablet formulation consisted of 2.2% CCS, 37% MCC, and a compressional force of 2000 psi. These tablets had a weight of 198.39 ± 0.49 mg, a diameter of 9.67 ± 0.01 mm, a thickness of 1.98 ± 0.02 mm, a hardness of 7.36 ± 0.24 kP, a friability of 0.11 ± 0.02%, and a disintegration time of 5.59 ± 0.39 min. The actual values obtained using the optimal conditions closely matched the predicted values, with a low percent error (less than 5%). In conclusion, the application of the DOE approach successfully developed tablets of black pepper extract, which can be utilized as food supplement products.
本研究旨在使用实验设计(DOE)方法制备黑胡椒提取物片剂。三个因素的水平——压缩力、交联羧甲基纤维素钠(CCS)和微晶纤维素(MCC)——使用一次一个因素的技术进行筛选,然后由DOE使用Box-Behnken设计。每个因素的各自变化如下:压缩力(1500–2500 psi)、CCS(1–3%)和MCC(32–42%)。结果表明,挤压力显著降低了片剂的厚度和脆性,同时增加了硬度,延长了崩解时间。CCS显著缩短了崩解时间,但不影响片剂的厚度、硬度和脆性。另一方面,MCC显著增加了片剂的厚度和硬度,同时显著降低了脆性。此外,该研究观察到了各因素之间的相互作用和各因素的二次效应,这些因素显著影响了片剂的性能。最佳片剂配方包括2.2%的CCS、37%的MCC和2000psi的压缩力。这些片剂的重量为198.39±0.49 mg,直径为9.67±0.01 mm,厚度为1.98±0.02 mm,硬度为7.36±0.24 kP,脆性为0.11±0.02%,崩解时间为5.59±0.39 min。使用最佳条件获得的实际值与预测值非常匹配,误差百分比较低(小于5%)。总之,DOE方法的应用成功开发了黑胡椒提取物片剂,可作为食品补充剂。
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引用次数: 0
Escherichia coli (Lilly) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Novo) rDNA Glucagon: An Assessment of Their Actions When Supplied Selectively to Periportal Cells in the Bivascularly Perfused Rat Liver 大肠杆菌(Lilly)和酿酒酵母菌(Novo) rDNA胰高血糖素:在双血管灌注大鼠肝脏中选择性提供给门静脉周围细胞时的作用评估
IF 2.5 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-06-24 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91030029
L. Bracht, J. Constantin, R. Peralta, A. Bracht
The actions of Eli Lilly-rDNA glucagon and Novo Nordisk-rDNA glucagon on glycogen catabolism and related parameters were investigated using the bivascularly perfused rat liver. The technique allows glucagon to be supplied to a selective portion of the hepatic periportal region (≈39%) when the former is infused into the hepatic artery in retrograde perfusion. Both glucagon preparations were equally effective in influencing metabolism (glucose output, glycolysis and O2 uptake) when supplied to all cells along the liver sinusoids. When only a selective periportal region of the liver was supplied with the hormone, however, the action of Novo Nordisk-rDNA glucagon was proportional to the accessible cell space, whereas the action of Eli Lilly-rDNA glucagon greatly exceeded the action that was expected for the accessible space. Chromatographically, both rDNA preparations were not pure, but their impurities were not the same. The impurities in Eli Lilly-rDNA glucagon resembled those found in the similarly acting pancreatic Eli Lilly glucagon. It was concluded that the space-extrapolating action of Eli Lilly-rDNA glucagon is caused by a yet-to-be-identified impurity. The hypothesis was raised that an impurity in certain glucagon preparations can enhance cell-to-cell propagation of the glucagon signal, possibly via gap junctional communication.
利用双血管灌注大鼠肝脏,研究了礼来rDNA胰高血糖素和诺和诺德rDNA胰高血糖素对糖原分解代谢的作用及相关参数。当胰高血糖素以逆行灌注的方式输注到肝动脉中时,该技术可以将其供应到肝门周区域的选择性部分(≈39%)。当供应给沿肝窦的所有细胞时,两种胰高血糖素制剂在影响代谢(葡萄糖输出、糖酵解和O2摄取)方面同样有效。然而,当仅向肝脏的选择性门周区域提供激素时,Novo Nordisk rDNA胰高血糖素的作用与可进入的细胞空间成比例,而Eli Lilly rDNA胰高糖素的作用大大超过了可进入空间的预期作用。从色谱上看,两种rDNA制剂都不是纯的,但它们的杂质并不相同。礼来rDNA胰高血糖素中的杂质与类似作用的胰腺中发现的杂质相似。结果表明,礼来rDNA胰高血糖素的空间外推作用是由一种尚未鉴定的杂质引起的。提出了一种假设,即某些胰高血糖素制剂中的杂质可以增强胰高血糖蛋白信号的细胞间传播,可能通过间隙连接通信。
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引用次数: 0
New Advances and Perspectives of Influenza Prevention: Current State of the Art 流感预防的新进展和前景:当前的艺术状态
IF 2.5 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91020028
V. Oberemok, O. Andreeva, E. E. Alieva, Anastasiya Bilyk
The modern world, swaddled in the benefits of civilization, has fostered the development of science and the introduction of products of technological progress. This has allowed serious individual health problems, including those associated with viral diseases, to become targets for prophylaxis, treatment, and even cure. Human immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis viruses, coronaviruses, and influenza viruses are among the most disturbing infectious agents in the human experience. Influenza appears to be one of the oldest viruses known to man; these viruses were among the first to cause major epidemics and pandemics in human history, collectively causing up to 0.5 million deaths worldwide each year. The main problem in the fight against influenza viruses is that they mutate constantly, which leads to molecular changes in antigens, including outer membrane glycoproteins, which play a critical role in the creation of modern vaccines. Due to the constant microevolution of the virus, influenza vaccine formulas have to be reviewed and improved every year. Today, flu vaccines represent an eternal molecular race between a person and a virus, which neither entity seems likely to win.
现代世界享受着文明的好处,促进了科学的发展和技术进步产品的引进。这使得严重的个人健康问题,包括与病毒性疾病有关的问题,成为预防、治疗甚至治愈的目标。人类免疫缺陷病毒、肝炎病毒、冠状病毒和流感病毒是人类经历中最令人不安的传染病。流感似乎是人类已知的最古老的病毒之一;这些病毒是人类历史上最早引起重大流行病和大流行的病毒之一,每年在全世界造成多达50万人死亡。对抗流感病毒的主要问题是它们不断变异,导致抗原的分子变化,包括外膜糖蛋白,这在现代疫苗的制造中起着关键作用。由于流感病毒不断发生微进化,每年都必须对流感疫苗配方进行审查和改进。今天,流感疫苗代表了人与病毒之间永恒的分子竞赛,两者似乎都不可能获胜。
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引用次数: 1
Polymeric Microneedles: An Emerging Paradigm for Advanced Biomedical Applications 聚合物微针:先进生物医学应用的新兴范例
IF 2.5 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91020027
Deepak Kulkarni, D. Gadade, Nutan Chapaitkar, S. Shelke, S. Pekamwar, Rushikesh Aher, Ankita Ahire, Manjusha Avhale, Rupali Badgule, Radhika Bansode, Bhujang Bobade
Microneedles are gaining popularity as a new paradigm in the area of transdermal drug delivery for biomedical and healthcare applications. Efficient drug delivery with minimal invasion is the prime advantage of microneedles. The concept of the microneedle array provides an extensive surface area for efficient drug delivery. Various types of inorganics (silicon, ceramic, metal, etc.) and polymeric materials are used for the fabrication of microneedles. The polymeric microneedles have various advantages over other microneedles fabricated using inorganic material, such as biocompatibility, biodegradation, and non-toxicity. The wide variety of polymers used in microneedle fabrication can provide a broad scope for drug delivery and other biomedical applications. Multiple metallic and polymeric microneedles can be functionalized by polymer coatings for various biomedical applications. The fabrication of polymeric microneedles is shifting from conventional to advanced 3D and 4D printing technology. The multifaceted biomedical applications of polymeric microneedles include drug delivery, vaccine delivery, biosensing, and diagnostic applications. Here, we provide the overview of the current and advanced information on polymers used for fabrication, the selection criteria for polymers, biomedical applications, and the regulatory perspective of polymer-based and polymer-coated microneedles, along with a patent scenario.
微针作为生物医学和医疗保健应用中透皮给药领域的一种新范式,越来越受欢迎。微针的主要优点是以最小的侵入性进行有效的药物递送。微针阵列的概念为有效的药物递送提供了广泛的表面积。各种类型的无机物(硅、陶瓷、金属等)和聚合物材料用于制造微针。与使用无机材料制造的其他微针相比,聚合物微针具有各种优点,如生物相容性、生物降解性和无毒性。微针制造中使用的各种聚合物可以为药物递送和其他生物医学应用提供广泛的范围。多种金属和聚合物微针可以通过聚合物涂层进行功能化,用于各种生物医学应用。聚合物微针的制造正在从传统的3D和4D打印技术转向先进的3D和3D打印技术。聚合物微针的多方面生物医学应用包括药物递送、疫苗递送、生物传感和诊断应用。在这里,我们概述了用于制造的聚合物的当前和先进信息、聚合物的选择标准、生物医学应用、聚合物基和聚合物涂层微针的监管前景,以及专利场景。
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引用次数: 3
Fused Triazole-Azepine Hybrids as Potential Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Agents 融合三唑-阿泽平杂交种作为潜在的非甾体抗炎药
IF 2.5 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91020026
Sergii Demchenko, R. Lesyk, O. Yadlovskyi, S. Holota, Sergii Yarmoluk, Sergii Tsyhankov, A. Demchenko
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the oldest and most widely used groups of drugs nowadays. However, the problem of searching for and creating new NSAIDs remains open, primarily due to the risks owing to their short- and long-term use. In this context, triazole-azepine hybrid molecules are attractive and prospective objects for the rational design of novel potential NSAIDs. In the present work studies of 3-aryl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]azepines as potential non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents are reported. Evaluation of drug-like properties for all tested triazole-azepine hybrids was performed in silico using SwissADME. The screening of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities was performed in vivo using acid-induced writhing and carrageenin-induced hind paw oedema models in mice. Derivatives with activity levels more potent compared with reference drugs ketorolac and diclofenac sodium were identified. Preliminary SAR was performed based on the screening results.
非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)是当今最古老、使用最广泛的药物之一。然而,寻找和创建新的非甾体抗炎药的问题仍然悬而未决,主要是由于其短期和长期使用带来的风险。在这种情况下,三唑-氮杂平杂化分子是合理设计新型潜在非甾体抗炎药的有吸引力和前景的对象。在本工作中,报道了3-芳基-6,7,8,9-四氢-5H-[1,2,4]三唑并[4,3-a]氮杂平作为潜在的非甾体抗炎剂的研究。使用SwissADME在计算机上对所有测试的三唑-氮杂平混合物的类药物性质进行评估。使用酸诱导的小鼠扭体和卡拉胶诱导的小鼠后爪水肿模型在体内进行镇痛和抗炎活性的筛选。与参考药物酮咯酸和双氯芬酸钠相比,活性水平更高的衍生物被鉴定出来。根据筛选结果进行初步SAR。
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引用次数: 1
Effect of Etifoxine on Locomotor Activity and Passive Learning in Rats with Diazepam-Induced Cognitive Deficit 艾提伏辛对地西泮认知缺陷大鼠运动活性和被动学习的影响
IF 2.5 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91020025
V. Kokova, E. Apostolova
Etifoxine is an anxiolytic drug with a dual mechanism of action. In contrast to conventional benzodiazepine anxiolytics, which induce cognitive dysfunction and myorelaxation, no memory impairment nor a decrease in motor activity is observed with etifoxine. This study aims to evaluate the effects of etifoxine on locomotor activity and passive learning in rats with diazepam-induced memory deficit. Male Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally for 7 days with: (1) saline; (2) diazepam 2.5 mg/kg bw or (3) diazepam 2.5 mg/kg bw and etifoxine in a dose of 50 mg/kg bw. Activity cage test was used for evaluation of locomotor activity, and step-through and step-down tests were performed to study the passive learning. Etifoxine increased the number of horizontal movements on the 7th and 14th days of the experiment. The drug exhibits anti-amnesic effect in a model of diazepam-induced anterograde amnesia by enhancing long-term memory in passive learning tests. The data obtained suggest that etifoxine can reduce the benzodiazepine-induced cognitive deficit. Moreover, such a combination can alleviate the negative influence of benzodiazepines on locomotor activity. However, additional studies are necessary to translate these results into clinical practice.
艾提伏辛是一种具有双重作用机制的抗焦虑药物。与引起认知功能障碍和肌肉放松的传统苯二氮卓类抗焦虑药相比,依替福辛没有观察到记忆障碍或运动活动减少。本研究旨在评估依替福辛对地西泮诱导的记忆缺陷大鼠运动活动和被动学习的影响。雄性Wistar大鼠用以下物质腹膜内处理7天:(1)生理盐水;(2) 地西泮2.5 mg/kg bw或(3)地西泮2.5mg/kg bw和依替福辛,剂量为50 mg/kg bw。活动笼试验用于评估运动活性,并进行逐步和逐步试验来研究被动学习。艾提伏辛在实验的第7天和第14天增加了水平运动的次数。该药物通过在被动学习测试中增强长期记忆,在地西泮诱导的顺行性健忘症模型中表现出抗遗忘作用。所获得的数据表明,依替福辛可以减少苯二氮卓类药物引起的认知缺陷。此外,这种组合可以减轻苯二氮卓类药物对运动活性的负面影响。然而,为了将这些结果转化为临床实践,还需要进行更多的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Effectiveness of Zingiber montanum Herbal Compress Remedy for Pain Management: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 生姜中药挤压疗法治疗疼痛的有效性:最新系统综述和荟萃分析
IF 2.5 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91020024
Kanjana Worasing, Bunleu Sungthong, Wiraphol Phimarn
The Zingiber montanum herbal compress remedy is a type of herbal medicine that can be used as an alternative treatment for improving pain symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a Z. montanum herbal compress remedy for pain relief. PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Thai databases were systematically searched for relevant articles published from inception to December 2022. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) wherein the efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy was compared to that of a placebo or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were included. Six RCTs with a total of 812 patients were included in the analysis. The efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy had a significantly decreased pain score compared to the placebo (SMD = −0.63; 95% CI = −1.20, −0.06; I2 = 90%), but there was no significant difference when compared to NSAIDs (SMD = −0.61; 95% CI = −1.41, 0.81; I2 = 73%). Moreover, the efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy in terms of the flexibility score (SMD = 0.59; 95% CI −0.56, 1.74; I2 = 86.0%) and quality of life (SMD = 0.34; 95% CI −0.38, 1.05; I2 = 81.0%) was similar to that of the placebo. This meta-analysis demonstrates that the use of the Z. montanum herbal compress remedy significantly reduces the pain scores reported by patients.
生姜草药敷贴是一种可以作为改善疼痛症状的替代疗法的草药。本研究旨在评估一种山莨菪碱草药压缩疗法缓解疼痛的临床疗效。PubMed、Scopus、ScienceDirect和Thai数据库系统搜索了从成立到2022年12月发表的相关文章。仅包括随机临床试验(RCT),其中将蒙塔努姆疗法的疗效与安慰剂或非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)的疗效进行比较。共有812名患者参与了6项随机对照试验。与安慰剂相比,蒙塔努姆的疗效显著降低了疼痛评分(SMD=−0.63;95%CI=−1.20,−0.06;I2=90%),但与非甾体抗炎药相比没有显著差异(SMD=−0.61;95%CI=-1.41,0.81;I2=73%)。此外,在灵活性评分(SMD=0.59;95%CI−0.56,1.74;I2=86.0%)和生活质量(SMD=0.34;95%CI–0.38,1.05;I2=81.0%)方面,蒙塔努姆药物的疗效与安慰剂相似。这项荟萃分析表明,使用Z.montanum草药压缩疗法可以显著降低患者报告的疼痛评分。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Evaluation of Metformin and Metronidazole Release from Oral Lyophilisates with Different Methods 不同方法对口服冻干液释放二甲双胍和甲硝唑的比较评价
IF 2.5 Q2 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91020023
V. R. Timergalieva, C. Gennari, F. Cilurzo, F. Selmin, R. I. Moustafine
The aim of this study is to compare three different dissolution methods to assess the drug release from oral lyophilisates, based on interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs). IPECs were prepared by mixing solutions of a linear polymer, Eudragit® EPO, with a polymer with a cross-linked structure, Noveon® AA-1 or Carbopol® 10 Ultrez (in ratios of 1:2 and 1:1, respectively). Metformin or metronidazole were used as model drugs to achieve a systemic or local effect. A comparative assessment of the drug release kinetics was carried out using artificial saliva and three different set-ups: a paddle stirrer (USP apparatus 2), a flow cell (USP apparatus 4) and a Franz diffusion cell. The results demonstrated that oral lyophilisates disintegrated within 1 min. In the case of metformin, the drug release was completed in about 90 min independently of the set-up. The static conditions in the Franz diffusion cell and USP apparatus 2 permitted the aggregation of the IPEC; therefore, the release profiles show a significant difference compared to the USP apparatus 4.
本研究的目的是比较三种不同的溶出方法,以评估基于电解质间复合物(IPEC)的口服冻干物的药物释放。IPEC是通过将线性聚合物Eudragit®EPO与具有交联结构的聚合物Noveon®AA-1或Carbopol®10 Ultrez(比例分别为1:2和1:1)的溶液混合制备的。二甲双胍或甲硝唑被用作模型药物以达到全身或局部效果。使用人工唾液和三种不同的装置进行药物释放动力学的比较评估:桨式搅拌器(USP装置2)、流动池(USP装置4)和Franz扩散池。结果表明,口服冻干物在1分钟内崩解。在二甲双胍的情况下,药物释放在约90分钟内完成,与设置无关。Franz扩散池和USP装置2中的静态条件允许IPEC的聚集;因此释放曲线显示出与USP装置4相比的显著差异。
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引用次数: 1
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