Halford Warlick, Gabriel N. Desouza, Megan L. Wander, V. Gallicchio
The importance of undergraduate coursework in determining medical school student readiness reaches far beyond preparation to take the standardized Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT®). Since medical schools employ a rigorous and fast-paced learning system to instruct prospective medical students on (A) didactic information in the basic sciences and (B) the critical methodology of clinical practice, it is essential for applicants to be well-equipped for the challenge that this type of scholarship requires. A research study investigated current medical students enrolled at the four medical schools in the State of South Carolina: The Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), University of South Carolina College of Medicine Columbia (USCSOM-Columbia), University of South Carolina College of Medicine Greenville (USCSOM-Greenville) and Edward Via College of Medicine Spartanburg (VCOM-Spartanburg). Questionnaires were distributed in the form of Google surveys to all medical institutions in order to distribute them to all students enrolled (M1-M4). The results were received, compiled, and analyzed. The data demonstrated striking similarities in the responses received from medical students representing all four professional schools regarding their evaluation how well they were prepared as undergraduates. The significance of these results is discussed. Key words: Medical education, medical school, South Carolina, MCAT, South Carolina.
{"title":"The importance of undergraduate coursework in student success at South Carolina medical institutions","authors":"Halford Warlick, Gabriel N. Desouza, Megan L. Wander, V. Gallicchio","doi":"10.5897/SRE2019.6631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2019.6631","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of undergraduate coursework in determining medical school student readiness reaches far beyond preparation to take the standardized Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT®). Since medical schools employ a rigorous and fast-paced learning system to instruct prospective medical students on (A) didactic information in the basic sciences and (B) the critical methodology of clinical practice, it is essential for applicants to be well-equipped for the challenge that this type of scholarship requires. A research study investigated current medical students enrolled at the four medical schools in the State of South Carolina: The Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), University of South Carolina College of Medicine Columbia (USCSOM-Columbia), University of South Carolina College of Medicine Greenville (USCSOM-Greenville) and Edward Via College of Medicine Spartanburg (VCOM-Spartanburg). Questionnaires were distributed in the form of Google surveys to all medical institutions in order to distribute them to all students enrolled (M1-M4). The results were received, compiled, and analyzed. The data demonstrated striking similarities in the responses received from medical students representing all four professional schools regarding their evaluation how well they were prepared as undergraduates. The significance of these results is discussed. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Medical education, medical school, South Carolina, MCAT, South Carolina.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":"14 1","pages":"105-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43464248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. K. Fontodji, K. Adjonou, K. Segla, Kodjo Napo, K. Abotsi, A. Kokutse, R. Sagoe, K. Kokou
This study aims at contributing to the vulnerability and adaptation to climate changes (CC) analysis of bordering communities of Togodo Reserve, in order to enhance their resilience. Specifically, the present study attempted to (i) identify the climatic hazards of the WRT; (ii) determine the impacts of climate variability and change on their livelihoods; (iii) assess the socio-economic vulnerability of these communities to food insecurity in relation to CC; and (iv) identify indigenous adaptation strategies to control the effects of CC. The methodological approach used is based on a factual research and a field investigation. The investigation is conducted in two villages around the reserve, namely Deve and Gbohoule. The results showed that climate variability and change were appreciated in different indicators by the local communities living around the WRT: Droughts, flooding, high winds and temperature increase with severe consequences on the communities (famine, destruction of tangible and intangible properties, loss of human life, populations’ migration). The communities are aware that humans are responsible for these events that have become recurrent from 2007 and occur almost every year. According to them, the causes of climate changes are deforestation (due to overexploitation of timber, fuelwood and shifting agriculture), bush fires, rapid increase in population, anger of gods due to irregularities of sacrifices and violations of customs. The communities are vulnerable to main climatic hazards and suffered from food insecurity. The factorial correspondence analysis (FCA)) carried out shows that the perception of the degree of exposure of households to risks depends on their standard of livelihood. Facing these climate events, the populations develop many adaptive strategies of which most are consistent with the national orientations and strategies. These adaptive strategies must be reinforced and supported in order to reduce the vulnerability of these populations to climate changes. Key words: Climate variability and change, communities, livelihood, vulnerability and adaptation, Wildlife Reserve of Togodo.
{"title":"Assessment of ecosystem services in the Wildlife Reserve of Togodo (South East of Togo, West Africa) and vulnerability-adaptation of surrounding communities to climate variability and change effects","authors":"J. K. Fontodji, K. Adjonou, K. Segla, Kodjo Napo, K. Abotsi, A. Kokutse, R. Sagoe, K. Kokou","doi":"10.5897/SRE2018.6597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2018.6597","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims at contributing to the vulnerability and adaptation to climate changes (CC) analysis of bordering communities of Togodo Reserve, in order to enhance their resilience. Specifically, the present study attempted to (i) identify the climatic hazards of the WRT; (ii) determine the impacts of climate variability and change on their livelihoods; (iii) assess the socio-economic vulnerability of these communities to food insecurity in relation to CC; and (iv) identify indigenous adaptation strategies to control the effects of CC. The methodological approach used is based on a factual research and a field investigation. The investigation is conducted in two villages around the reserve, namely Deve and Gbohoule. The results showed that climate variability and change were appreciated in different indicators by the local communities living around the WRT: Droughts, flooding, high winds and temperature increase with severe consequences on the communities (famine, destruction of tangible and intangible properties, loss of human life, populations’ migration). The communities are aware that humans are responsible for these events that have become recurrent from 2007 and occur almost every year. According to them, the causes of climate changes are deforestation (due to overexploitation of timber, fuelwood and shifting agriculture), bush fires, rapid increase in population, anger of gods due to irregularities of sacrifices and violations of customs. The communities are vulnerable to main climatic hazards and suffered from food insecurity. The factorial correspondence analysis (FCA)) carried out shows that the perception of the degree of exposure of households to risks depends on their standard of livelihood. Facing these climate events, the populations develop many adaptive strategies of which most are consistent with the national orientations and strategies. These adaptive strategies must be reinforced and supported in order to reduce the vulnerability of these populations to climate changes. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Climate variability and change, communities, livelihood, vulnerability and adaptation, Wildlife Reserve of Togodo.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":"14 1","pages":"86-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/SRE2018.6597","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42287767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ogbonna, Ogochukwu Ngozi Chidimma Umeh, C. Mbah, S. Ofoefule, B. Ozumba
The aim of this work was to formulate and evaluate the herbal tablets of Allium cepa L. for in vitro tablet properties, hypoglycemic effects and for their effects on some biochemical parameters in diabetic rats. Aqueous extract of A. cepa L. was obtained by cold maceration and freeze dried. A. cepa L. extract compatibility with some tablet excipients was assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A. cepa L. tablets consisted of the extract, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Primogel®, Ac-Di-Sol®, Avicel® PH102, anhydrous lactose, talc and stearic acid. Tablets were prepared according to standard physical properties using wet granulation method. The tablets were evaluated for antidiabetic properties and for their effects on some biochemical parameters in alloxan induced diabetic rats with glibenclamide and distilled water as positive and negative controls respectively. The extract-excipient compatibility test indicated compatibility of the extract with gelatin, PVP, CMC, Primogel®, Ac-Di-Sol®, Avicel® PH102, and anhydrous lactose. The prepared tablets maintained adequate mechanical integrity and dissolution profiles after storage for six months. There was significant reduction in blood glucose level upon daily administration of the tablets compared to the negative control (p = 0.05). Maximum reduction of blood glucose levels ranging from 20 to 70% were achieved within 21 days of daily administration of the tablets. The plasma levels of liver enzymes such as alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly reduced together with total cholesterol and triglycerides. There were also reduced activities of catalase, glutathione reductase and malondialdehyde. Key words: Allium cepa, hypoglycemic effects, biochemical parameters, alloxan, wet granulation.
{"title":"Hypoglycemic activities and biochemical parameters modulation of herbal formulations of Allium cepa L. in alloxanized diabetic rats","authors":"J. Ogbonna, Ogochukwu Ngozi Chidimma Umeh, C. Mbah, S. Ofoefule, B. Ozumba","doi":"10.5897/SRE2019.6620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2019.6620","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was to formulate and evaluate the herbal tablets of Allium cepa L. for in vitro tablet properties, hypoglycemic effects and for their effects on some biochemical parameters in diabetic rats. Aqueous extract of A. cepa L. was obtained by cold maceration and freeze dried. A. cepa L. extract compatibility with some tablet excipients was assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A. cepa L. tablets consisted of the extract, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Primogel®, Ac-Di-Sol®, Avicel® PH102, anhydrous lactose, talc and stearic acid. Tablets were prepared according to standard physical properties using wet granulation method. The tablets were evaluated for antidiabetic properties and for their effects on some biochemical parameters in alloxan induced diabetic rats with glibenclamide and distilled water as positive and negative controls respectively. The extract-excipient compatibility test indicated compatibility of the extract with gelatin, PVP, CMC, Primogel®, Ac-Di-Sol®, Avicel® PH102, and anhydrous lactose. The prepared tablets maintained adequate mechanical integrity and dissolution profiles after storage for six months. There was significant reduction in blood glucose level upon daily administration of the tablets compared to the negative control (p = 0.05). Maximum reduction of blood glucose levels ranging from 20 to 70% were achieved within 21 days of daily administration of the tablets. The plasma levels of liver enzymes such as alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly reduced together with total cholesterol and triglycerides. There were also reduced activities of catalase, glutathione reductase and malondialdehyde. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Allium cepa, hypoglycemic effects, biochemical parameters, alloxan, wet granulation.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/SRE2019.6620","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44171032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Essential oils extracted from two medicinal plants Peganum harmala and Rhanterium epapposum native to the Arabian Peninsula specially Saudi Arabia, were evaluated for their larvicidal effects and emergence of Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) adults. The oil analyzed by thin layer chromatography, the results of phytochemical analysis indicated that the presence of Alkaloids, flavonoids Triterpenes, Cumarins and Tannins in the two ethanolic extracts. The most abundant compounds were alkaloids and flavonoids. The essential oil of P. harmala showed toxicity against T. granarium third instar larvae with equivalent LD50 values of 23.5 μg/ml, when fed on treated seeds, with significant mortality rates up to 66% in three days. Whereas the toxicity effect was 49.7 μg/ml against T. granarium third instar, larvae contact treated surface. The essential oil of R. epapposum resulted into higher toxicity with LD50 values of 22.3 μg/ml with significant mortality up to 70% in three days. Comparing total mortality percentages of R. epapposum and P. harmala ethanoic extract on different treatments gives a good insight about their bioactivity. Key words: Insecticidal effect, oil extract, botanical insecticide, khapra beetle.
{"title":"Effectiveness of using oils extracts of Peganum harmala and Rhanterium epapposum against Khapra beetle (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and their chemical compositions","authors":"Zeinab Eltahir Bakheet Eltahir, A. A. Dahab","doi":"10.5897/SRE2019.6621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2019.6621","url":null,"abstract":"Essential oils extracted from two medicinal plants Peganum harmala and Rhanterium epapposum native to the Arabian Peninsula specially Saudi Arabia, were evaluated for their larvicidal effects and emergence of Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) adults. The oil analyzed by thin layer chromatography, the results of phytochemical analysis indicated that the presence of Alkaloids, flavonoids Triterpenes, Cumarins and Tannins in the two ethanolic extracts. The most abundant compounds were alkaloids and flavonoids. The essential oil of P. harmala showed toxicity against T. granarium third instar larvae with equivalent LD50 values of 23.5 μg/ml, when fed on treated seeds, with significant mortality rates up to 66% in three days. Whereas the toxicity effect was 49.7 μg/ml against T. granarium third instar, larvae contact treated surface. The essential oil of R. epapposum resulted into higher toxicity with LD50 values of 22.3 μg/ml with significant mortality up to 70% in three days. Comparing total mortality percentages of R. epapposum and P. harmala ethanoic extract on different treatments gives a good insight about their bioactivity. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Insecticidal effect, oil extract, botanical insecticide, khapra beetle.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/SRE2019.6621","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45026007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Phuyal, Rojita Maharjan, Rajesh Maharjan, Niranjan Devkota
This study made an attempt to acquire information on water availability and assess the drinking water quality level of Bagmati river corridors. It identified the different modes of water supply sources and then examined drinking water quality in 37 squatters and 5 indigenous communities which consists 3693 households within Kathmandu Valley. To assess the state of drinking water quality at sources and points of use (POU), the standard water quality indicators were obtained through different parameters. 90 representative water sources’ samples for testing the water quality at point of use were carried-out through random sampling of households in the communities. The survey was conducted by visiting each community and gathered information through key informant interview (KII) and questionnaire survey in May that is, pre-monsoon season of the year 2015. The result shows that the maximum samples of the water consumed in the squatter settlements are poor in quality and unhygienic for drinking proposes which does not meet National Drinking Water Quality Standard-2006. Out of 90 source sample, 81 source samples are contaminated in one or many forms. Tube well source has been found contaminated both in biological and chemical form. Tanker source is also emerging as the second major water supply source supplying to a large number of households consists with coliform, and has been noticed in almost all type of sources. P/A vial test concludes that even Jar water, which is considered to be most pure and safe, is contaminated with coliform bacteria. 68% people are willing to pay higher cost for good quality water; so, it is recommended that water samples of every season should be tested even if it makes production cost higher. Water quality regulator should provide awareness program about maintenance of the minimum quality standards (MQS) of drinking water. Key words: Water sources, willingness to pay, water quality assessment, Coliform, Escherichia coli, Kathmandu valley.
{"title":"Assessments of drinking water supply quality at squatter and indigenous settlements of Bagmati River Corridors in Kathmandu","authors":"R. Phuyal, Rojita Maharjan, Rajesh Maharjan, Niranjan Devkota","doi":"10.5897/SRE2016.6474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2016.6474","url":null,"abstract":"This study made an attempt to acquire information on water availability and assess the drinking water quality level of Bagmati river corridors. It identified the different modes of water supply sources and then examined drinking water quality in 37 squatters and 5 indigenous communities which consists 3693 households within Kathmandu Valley. To assess the state of drinking water quality at sources and points of use (POU), the standard water quality indicators were obtained through different parameters. 90 representative water sources’ samples for testing the water quality at point of use were carried-out through random sampling of households in the communities. The survey was conducted by visiting each community and gathered information through key informant interview (KII) and questionnaire survey in May that is, pre-monsoon season of the year 2015. The result shows that the maximum samples of the water consumed in the squatter settlements are poor in quality and unhygienic for drinking proposes which does not meet National Drinking Water Quality Standard-2006. Out of 90 source sample, 81 source samples are contaminated in one or many forms. Tube well source has been found contaminated both in biological and chemical form. Tanker source is also emerging as the second major water supply source supplying to a large number of households consists with coliform, and has been noticed in almost all type of sources. P/A vial test concludes that even Jar water, which is considered to be most pure and safe, is contaminated with coliform bacteria. 68% people are willing to pay higher cost for good quality water; so, it is recommended that water samples of every season should be tested even if it makes production cost higher. Water quality regulator should provide awareness program about maintenance of the minimum quality standards (MQS) of drinking water. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Water sources, willingness to pay, water quality assessment, Coliform, Escherichia coli, Kathmandu valley.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/SRE2016.6474","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41384513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this review was to assess the health effects of the criteria air pollutants: Sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon oxides (COX), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) together with photochemical smog and global warming in relation to exercise with particular focus on athletes. In this review, respiratory and cardiovascular health impacts of the specified principal air pollutants have been seen. It will also give information about ambient air quality standard to estimate air quality and take appropriate measure for training athletes according to the US Environmental protection agency. The effect of photochemical smog has been discussed as a result of the synergistic effect of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCS) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). A wide spectrum illness that arises from global warming that needs precautions have been seen in this review. In general this review will provide information for athletes, coaches, managers, sports medicine team, health community as well as other concerned bodies. Key words: Principal air pollutants, athletes, asthmatics, respiratory effect, cardiovascular effect, acute exposure, chronic exposure.
{"title":"Principal air pollutants and their effects on athletes health and performance: A critical review","authors":"Gashaw Tesema Tsegaw, Yitayal Addis Alemayehu","doi":"10.5897/SRE2019.6603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2019.6603","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this review was to assess the health effects of the criteria air pollutants: Sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon oxides (COX), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) together with photochemical smog and global warming in relation to exercise with particular focus on athletes. In this review, respiratory and cardiovascular health impacts of the specified principal air pollutants have been seen. It will also give information about ambient air quality standard to estimate air quality and take appropriate measure for training athletes according to the US Environmental protection agency. The effect of photochemical smog has been discussed as a result of the synergistic effect of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCS) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). A wide spectrum illness that arises from global warming that needs precautions have been seen in this review. In general this review will provide information for athletes, coaches, managers, sports medicine team, health community as well as other concerned bodies. Key words: Principal air pollutants, athletes, asthmatics, respiratory effect, cardiovascular effect, acute exposure, chronic exposure.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/SRE2019.6603","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42856122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Livia Akemi Ramos Takahashi, A. Takahashi, S. Boratto, Marcella Conz Rodrigues, Diogo Fontes Santos, J. Waisberg, L. V. D. A. Sousa
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high prevalence in both sexes. Although its incidence among the elderly is declining, some studies show an increased incidence in age group under 50 populations, an age group that is not included in the global screening protocols. However, screening the disease in a defined population at younger age groups is of paramount importance in reducing mortality rate. This is an ecological study that spans from 1990 to 2016 in Brazil aimed at knowing the incidence of this neoplasm in the Brazilian population below 50 years. Data recorded by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) revealed that patients under 50 years of age were diagnosed with invasive CRC. The results showed significant association between CRC and age groups 15 to 49 years (p<0.01) in both sexes while the association trend rose with increasing age. Also, there was a significant increase in hospitalizations for colorectal cancer in all age groups (14 to 49 years) in both sexes. Key words: Colon neoplasia, epidemiology.
{"title":"Patterns of incidence of colorectal cancer in Brazil from 1990 to 2016","authors":"Livia Akemi Ramos Takahashi, A. Takahashi, S. Boratto, Marcella Conz Rodrigues, Diogo Fontes Santos, J. Waisberg, L. V. D. A. Sousa","doi":"10.5897/SRE2019.6612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2019.6612","url":null,"abstract":"Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high prevalence in both sexes. Although its incidence among the elderly is declining, some studies show an increased incidence in age group under 50 populations, an age group that is not included in the global screening protocols. However, screening the disease in a defined population at younger age groups is of paramount importance in reducing mortality rate. This is an ecological study that spans from 1990 to 2016 in Brazil aimed at knowing the incidence of this neoplasm in the Brazilian population below 50 years. Data recorded by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) revealed that patients under 50 years of age were diagnosed with invasive CRC. The results showed significant association between CRC and age groups 15 to 49 years (p<0.01) in both sexes while the association trend rose with increasing age. Also, there was a significant increase in hospitalizations for colorectal cancer in all age groups (14 to 49 years) in both sexes. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Colon neoplasia, epidemiology.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/SRE2019.6612","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42529039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ajazuddin, Sabahuddin Siddique, A. Alexander, P. Yadav, Mukta Agrawal, A. Shehata, Mahmoud A Shaker, Syed Ata ur Rahman, Mohi Iqbal M Abdul, Mohamed A. Shaker
A novel approach of combining nanotechnology to the pharmaceutical and biotechnological field resulted in the formation of nanomedicines. Nanomedicines have progressed to a more considerable extent for curing irremediable diseases such as neurological defects, cardiovascular defects, etc., because of its minute size which assists in increased surface area and hence a remarkable dissolution profile. In addition to the health care sector, modernization of nanotechnology has also been implemented in other industries like cosmetics, electronics, catalysis, and chemical industries. Nanoparticles can be made by using polymers, either lipids or inorganic compounds like metals. They can be prepared by using either top to bottom or bottom to top approach. Interestingly, polymeric nanoparticles have provided an enormous opportunity to alter the surface of the nanoparticles leading to better drug delivery and drug targeting. However, these have the potential to induce toxicity as well. Also, the toxicity profile still has to be investigated. Moreover, characterization of the nanomedicines is always trouble, which has created a gap between conventional drugs and nanomedicines. Key words: Nanomedicines, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticle, drug targeting, nanotoxicology.
{"title":"Nanomedicines: Challenges and perspectives for future nanotechnology in the healthcare system","authors":"Ajazuddin, Sabahuddin Siddique, A. Alexander, P. Yadav, Mukta Agrawal, A. Shehata, Mahmoud A Shaker, Syed Ata ur Rahman, Mohi Iqbal M Abdul, Mohamed A. Shaker","doi":"10.5897/SRE2019.6604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2019.6604","url":null,"abstract":"A novel approach of combining nanotechnology to the pharmaceutical and biotechnological field resulted in the formation of nanomedicines. Nanomedicines have progressed to a more considerable extent for curing irremediable diseases such as neurological defects, cardiovascular defects, etc., because of its minute size which assists in increased surface area and hence a remarkable dissolution profile. In addition to the health care sector, modernization of nanotechnology has also been implemented in other industries like cosmetics, electronics, catalysis, and chemical industries. Nanoparticles can be made by using polymers, either lipids or inorganic compounds like metals. They can be prepared by using either top to bottom or bottom to top approach. Interestingly, polymeric nanoparticles have provided an enormous opportunity to alter the surface of the nanoparticles leading to better drug delivery and drug targeting. However, these have the potential to induce toxicity as well. Also, the toxicity profile still has to be investigated. Moreover, characterization of the nanomedicines is always trouble, which has created a gap between conventional drugs and nanomedicines. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Nanomedicines, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticle, drug targeting, nanotoxicology.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/SRE2019.6604","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42939288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manjeet Singh, K. Sharma, P. Mishra, Bharat Patel, Sandeep K. Singh
Development and introduction of high capacity, precise, reliable and energy efficient machinery/equipment is the need for judicious use of inputs. Manufacturing of agricultural machinery in India is varied in nature and starts from village artisans, tiny units, cottage to small scale industries, organized tractor and agricultural machinery manufacturers including energy and processing machinery industry. Precision in application rates for higher input-use efficiency can be achieved only by improving the designs of the existing machinery/equipment. Precision index (PI) of machine/equipment is based on its capability to perform a given task in an accurate manner. It is a worthwhile attribute to compare the performance of different equipment and operations to enhance the productivity of a given farm. The purpose of study was to propose an index, that is, PI to select efficient and precise machine/equipment for the farmers. PI values were calculated for three types of machinery namely zero seed cum fertilizer drills, planters and spraying machines. It was concluded that drill Make 2, tested in the year 2004, was having the highest PI value, that is, 0.97 or 97% followed by drill Make 1 having PI value 0.95 or 95% tested in the same year. Drill Make 5 tested in the year 2013 was having minimum PI value, that is, 0.80 or 80%. PI value for happy seeder machine was 0.88 or 88%. During the testing of multi-crop planter in year 2014, the variability of doubling attribute was more, that is, 28% followed by missing having 20% value and produced influence on PI which was observed to be 0.83 or 83%. PI of semi-automatic and automatic potato planter was found to be 0.70 and 0.80, respectively. The value was not much satisfactory and could be ranked under average category. PI of electrostatic sprayer mounted with single as well as twin nozzle was observed to be the highest, that is, 0.89 followed by PI of air assisted sprayer with single and double nozzle, that is, 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. Key words: Precision index, zero till seed cum fertilizer drill, happy seeder, spraying machines, planting machines.
{"title":"Precision attributes based index for the selection of efficient agricultural machinery","authors":"Manjeet Singh, K. Sharma, P. Mishra, Bharat Patel, Sandeep K. Singh","doi":"10.5897/SRE2016.6411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2016.6411","url":null,"abstract":"Development and introduction of high capacity, precise, reliable and energy efficient machinery/equipment is the need for judicious use of inputs. Manufacturing of agricultural machinery in India is varied in nature and starts from village artisans, tiny units, cottage to small scale industries, organized tractor and agricultural machinery manufacturers including energy and processing machinery industry. Precision in application rates for higher input-use efficiency can be achieved only by improving the designs of the existing machinery/equipment. Precision index (PI) of machine/equipment is based on its capability to perform a given task in an accurate manner. It is a worthwhile attribute to compare the performance of different equipment and operations to enhance the productivity of a given farm. The purpose of study was to propose an index, that is, PI to select efficient and precise machine/equipment for the farmers. PI values were calculated for three types of machinery namely zero seed cum fertilizer drills, planters and spraying machines. It was concluded that drill Make 2, tested in the year 2004, was having the highest PI value, that is, 0.97 or 97% followed by drill Make 1 having PI value 0.95 or 95% tested in the same year. Drill Make 5 tested in the year 2013 was having minimum PI value, that is, 0.80 or 80%. PI value for happy seeder machine was 0.88 or 88%. During the testing of multi-crop planter in year 2014, the variability of doubling attribute was more, that is, 28% followed by missing having 20% value and produced influence on PI which was observed to be 0.83 or 83%. PI of semi-automatic and automatic potato planter was found to be 0.70 and 0.80, respectively. The value was not much satisfactory and could be ranked under average category. PI of electrostatic sprayer mounted with single as well as twin nozzle was observed to be the highest, that is, 0.89 followed by PI of air assisted sprayer with single and double nozzle, that is, 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Precision index, zero till seed cum fertilizer drill, happy seeder, spraying machines, planting machines.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/SRE2016.6411","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41420888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Apichit Kumpala, P. Jitsangiam, Anukun Arngbunta, Pattarapong Singhan
The implementation of conventional soil-cement stabilization techniques is hindered by the relatively large particle size of road pavement materials. This study aims to investigate the effects of the gradations of soil particles, cement content, and water content on the soil-cement materials (real construction materials collected from the field) used for pavement. Recycled crushed rock obtained from the pulverizing process of pavement was reconstituted into five groups with different particle sizes (from large to small). A series of modified compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength tests were performed. The main results of this study determine that the addition of cement can alter the compaction characteristics of the reconstituted recycled material-cement mixtures. From the compaction tests, the different gradations of soil particles and cement content do not have a great effect on the maximum dry unit weight of a soil-cement mixture used for pavement. Furthermore, the difference in the gradation of soil particles has a much lesser effect on unconfined compressive strength of the soil-cement used for pavement than its cement content and water content. Finally, at a given cement content, maintaining a moisture levels in a soil-cement mixture during construction (compaction) is necessary for the consistent performance of soil-cement materials. Key words: Soil-cement stabilization, road pavement, recycled pavement material, unconfined compressive strength, soil particle size distribution
{"title":"Compaction and strength characteristics of recycled pavement material: Cement mixtures used for road pavement purposes","authors":"Apichit Kumpala, P. Jitsangiam, Anukun Arngbunta, Pattarapong Singhan","doi":"10.5897/SRE2018.6583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2018.6583","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of conventional soil-cement stabilization techniques is hindered by the relatively large particle size of road pavement materials. This study aims to investigate the effects of the gradations of soil particles, cement content, and water content on the soil-cement materials (real construction materials collected from the field) used for pavement. Recycled crushed rock obtained from the pulverizing process of pavement was reconstituted into five groups with different particle sizes (from large to small). A series of modified compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength tests were performed. The main results of this study determine that the addition of cement can alter the compaction characteristics of the reconstituted recycled material-cement mixtures. From the compaction tests, the different gradations of soil particles and cement content do not have a great effect on the maximum dry unit weight of a soil-cement mixture used for pavement. Furthermore, the difference in the gradation of soil particles has a much lesser effect on unconfined compressive strength of the soil-cement used for pavement than its cement content and water content. Finally, at a given cement content, maintaining a moisture levels in a soil-cement mixture during construction (compaction) is necessary for the consistent performance of soil-cement materials. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Soil-cement stabilization, road pavement, recycled pavement material, unconfined compressive strength, soil particle size distribution","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/SRE2018.6583","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46455347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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