This work aims at characterizing the conditional probability of single or consecutive dry and wet days in West Africa using the first-order Markov chain approach during the monsoon season (June to October). The results show that the probabilities of having a wet day (PW), a wet day preceded by another wet day (PWW) and a wet day preceded by a dry day (PDW) are stronger in regions where the rainfall is maximum (mountain regions). In contrast, the probabilities of having a dry day (PD), a dry day preceded by a wet day (PWD) and a dry day preceded by another dry day (PDD) are lower in the regions with higher precipitation. The seasonal cycle of PWW (PDD) is consistent with that of PW (PD), respectively in Western Sahel and Central Sahel regions. At the interannual timescale, MK test results show that PW and PDW (PD and PDD) exhibit statistically significant increasing (decreasing) trends the Western Sahel and the Central Sahel. Besides, the shorter dry spells (3 days) show statistically significant decreasing trends only in the Western Sahel. The longer dry spells (5, 7 and 10 days) show statistically significant downward trends over the Western and Central Sahel. Wet spells probabilities show non-significant decreasing trends in all sub-domains, except in the Western Sahel for the 10 days spells. Knowledge of theses probabilities will contribute to develop efficient strategies for water resources management and agricultural decision making in West African countries. Key words: Markov chain, rainfall, occurrence, wet spell, dry spell, West Africa.
{"title":"Probability of dry and wet spells over West Africa during the summer monsoon season","authors":"J. Basse, M. Camara, I. Diba, A. Diedhiou","doi":"10.5897/sre2021.6718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/sre2021.6718","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims at characterizing the conditional probability of single or consecutive dry and wet days in West Africa using the first-order Markov chain approach during the monsoon season (June to October). The results show that the probabilities of having a wet day (PW), a wet day preceded by another wet day (PWW) and a wet day preceded by a dry day (PDW) are stronger in regions where the rainfall is maximum (mountain regions). In contrast, the probabilities of having a dry day (PD), a dry day preceded by a wet day (PWD) and a dry day preceded by another dry day (PDD) are lower in the regions with higher precipitation. The seasonal cycle of PWW (PDD) is consistent with that of PW (PD), respectively in Western Sahel and Central Sahel regions. At the interannual timescale, MK test results show that PW and PDW (PD and PDD) exhibit statistically significant increasing (decreasing) trends the Western Sahel and the Central Sahel. Besides, the shorter dry spells (3 days) show statistically significant decreasing trends only in the Western Sahel. The longer dry spells (5, 7 and 10 days) show statistically significant downward trends over the Western and Central Sahel. Wet spells probabilities show non-significant decreasing trends in all sub-domains, except in the Western Sahel for the 10 days spells. Knowledge of theses probabilities will contribute to develop efficient strategies for water resources management and agricultural decision making in West African countries. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Markov chain, rainfall, occurrence, wet spell, dry spell, West Africa.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43836155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Selvarani, S. Anushavardhini, J. Jose, V. Mariselvi
This experiment was conducted during the year 2020-2021 in open field condition at three locations such as Madurai (Kalvelip-atti-L1), Ramnad (Thiruvarangam-L2) and Kunnathur (Peraiyur-L3) of Tamil Nadu, India to assess the effects of organic foliar sprays viz. Panchakavya, vermiwash and cow urine on yield and growth parameters of cluster bean ((Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)Taub.) cv. Pusa Navbahar). Four treatments viz., control (T1), 5% Panchakavya (T2), 5% vermiwash (T3) and 5% cow urine (T4) were tried in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five replications. The standard recommended cultural practices were followed for all the divided experimental plots. The maximum values of growth parameters like plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, number of pods, pod length (cm), pod weight/plant and pod yield were recorded by the treatment of 5% vermiwash over the control, followed by other foliar sprays. Among the locations, the maximum values of vegetative growth parameters were recorded in the location Kunnathur. Whereas, the maximum values of reproductive parameters like number of pods, pod length, pod weight and productivity were recorded in the location Madurai. The experiment revealed that vermiwash (5%), Panchakavya (5%) and cow urine (5%) can highly be recommended as foliar spray to reap high quantity clusterbean and benefit the farmers as well as consumers. Key words: Cluster bean, Vermiwash, Panchakavya, Cow urine, Foliar spray, Plant height, Pod yield.
{"title":"Effect of organic foliar sprays on yield of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) cv. Pusa Navbahar","authors":"K. Selvarani, S. Anushavardhini, J. Jose, V. Mariselvi","doi":"10.5897/SRE2021.6719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2021.6719","url":null,"abstract":"This experiment was conducted during the year 2020-2021 in open field condition at three locations such as Madurai (Kalvelip-atti-L1), Ramnad (Thiruvarangam-L2) and Kunnathur (Peraiyur-L3) of Tamil Nadu, India to assess the effects of organic foliar sprays viz. Panchakavya, vermiwash and cow urine on yield and growth parameters of cluster bean ((Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)Taub.) cv. Pusa Navbahar). Four treatments viz., control (T1), 5% Panchakavya (T2), 5% vermiwash (T3) and 5% cow urine (T4) were tried in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five replications. The standard recommended cultural practices were followed for all the divided experimental plots. The maximum values of growth parameters like plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, number of pods, pod length (cm), pod weight/plant and pod yield were recorded by the treatment of 5% vermiwash over the control, followed by other foliar sprays. Among the locations, the maximum values of vegetative growth parameters were recorded in the location Kunnathur. Whereas, the maximum values of reproductive parameters like number of pods, pod length, pod weight and productivity were recorded in the location Madurai. The experiment revealed that vermiwash (5%), Panchakavya (5%) and cow urine (5%) can highly be recommended as foliar spray to reap high quantity clusterbean and benefit the farmers as well as consumers. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cluster bean, Vermiwash, Panchakavya, Cow urine, Foliar spray, Plant height, Pod yield.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46535815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. U. Chibuike, I. Iroha, I. Moses, C. Chukwunwejim, I. Peter, C. I. Edemekong, C. M. Ndugo, O. Ngene, N. R. Egbuna, N. J. Okonkwo-Uzor
The aim of this study was to screen fish farm water and fishes reared in fish farms within Abakaliki metropolis for multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli. Exactly 30 fish samples and 30 water samples were obtained from 10 different fish farms using sterile bottles from January to June, 2018. Samples were analyzed by standard microbiology methods. Susceptibility test to antibiotics was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Double-disc synergy test was used to screen isolates for Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-production. Exactly 54 (60%) E. coli and 12 (40%) E. coli were recovered from 90 different fish parts and 30 farm water samples, respectively. Isolates exhibited resistance (54% - 100%) to ceftazidime, aztreonam, cefotetan, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ofloxacin, and ceftriaxone, but were susceptible to imipenem (80%), cefotaxime (60%), and gentamicin (57%). All the E. coli isolates form water and fish samples were negative for ESBL production. An average multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) value of 0.71 was recorded for the isolates. High prevalence of E. coli with multidrug-resistant traits in fish and water samples in our study area is a serious public health concern as this will make the treatment of infections, especially E. coli-associated foodborne diseases very difficult, thus leading to increase in health care cost, morbidity, and mortality. Key words: Escherichia coli, fish farm, multidrug-resistance, farm water, fish.
{"title":"Phenotypic screening of multidrug-resistant E. coli from water and fish collected from different fish farms within Abakaliki metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"K. U. Chibuike, I. Iroha, I. Moses, C. Chukwunwejim, I. Peter, C. I. Edemekong, C. M. Ndugo, O. Ngene, N. R. Egbuna, N. J. Okonkwo-Uzor","doi":"10.5897/SRE2020.6705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2020.6705","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to screen fish farm water and fishes reared in fish farms within Abakaliki metropolis for multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli. Exactly 30 fish samples and 30 water samples were obtained from 10 different fish farms using sterile bottles from January to June, 2018. Samples were analyzed by standard microbiology methods. Susceptibility test to antibiotics was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Double-disc synergy test was used to screen isolates for Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-production. Exactly 54 (60%) E. coli and 12 (40%) E. coli were recovered from 90 different fish parts and 30 farm water samples, respectively. Isolates exhibited resistance (54% - 100%) to ceftazidime, aztreonam, cefotetan, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ofloxacin, and ceftriaxone, but were susceptible to imipenem (80%), cefotaxime (60%), and gentamicin (57%). All the E. coli isolates form water and fish samples were negative for ESBL production. An average multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) value of 0.71 was recorded for the isolates. High prevalence of E. coli with multidrug-resistant traits in fish and water samples in our study area is a serious public health concern as this will make the treatment of infections, especially E. coli-associated foodborne diseases very difficult, thus leading to increase in health care cost, morbidity, and mortality. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Escherichia coli, fish farm, multidrug-resistance, farm water, fish.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45464694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amaro de Mendonça Cavalcante, Joanna Rodrigues da Silva, Lisiane Cristina Lopes Oliveira, M. Silva, Karlos Antônio Lisboa Ribeiro Júnior, A. Santana
Endodontic infections are polymicrobial and predominantly caused by anaerobic bacteria and some facultative bacteria. The list of microorganisms involved in endodontic infections keeps expanding and has the potential to become increasingly more accurate during the next few years. Copaiba oil is an important Amazonian herbal medicine commercialized worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of copaiba oil and substances used in the treatment of endodontic infections against anaerobic microorganisms such as Prevotella melaninogenica; Prevotella intermedia; and Clostridium acetobutylicum. The MIC was determined by thioglycollate broth dilution. The data were statistically analyzed by Tukey's parametric and non-parametric methods of Cochran and Kruskal-Wallis test with a confidence level of 99%. The analysis of the antimicrobial activity showed that the samples of Copaiba oil, Sodium Hypochlorite, Otosporin, Tricresol formalin, Chlorhexidine and PMCC showed high antimicrobial activity (p <0.01). However, different copaiba samples presented different activities. The results reveal Copaiba l sample was the most effective against anaerobic bacteria. Key words: Essential oil, endodontic therapy, anaerobic microorganisms.
{"title":"Analysis of the antimicrobial action of copaiba oil and endodontic substances against anaerobic bacteria","authors":"Amaro de Mendonça Cavalcante, Joanna Rodrigues da Silva, Lisiane Cristina Lopes Oliveira, M. Silva, Karlos Antônio Lisboa Ribeiro Júnior, A. Santana","doi":"10.5897/SRE2020.6690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2020.6690","url":null,"abstract":"Endodontic infections are polymicrobial and predominantly caused by anaerobic bacteria and some facultative bacteria. The list of microorganisms involved in endodontic infections keeps expanding and has the potential to become increasingly more accurate during the next few years. Copaiba oil is an important Amazonian herbal medicine commercialized worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of copaiba oil and substances used in the treatment of endodontic infections against anaerobic microorganisms such as Prevotella melaninogenica; Prevotella intermedia; and Clostridium acetobutylicum. The MIC was determined by thioglycollate broth dilution. The data were statistically analyzed by Tukey's parametric and non-parametric methods of Cochran and Kruskal-Wallis test with a confidence level of 99%. The analysis of the antimicrobial activity showed that the samples of Copaiba oil, Sodium Hypochlorite, Otosporin, Tricresol formalin, Chlorhexidine and PMCC showed high antimicrobial activity (p <0.01). However, different copaiba samples presented different activities. The results reveal Copaiba l sample was the most effective against anaerobic bacteria. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Essential oil, endodontic therapy, anaerobic microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48484111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main purpose of this article is to reveal the interaction between trait emotional intelligence and positive psychology ideas. The article reviews the main idea of positive psychology, examines the 3 main levels of this discipline, and their essential principles. The article also provides brief insights into different theories of emotional intelligence, focusing on the features of trait emotional intelligence, its structure and functions. Theoretical insights revealing the interactions between the ideas of positive psychology and emotional intelligence are presented not only in terms of functions of trait emotional intelligence, but also in terms of its trait structure manifestation at different levels of positive psychology. It has been established that the interaction of trait emotional intelligence and positive psychology exists due to functions of emotional intelligence, its perspectives in predicting life success and the structure of traits manifested at the subjective, individual and group levels of positive psychology.
{"title":"Positive Psychology: Overview of the Links between Trait Emotional Intelligence and Positive Psychology","authors":"Simas Garbenis","doi":"10.15388/SRE.2020.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/SRE.2020.3","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this article is to reveal the interaction between trait emotional intelligence and positive psychology ideas. The article reviews the main idea of positive psychology, examines the 3 main levels of this discipline, and their essential principles. The article also provides brief insights into different theories of emotional intelligence, focusing on the features of trait emotional intelligence, its structure and functions. Theoretical insights revealing the interactions between the ideas of positive psychology and emotional intelligence are presented not only in terms of functions of trait emotional intelligence, but also in terms of its trait structure manifestation at different levels of positive psychology. It has been established that the interaction of trait emotional intelligence and positive psychology exists due to functions of emotional intelligence, its perspectives in predicting life success and the structure of traits manifested at the subjective, individual and group levels of positive psychology.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":"3 1","pages":"29-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41946778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article describes three metaphorically designated educational conceptions: the antique notion of the educator as a sculptor, the new age notion of the educator as a gardener, and our era’s emerging educator as a guide. All conceptions of education provide a specific answer to the problem of education, which consists of the fact that a human being is defined to be undefined, therefore the formation of a person depends on the educator. The educator as a sculptor addresses this problem by forcing a preconceived conception of reason on learners. The educator as a gardener accepts every learner and educates him or her by dealing with their individual capacities. The educator as a guide combines the educational method of the sculptor and the gardener: as a sculptor has a vision of the educational process, and as a gardener attempts that every learner walks this path himself or herself. The educational conception of the educator as a sculptor is socialist and the conception of the educator as a gardener is liberal. The educator as a guide corresponds to the emerging new conception of politics in our time, which has a task of reconciling socialism and liberalism.
{"title":"Historical Change of Educational Metaphors and Its Relation to Politics","authors":"Augustinas Dainys","doi":"10.15388/SRE.2020.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/SRE.2020.7","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes three metaphorically designated educational conceptions: the antique notion of the educator as a sculptor, the new age notion of the educator as a gardener, and our era’s emerging educator as a guide. All conceptions of education provide a specific answer to the problem of education, which consists of the fact that a human being is defined to be undefined, therefore the formation of a person depends on the educator. The educator as a sculptor addresses this problem by forcing a preconceived conception of reason on learners. The educator as a gardener accepts every learner and educates him or her by dealing with their individual capacities. The educator as a guide combines the educational method of the sculptor and the gardener: as a sculptor has a vision of the educational process, and as a gardener attempts that every learner walks this path himself or herself. The educational conception of the educator as a sculptor is socialist and the conception of the educator as a gardener is liberal. The educator as a guide corresponds to the emerging new conception of politics in our time, which has a task of reconciling socialism and liberalism.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":"3 1","pages":"77-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47467715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article analyses the readiness of the Lithuanian education system to accept children from returning families. Moreover, it determines the problems and describes the factors hindering the effective integration of remigrant children. The summarised scientific literature is illustrated by empirical research data. Based on the aforementioned data of this study, it is concluded that the concept of education of remigrant children is ever-changing. The main obstacles that Lithuanian educational institutions are facing at the moment are Lithuanian language education and nurturing, a lack of tolerance and competencies of educators. The development and creation of a cooperative environment within the school is determined to be one of the most successful methods to facilitate the job of educators.
{"title":"Remigration in Lithuania in the 21st Century: Readiness of the Education System to Accept Students from Returning Families","authors":"Jurgita Bagdonaitė","doi":"10.15388/SRE.2020.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/SRE.2020.1","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the readiness of the Lithuanian education system to accept children from returning families. Moreover, it determines the problems and describes the factors hindering the effective integration of remigrant children. The summarised scientific literature is illustrated by empirical research data. Based on the aforementioned data of this study, it is concluded that the concept of education of remigrant children is ever-changing. The main obstacles that Lithuanian educational institutions are facing at the moment are Lithuanian language education and nurturing, a lack of tolerance and competencies of educators. The development and creation of a cooperative environment within the school is determined to be one of the most successful methods to facilitate the job of educators.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":"3 1","pages":"6-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41460077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wendlassida Pauline Ou edraogo, C. H. Otoidobiga, C. Ouattara, A. Ouattara, Alfred S. Traor e
The bioremediation of polluted soils by hydrocarbons is a set of decontamination techniques which exploit the depolluting activity of living organisms in order to reduce the toxicity, mobility or quantity of a contaminant in the environment. This work has enabled the bioremediation of a soil contaminated with hydrocarbons by exploiting endogenous microorganisms of the environment. The depollution method used was the "off situ" treatment. Thus, a pilot sample of polluted soil excavated on a site was conveyed to another site accommodating a structure specialized for the biotreatment of the polluted environments. The soil was successively placed in heaps ("heap 1" and "heap 2") on two compartments of a treatment platform and submitted for 08 months to bio-pollution with an improvement in the living conditions of endogenous microorganisms like contribution of substrates, periodic watering and reversal of the medium. Previously, a pre-treatment was carried out on the samples including screening, breaking of large fragments of soil and homogenization. A total oil reduction rate of 62.32% was observed for "heap 1" and 67.92% for "heap 2". The temperature, pH and humidity of the two heaps were varied, respectively between 16 and 39°C, 6.5 and 8 and 35 and 80%. Otherwise, microbiological analysis showed a proliferation of aerobic microflora such as bacteria and molds in the two soil piles. Key words: Hydrocarbon, polluted soil, bioremediation, microorganisms.
{"title":"Pilot bioremediation of contaminated soils by hydrocarbons, from an electricity production and distribution site in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","authors":"Wendlassida Pauline Ou edraogo, C. H. Otoidobiga, C. Ouattara, A. Ouattara, Alfred S. Traor e","doi":"10.5897/SRE2020.6688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2020.6688","url":null,"abstract":"The bioremediation of polluted soils by hydrocarbons is a set of decontamination techniques which exploit the depolluting activity of living organisms in order to reduce the toxicity, mobility or quantity of a contaminant in the environment. This work has enabled the bioremediation of a soil contaminated with hydrocarbons by exploiting endogenous microorganisms of the environment. The depollution method used was the \"off situ\" treatment. Thus, a pilot sample of polluted soil excavated on a site was conveyed to another site accommodating a structure specialized for the biotreatment of the polluted environments. The soil was successively placed in heaps (\"heap 1\" and \"heap 2\") on two compartments of a treatment platform and submitted for 08 months to bio-pollution with an improvement in the living conditions of endogenous microorganisms like contribution of substrates, periodic watering and reversal of the medium. Previously, a pre-treatment was carried out on the samples including screening, breaking of large fragments of soil and homogenization. A total oil reduction rate of 62.32% was observed for \"heap 1\" and 67.92% for \"heap 2\". The temperature, pH and humidity of the two heaps were varied, respectively between 16 and 39°C, 6.5 and 8 and 35 and 80%. Otherwise, microbiological analysis showed a proliferation of aerobic microflora such as bacteria and molds in the two soil piles. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Hydrocarbon, polluted soil, bioremediation, microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":"15 1","pages":"69-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/SRE2020.6688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44975846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the effects of biochar and manure applied singly or together on soil biochemical properties, Casuarina equisetifolia seedling growth and seedling quality. Therefore, a nursery experiment consisting of Prosopis juliflora biochar and cattle manure treatments at 0% (control), 10% biochar, 20% biochar, 10% manure, 10% biochar + 10% manure, and 20% biochar + 10% manure was conducted. Generally, biochar containing treatments recorded higher P concentrations; where the combination of 20% biochar and 10% manure gave the highest phosphorus concentration, which was 137.3% above the control. Nitrate concentrations were higher in manure treatments than the control by 122.9%. As a result of C. equisetifolia’s ability to fix nitrogen, nitrates concentration in the control increased from 0.016 ppm at the onset of the experiment to 2.18 ppm at the end the experiment. There was also a general increase in pH with biochar and manure application. Seedlings treated with 10% manure recorded the highest collar diameter and height which was 36.4 and 27.4% above the control respectively while treatments with biochar alone recorded the lowest seedling collar diameters. Seedling quality as observed using the shoot/root ratio showed that sole biochar treatments had the recommended range of <3:1. These results suggest that the use of biochar and manure enhances nitrogen and phosphorus availability which are crucial for production of seedlings that grow significantly faster than seedlings raised from forest soil only. Key words: Biochar, manure, Casuarina, seedling quality, soil properties.
{"title":"Effects of biochar and manure on soil properties and growth of Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings at the coastal region of Kenya","authors":"R. Mwadalu, B. Mochoge, B. Danga","doi":"10.5897/sre2020.6684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/sre2020.6684","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effects of biochar and manure applied singly or together on soil biochemical properties, Casuarina equisetifolia seedling growth and seedling quality. Therefore, a nursery experiment consisting of Prosopis juliflora biochar and cattle manure treatments at 0% (control), 10% biochar, 20% biochar, 10% manure, 10% biochar + 10% manure, and 20% biochar + 10% manure was conducted. Generally, biochar containing treatments recorded higher P concentrations; where the combination of 20% biochar and 10% manure gave the highest phosphorus concentration, which was 137.3% above the control. Nitrate concentrations were higher in manure treatments than the control by 122.9%. As a result of C. equisetifolia’s ability to fix nitrogen, nitrates concentration in the control increased from 0.016 ppm at the onset of the experiment to 2.18 ppm at the end the experiment. There was also a general increase in pH with biochar and manure application. Seedlings treated with 10% manure recorded the highest collar diameter and height which was 36.4 and 27.4% above the control respectively while treatments with biochar alone recorded the lowest seedling collar diameters. Seedling quality as observed using the shoot/root ratio showed that sole biochar treatments had the recommended range of <3:1. These results suggest that the use of biochar and manure enhances nitrogen and phosphorus availability which are crucial for production of seedlings that grow significantly faster than seedlings raised from forest soil only. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Biochar, manure, Casuarina, seedling quality, soil properties.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/sre2020.6684","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46556666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was carried out to investigate the haemoglobin genetic types and their association with qualitative traits in West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. The Modified Stratified Sampling Technique (MSST) was used to select the sampling sites within the selected state and animal samples within the sampling sites. A total of 280 adult sheep comprising 140 rams and 140 ewes aged 4 years were used for the study. Data were collected on Mendelian traits such as the horn status, wattle status and hair length on sex basis. Blood samples were collected from the animals for haemoglobin genetic types’ determination. The results showed that in ewes, the f(HbAA), f(HbAB) and f(HbBB) were 0.36, 0.28 and 0.36, respectively and the f(HbA) and f(HbB) was 0.50 in both alleles. In rams, the f(HbAA), f(HbAB) and f(HbBB) were 0.68, 0.14 and 0.18, respectively and the f(HbA) and f(HbB) were 0.75 and 0.25, respectively. In the pooled data, f(HbAA), f(HbAB) and f(HbBB) were 0.68, 0.14 and 0.18, respectively and the f(HbA) and f(HbB) were 0.625 and 0.375, respectively. The estimated heterozygosity was 0.47 and the estimated local inbreeding coefficient was 0.054. The hair length indicated sexual dimorphism with 12.79 to 12.98 cm in rams and 4.79 to 4.98 cm in ewes but was not dependent on the heamoglobin genetic types. The result shows that the status of wattles is not influenced by sex. The WAD sheep used had three haemoglobin genotypes under the control of two alleles at the haemoglobin locus. Key words: Ewe, haemoglobin genetic type, inbreeding coefficient, Mendelian traits, ram.
{"title":"Haemoglobin genetic types and its association with qualitative traits in West African Dwarf sheep","authors":"S. Fajemilehin, M. Adegun","doi":"10.5897/sre2020.6674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/sre2020.6674","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to investigate the haemoglobin genetic types and their association with qualitative traits in West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. The Modified Stratified Sampling Technique (MSST) was used to select the sampling sites within the selected state and animal samples within the sampling sites. A total of 280 adult sheep comprising 140 rams and 140 ewes aged 4 years were used for the study. Data were collected on Mendelian traits such as the horn status, wattle status and hair length on sex basis. Blood samples were collected from the animals for haemoglobin genetic types’ determination. The results showed that in ewes, the f(HbAA), f(HbAB) and f(HbBB) were 0.36, 0.28 and 0.36, respectively and the f(HbA) and f(HbB) was 0.50 in both alleles. In rams, the f(HbAA), f(HbAB) and f(HbBB) were 0.68, 0.14 and 0.18, respectively and the f(HbA) and f(HbB) were 0.75 and 0.25, respectively. In the pooled data, f(HbAA), f(HbAB) and f(HbBB) were 0.68, 0.14 and 0.18, respectively and the f(HbA) and f(HbB) were 0.625 and 0.375, respectively. The estimated heterozygosity was 0.47 and the estimated local inbreeding coefficient was 0.054. The hair length indicated sexual dimorphism with 12.79 to 12.98 cm in rams and 4.79 to 4.98 cm in ewes but was not dependent on the heamoglobin genetic types. The result shows that the status of wattles is not influenced by sex. The WAD sheep used had three haemoglobin genotypes under the control of two alleles at the haemoglobin locus. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Ewe, haemoglobin genetic type, inbreeding coefficient, Mendelian traits, ram.","PeriodicalId":21603,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Research and Essays","volume":"15 1","pages":"64-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/sre2020.6674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46476403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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