Pub Date : 2023-01-30DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1013
B. Shnawa, Abdulsameea Majeed Taha
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a complicated autoimmune disorder initiated by T-cell-mediated damage of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in insulin deficiency and the development of hyperglycaemia. This disease is most common in childhood and adolescence and frequently co-occurs with other autoimmune conditions like autoimmune thyroiditis. This work aimed to investigate thyroid autoantibodies and their correlation with thyroid functions and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in T1DM patients. Eighty participants were enrolled in a case-control study, including sixty T1DM patients and twenty healthy controls. Peripheral blood specimens were taken from individuals with proven T1DM and healthy individuals (control group). Body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated hemoglobulin (HbA1c), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid autoantibodies, including anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) in addition to anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), and TNF- α concentrations were evaluated in T1DM and control groups. Our findings revealed that thyroid autoantibodies were significantly more prevalent in T1DM patients, elevated TSH, and significantly higher TNF-α levels than in the control group, indicating an increased risk for inflammation based on cytokine levels. The current study proved that in T1DM patients' sera compared to the healthy control, thyroid autoantibodies and TNF-α levels were positively correlated. In conclusion, poor diabetes management and high TSH levels may indicate subclinical hypothyroidism, which impacts diabetes control. This is possibly linked to thyroid autoimmunity. Future research is needed to understand how TNF- αcontributes to the progression of diabetes disease and its complications.
{"title":"Thyroid Autoantibodies in Type -1 Diabetic Mellitus Patients and their Correlation with Thyroid function and Tumor Necrotic Factor-Alpha","authors":"B. Shnawa, Abdulsameea Majeed Taha","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1013","url":null,"abstract":"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a complicated autoimmune disorder initiated by T-cell-mediated damage of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in insulin deficiency and the development of hyperglycaemia. This disease is most common in childhood and adolescence and frequently co-occurs with other autoimmune conditions like autoimmune thyroiditis. This work aimed to investigate thyroid autoantibodies and their correlation with thyroid functions and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in T1DM patients. Eighty participants were enrolled in a case-control study, including sixty T1DM patients and twenty healthy controls. Peripheral blood specimens were taken from individuals with proven T1DM and healthy individuals (control group). Body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated hemoglobulin (HbA1c), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid autoantibodies, including anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) in addition to anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), and TNF- α concentrations were evaluated in T1DM and control groups. Our findings revealed that thyroid autoantibodies were significantly more prevalent in T1DM patients, elevated TSH, and significantly higher TNF-α levels than in the control group, indicating an increased risk for inflammation based on cytokine levels. The current study proved that in T1DM patients' sera compared to the healthy control, thyroid autoantibodies and TNF-α levels were positively correlated. In conclusion, poor diabetes management and high TSH levels may indicate subclinical hypothyroidism, which impacts diabetes control. This is possibly linked to thyroid autoimmunity. Future research is needed to understand how TNF- αcontributes to the progression of diabetes disease and its complications.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":"2013 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86294553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-30DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1017
Ari A. Yatem, M. S. Rammoo
The Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reduction (SILAR) method was utilized to produce nanostructured silver thin films on a glass substrate. Ag nanoparticles were grown using SILAR parameters such as silver nitrate (AgNO3), reduction time, reduction agent in an aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate with various concentrations, and growth cycles. In this study, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-visible-NIR absorption spectroscopy techniques were used to assess the produced silver thin film nanostructure. The size and spreading of the formed silver nanoparticles are observed to grow with the reducing agent and eventually saturate for constant growth cycles. As a result, the size and the distribution of the produced Ag nanoparticles grow uniformly. Higher growth cycles, however, caused Ag nanoparticles to lose their homogeneity and change into gravel-shaped particles. Therefore, silver nanoparticles that have been produced with the ideal SILAR conditions can be employed as an extremely sensitive, repeatable substrate with an exceptionally efficient factor. Moreover, the Effect of the concentration of HyH on the properties of SILAR-grown silver thin films has been extensively studied.
{"title":"Nanostructured Silver Thin Film: Using Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reduction Method","authors":"Ari A. Yatem, M. S. Rammoo","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1017","url":null,"abstract":"The Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reduction (SILAR) method was utilized to produce nanostructured silver thin films on a glass substrate. Ag nanoparticles were grown using SILAR parameters such as silver nitrate (AgNO3), reduction time, reduction agent in an aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate with various concentrations, and growth cycles. In this study, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-visible-NIR absorption spectroscopy techniques were used to assess the produced silver thin film nanostructure. The size and spreading of the formed silver nanoparticles are observed to grow with the reducing agent and eventually saturate for constant growth cycles. As a result, the size and the distribution of the produced Ag nanoparticles grow uniformly. Higher growth cycles, however, caused Ag nanoparticles to lose their homogeneity and change into gravel-shaped particles. Therefore, silver nanoparticles that have been produced with the ideal SILAR conditions can be employed as an extremely sensitive, repeatable substrate with an exceptionally efficient factor. Moreover, the Effect of the concentration of HyH on the properties of SILAR-grown silver thin films has been extensively studied.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77146200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-30DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1043
Samir Hashim Muhyadeen, Revink A. Ramadhan
Toxic elements in the atmosphere can cause a variety of health and environmental problems. The current work aims to assess the concentrations of heavy metals associated with the air in the Duhok city-Kurdistan Region of Iraq. For the first time a low volume sampling pump with Glass Microfiber Filter paper was used. Forty samples of air filter aerosol particles were collected from several areas in the Duhok city, during the dry and rainy seasons. Samples of air filters were prepared by a microwave digestion system and assessed by inductively coupled plasma Optical-Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average concentrations of Cr, Zn, Ni, Cd, Fe, and Pb found in 20 sites in the study area for the dry season were 0.004 mg/m3, 0.007 mg/m3, 0.003 mg/m3, 0.002 mg/m3, 0.142 mg/m3, and 0.402 mg/m3 respectively. Also, the average levels of the mentioned elements were 0.003 mg/m3, 0.004 mg/m3, 0.012 mg/m3, 0.003 mg/m3, 0.138 mg/m3, and 0.645 mg/m3 respectively in wet season. Seasonal results confirmed no significant differences in the concentrations of elements measured at all study sites, with the exception of lead, which doubles during the rainy season. Results showed that the levels of metal concentrations in the present study exceeded the standard limits of WHO. The results of the health risk assessment showed that the population in Duhok city had a higher lifetime chance of developing cancer as a result of these air concentrations and their heavy metal content.
{"title":"Outdoor Air Contaminants-Heavy Metals and Associated Health Risks in Duhok-Iraq","authors":"Samir Hashim Muhyadeen, Revink A. Ramadhan","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1043","url":null,"abstract":"Toxic elements in the atmosphere can cause a variety of health and environmental problems. The current work aims to assess the concentrations of heavy metals associated with the air in the Duhok city-Kurdistan Region of Iraq. For the first time a low volume sampling pump with Glass Microfiber Filter paper was used. Forty samples of air filter aerosol particles were collected from several areas in the Duhok city, during the dry and rainy seasons. Samples of air filters were prepared by a microwave digestion system and assessed by inductively coupled plasma Optical-Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average concentrations of Cr, Zn, Ni, Cd, Fe, and Pb found in 20 sites in the study area for the dry season were 0.004 mg/m3, 0.007 mg/m3, 0.003 mg/m3, 0.002 mg/m3, 0.142 mg/m3, and 0.402 mg/m3 respectively. Also, the average levels of the mentioned elements were 0.003 mg/m3, 0.004 mg/m3, 0.012 mg/m3, 0.003 mg/m3, 0.138 mg/m3, and 0.645 mg/m3 respectively in wet season. Seasonal results confirmed no significant differences in the concentrations of elements measured at all study sites, with the exception of lead, which doubles during the rainy season. Results showed that the levels of metal concentrations in the present study exceeded the standard limits of WHO. The results of the health risk assessment showed that the population in Duhok city had a higher lifetime chance of developing cancer as a result of these air concentrations and their heavy metal content.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82725801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-30DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1015
Tariq K. Salih, Hayfaa M. Saaed Abdulaziz
A sample of 120 trees was purposely selected from four different microsites (Behere, Swaratoka, Zawita, and Semel), (30 trees from each microsite) in the Duhok governorate. 100 of which were used for model calibration and the rest were used for validation of the selected regression equation. This study consisted of two main parts. In the first part ,In the beginning, a scatter diagram was conducted for each microsite to detect the type of relationship between height and diameter at breast, which in turn will decrease the number of regression models that will be tested. Accordingly, 4 regression equations were developed for each of the four microsites separately. These models can be used to see how the ratio of height diameter in each of the studied sites is inter-correlated and which of them is the most appropriate for producing Calabrian pine trees. In the second part, all microsites were then treated as one sample for estimating the parameters of 25 regression models using Excel and Statographic packageThe developed regression models underwent a screening process in order to find the most appropriate one to be used for the prediction of the height of Calabrian pine grown in the four mentioned microsites in Duhok governorate. Many measures of precision among them coefficient of determination, Bias%, Mean absolute error, Ohtomo’s unbiased test, Furnival Index, and AIC criterion were used for testing the performance of the developed equations in the prediction of the height. At last, the equation was selected, as the best regression model. This equation shows that there is a linear relationship between and a curvilinear relationship between D and H. The study showed that the height–diameter ratio was highest in Swaratoka and was the most appropriate microsite among the rest, followed by Behere, then Zawita and Semel came in last place.
{"title":"Quantification of the Relationship Between the Height – Diameter of (Pinus brutia Ten), Calabrian Pine Trees in Four Different Microsites in Duhok Governorate. Kurdistan Region, Iraq","authors":"Tariq K. Salih, Hayfaa M. Saaed Abdulaziz","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1015","url":null,"abstract":"A sample of 120 trees was purposely selected from four different microsites (Behere, Swaratoka, Zawita, and Semel), (30 trees from each microsite) in the Duhok governorate. 100 of which were used for model calibration and the rest were used for validation of the selected regression equation. This study consisted of two main parts. In the first part ,In the beginning, a scatter diagram was conducted for each microsite to detect the type of relationship between height and diameter at breast, which in turn will decrease the number of regression models that will be tested. Accordingly, 4 regression equations were developed for each of the four microsites separately. These models can be used to see how the ratio of height diameter in each of the studied sites is inter-correlated and which of them is the most appropriate for producing Calabrian pine trees. In the second part, all microsites were then treated as one sample for estimating the parameters of 25 regression models using Excel and Statographic packageThe developed regression models underwent a screening process in order to find the most appropriate one to be used for the prediction of the height of Calabrian pine grown in the four mentioned microsites in Duhok governorate. Many measures of precision among them coefficient of determination, Bias%, Mean absolute error, Ohtomo’s unbiased test, Furnival Index, and AIC criterion were used for testing the performance of the developed equations in the prediction of the height. At last, the equation was selected, as the best regression model. This equation shows that there is a linear relationship between and a curvilinear relationship between D and H. The study showed that the height–diameter ratio was highest in Swaratoka and was the most appropriate microsite among the rest, followed by Behere, then Zawita and Semel came in last place.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83154090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-29DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1027
M. G. Mohammed, Belnd Saadi Salih, Vaman Muhammed Haji
Human muscles can be read by using electromyography (EMG) sensors, which are electrical signals generated by the muscles of human and animal bodies. This means it is possible to use electricity generated by muscles to control actuators/servo motors for any specific tasks. This could support a wide range of applications, especially for people with disabilities. One such application would be making bionic limbs based on servo motors. According to a study held by the K4D helpdesk report based on estimations that 15.3% of the world’s population has a moderate or severe disability, this proportion is likely to increase to 18-20% in conflict- affected areas (Thompson, 2017). The goal of this study is to make bionic limbs affordable by minimizing the cost while maintaining accuracy at an acceptable rate. To achieve this goal, the study proposes a new idea for using electromyography (EMG) sensors in bionic limbs, which suggests a decrease in the number of EMG sensors to decrease the cost and power consumption. Decreasing the number of EMG sensors will result in a loss of accuracy in controlling actuators (servo motors) because usually, each sensor is responsible for activating one servo motor. In normal projects, one will need at least six EMG sensors to control six servo motors. The study will use only three EMG sensors to control/activate six servo motors depending on the binary trick idea suggested by this study, which is manipulating all three input signals from EMG sensors at once and then deciding which servo motor to activate by using a supervised machine learning technique such as K-nearest neighbors (kNN).
{"title":"Employing EMG sensors in Bionic limbs based on a New Binary Trick Method","authors":"M. G. Mohammed, Belnd Saadi Salih, Vaman Muhammed Haji","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000Human muscles can be read by using electromyography (EMG) sensors, which are electrical signals generated by the muscles of human and animal bodies. This means it is possible to use electricity generated by muscles to control actuators/servo motors for any specific tasks. This could support a wide range of applications, especially for people with disabilities. One such application would be making bionic limbs based on servo motors. According to a study held by the K4D helpdesk report based on estimations that 15.3% of the world’s population has a moderate or severe disability, this proportion is likely to increase to 18-20% in conflict- affected areas (Thompson, 2017). The goal of this study is to make bionic limbs affordable by minimizing the cost while maintaining accuracy at an acceptable rate. To achieve this goal, the study proposes a new idea for using electromyography (EMG) sensors in bionic limbs, which suggests a decrease in the number of EMG sensors to decrease the cost and power consumption. Decreasing the number of EMG sensors will result in a loss of accuracy in controlling actuators (servo motors) because usually, each sensor is responsible for activating one servo motor. In normal projects, one will need at least six EMG sensors to control six servo motors. The study will use only three EMG sensors to control/activate six servo motors depending on the binary trick idea suggested by this study, which is manipulating all three input signals from EMG sensors at once and then deciding which servo motor to activate by using a supervised machine learning technique such as K-nearest neighbors (kNN).\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74188276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1033
Abdulrazaq Qasim Mikail, R. Hamad
Flood hazards are a member of the world's catastrophic events with a hydrological climate origin. They are referred to as a situation in which the river flow and water level increase suddenly and cause human and financial losses. This research aims to determine flood-prone zones and evaluate the efficacy of RS and GIS-based evidence-based belief function (EBF) and hierarchical analysis (AHP) models in flood-prone area mapping. Using the Rezan River basin in the Mergasor area of Erbil governorate, Iraq, as an example, 11 factors such as slope, slope direction, land use, distance to the stream, distance to the road, elevation, soil, rainfall, geology, NDVI, and drainage density were utilized for flood moderation. The prediction rates of the EBF and AHP models were also analyzed to be 0.869% and 0.836%, respectively, indicating that these two models are better predictors. The findings of the study area revealed that 32% of the study area is under very high to high flooding hazard zones for the EBF method and 22% for the AHP method. This research’s conclusions are crucial for flood-prone region management, decision-making, and local administrative planning.
{"title":"Mapping Flood Vulnerability by Applying EBF And AHP Methods, in the Iraqi Mountain Region","authors":"Abdulrazaq Qasim Mikail, R. Hamad","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Flood hazards are a member of the world's catastrophic events with a hydrological climate origin. They are referred to as a situation in which the river flow and water level increase suddenly and cause human and financial losses. This research aims to determine flood-prone zones and evaluate the efficacy of RS and GIS-based evidence-based belief function (EBF) and hierarchical analysis (AHP) models in flood-prone area mapping. Using the Rezan River basin in the Mergasor area of Erbil governorate, Iraq, as an example, 11 factors such as slope, slope direction, land use, distance to the stream, distance to the road, elevation, soil, rainfall, geology, NDVI, and drainage density were utilized for flood moderation. The prediction rates of the EBF and AHP models were also analyzed to be 0.869% and 0.836%, respectively, indicating that these two models are better predictors. The findings of the study area revealed that 32% of the study area is under very high to high flooding hazard zones for the EBF method and 22% for the AHP method. This research’s conclusions are crucial for flood-prone region management, decision-making, and local administrative planning.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86778449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.983
Salah Mahdi Saleem, Zean Zefenkey
A series of dust storms stroked Iraq from April to May 2022. These abnormal environmental events hold and transfer microorganisms far from their original sites. Mycobiome is a main part of the aerobiological aerosol, it includes agents of respiratory harm, opportunistic mycosis, as well as mycotoxin producers. 32 Petri dishes were exposed to the falling down dust for two days (S1). The time of exposure was 10 minutes per hour, a total of 8 samples/ day since 9:00 am. Sabouraud’s dextrose agar and pollen grains agar media were used. Sampling was identically repeated after two days during a calm climate (S2). Fungal genera, frequency%, and total similarity% were calculated for S1 and S2 samples. 257 colonies (143CFU/m3) occurred in (S1) samples, in contrast, a total of 110 colonies from (S2) samples (59CFU/m3). The statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference between CFU for S1and S2 (p≤0.0001). Fifteen isolates were identified from (S1), and (5) from (S2). The highest occurrence O% and frequency F% genera in S1 were, Aspergillus (65-6%; 15.9%), Alternaria (56.6%;11.2%), Cladosporium (46.8%; 13.6%), Penicillium(37.5%;8.1%), besides sterile mycelia, while in S2 were (40.6%; 30.6%) ; (25.0%; 17.2%); (32.0%; 26.3%) (34.3 %; 12.7%) respectively. The similarity between the fungal communities of the two times was low =35.7%. Results showed that air mycobiota on stormy days have a higher fungal abundance and diversity. All isolated fungi are adverse to humans, and animals. Individuals who have respiratory problems or with weak immunity showed careful to protect themselves.
{"title":"The Airborne Mycobiota of a Dust Storm in Comparison with a Calm Climate in Erbil City-Iraq","authors":"Salah Mahdi Saleem, Zean Zefenkey","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.983","url":null,"abstract":"A series of dust storms stroked Iraq from April to May 2022. These abnormal environmental events hold and transfer microorganisms far from their original sites. Mycobiome is a main part of the aerobiological aerosol, it includes agents of respiratory harm, opportunistic mycosis, as well as mycotoxin producers. 32 Petri dishes were exposed to the falling down dust for two days (S1). The time of exposure was 10 minutes per hour, a total of 8 samples/ day since 9:00 am. Sabouraud’s dextrose agar and pollen grains agar media were used. Sampling was identically repeated after two days during a calm climate (S2). Fungal genera, frequency%, and total similarity% were calculated for S1 and S2 samples.\u0000257 colonies (143CFU/m3) occurred in (S1) samples, in contrast, a total of 110 colonies from (S2) samples (59CFU/m3). The statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference between CFU for S1and S2 (p≤0.0001). Fifteen isolates were identified from (S1), and (5) from (S2). The highest occurrence O% and frequency F% genera in S1 were, Aspergillus (65-6%; 15.9%), Alternaria (56.6%;11.2%), Cladosporium (46.8%; 13.6%), Penicillium(37.5%;8.1%), besides sterile mycelia, while in S2 were (40.6%; 30.6%) ; (25.0%; 17.2%); (32.0%; 26.3%) (34.3 %; 12.7%) respectively. The similarity between the fungal communities of the two times was low =35.7%.\u0000Results showed that air mycobiota on stormy days have a higher fungal abundance and diversity. All isolated fungi are adverse to humans, and animals. Individuals who have respiratory problems or with weak immunity showed careful to protect themselves.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86573237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.981
Sara Ayoub Hassan, B. Al-Chalabi
The existing research was conducted in Duhok city to investigate the biological impact of extracting secondary chemical compounds from punctured vine plants (Tribulus terrestris L.) on the mortality of all larval stages of (Culex pipiens). Bioassay experiments were carried out by using solvent extraction methods and different concentrations (0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7) mg/ml. The results showed that the ethyl extract of puncture vine plant’s leaves demonstrated promising larvicidal activity, and fatal results were observed where the high rate of mortality was within the 1st larval instar 97.3% and 100% at a concentration(0.5 mg/ml) after 24 and 72 hours exposure respectively, while the lowest mortality rate was within the 4th larval instar 7.4% and 38% at a concentration(0,1mg/ml) after 24 and 72 hours exposure, respectively, also ,it was observed that the leaf extracts modified the morphology of the larval development stage. According to this initial research, those plants are possible alternatives to mosquito larvicide which can be used to produce cost-effective, safe chemicals to control mosquitoes.
{"title":"Effects of Puncture Vine Plant (Tribulus Terrestris L.) Extract on All Larval Stages of Mosquito, Culex Pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"Sara Ayoub Hassan, B. Al-Chalabi","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.981","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The existing research was conducted in Duhok city to investigate the biological impact of extracting secondary chemical compounds from punctured vine plants (Tribulus terrestris L.) on the mortality of all larval stages of (Culex pipiens). Bioassay experiments were carried out by using solvent extraction methods and different concentrations (0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7) mg/ml. The results showed that the ethyl extract of puncture vine plant’s leaves demonstrated promising larvicidal activity, and fatal results were observed where the high rate of mortality was within the 1st larval instar 97.3% and 100% at a concentration(0.5 mg/ml) after 24 and 72 hours exposure respectively, while the lowest mortality rate was within the 4th larval instar 7.4% and 38% at a concentration(0,1mg/ml) after 24 and 72 hours exposure, respectively, also ,it was observed that the leaf extracts modified the morphology of the larval development stage. According to this initial research, those plants are possible alternatives to mosquito larvicide which can be used to produce cost-effective, safe chemicals to control mosquitoes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82587079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.987
Nazhad Khalid Talabany, I. M. Albarzinji
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is considered as the most cultivated and consumed leafy vegetable all over the world. In Erbil Governorate, most farmers used sewage water to irrigate lettuce, which caused health risks especially heavy metal pollutants including cadmium. This research was applied as a factorial experiment to investigate the effects of foliar spraying of salicylic acid (SA) (0,0.5,1, 1.5 or 2mM) followed by spraying cadmium chloride (Cd) (0, 1, 2, or 4mM) on the growth, and some physiological and biochemical characteristics of this plant. Results show that most vegetative growth characteristics responded inversely to increasing SA concentrations, whereas the response of root performance improved with using SA application. A low concentration of Cd (1mM) improved root and shoot performance, whereas increasing the concentration to 4 mM decreased these characteristics significantly compared to no Cd added plants, except for the percent of shoot dry matter. Most of photosynthetic pigments decreased significantly by foliar spraying with SA and Cd. Applications of SA increased catalase enzyme activity significantly compared to no SA treated plants. Cadmium foliar application increased peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid, proline, and percent of total carbohydrate content and decreased catalase enzyme activity and the percent of infection with watery soft rot significantly compared to no Cd treated plants. It is concluded that lettuce tolerance to cadmium stress was increased by pretreatment foliar application of SA.
{"title":"Effects of Salicylic Acid on some Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under Cadmium Stress Conditions","authors":"Nazhad Khalid Talabany, I. M. Albarzinji","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.987","url":null,"abstract":"Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is considered as the most cultivated and consumed leafy vegetable all over the world. In Erbil Governorate, most farmers used sewage water to irrigate lettuce, which caused health risks especially heavy metal pollutants including cadmium. This research was applied as a factorial experiment to investigate the effects of foliar spraying of salicylic acid (SA) (0,0.5,1, 1.5 or 2mM) followed by spraying cadmium chloride (Cd) (0, 1, 2, or 4mM) on the growth, and some physiological and biochemical characteristics of this plant. Results show that most vegetative growth characteristics responded inversely to increasing SA concentrations, whereas the response of root performance improved with using SA application. A low concentration of Cd (1mM) improved root and shoot performance, whereas increasing the concentration to 4 mM decreased these characteristics significantly compared to no Cd added plants, except for the percent of shoot dry matter. Most of photosynthetic pigments decreased significantly by foliar spraying with SA and Cd. Applications of SA increased catalase enzyme activity significantly compared to no SA treated plants. Cadmium foliar application increased peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid, proline, and percent of total carbohydrate content and decreased catalase enzyme activity and the percent of infection with watery soft rot significantly compared to no Cd treated plants. It is concluded that lettuce tolerance to cadmium stress was increased by pretreatment foliar application of SA.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":"162 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86331907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1010
Sawsan Ramadhan Hussein, S. Rashid
Background and aims: Gingivitis in orthodontic treatment remains a challenging and undesirable consequence of orthodontic treatment. Hence, a variety of chemical or herbal agents, methods, and techniques have been investigated to prevent or reduce gingivitis that occurs in orthodontic treatment. In this study, we will evaluate and compare the effect of curcumin (CMN) gel with chlorhexidine (CHX) gel on clinical parameters (plaque and gingival index) and oral bacterial number (total bacterial count test) in fixed orthodontic patients that have gingivitis. We are the first to use curcumin gel for patients that have gingivitis with fixed orthodontic appliances. Samples and Methods: Forty-five patients with fixed orthodontic appliances with metallic brackets that have generalized chronic dental plaque-induced gingivitis were selected randomly and divided into three groups - Group I (control), Group II (CMN), and Group III (CHX), respectively. Clinical parameters which are plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded at the baseline, 14 days, and 21 days of treatment, and a total bacterial count test (TBCT) was done for all the participants before and after treatment. Results: Both Curcumin and Chlorhexidine gel groups showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in PI, GI, and TBCT compared to the control group at the end of treatment (after 21 days). However, there was no significant difference between Curcumin and Chlorhexidine gel groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that curcumin and chlorhexidine gel have comparable anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis, and antibacterial activities and that both can be used to effectively treat plaque-induced gingivitis.
{"title":"Curcumin Gel Versus Chlorhexidine Gel for Treatment of Chronic Gingivitis Associated with Fixed Orthodontic Appliance","authors":"Sawsan Ramadhan Hussein, S. Rashid","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Background and aims: Gingivitis in orthodontic treatment remains a challenging and undesirable consequence of orthodontic treatment. Hence, a variety of chemical or herbal agents, methods, and techniques have been investigated to prevent or reduce gingivitis that occurs in orthodontic treatment. In this study, we will evaluate and compare the effect of curcumin (CMN) gel with chlorhexidine (CHX) gel on clinical parameters (plaque and gingival index) and oral bacterial number (total bacterial count test) in fixed orthodontic patients that have gingivitis. We are the first to use curcumin gel for patients that have gingivitis with fixed orthodontic appliances. Samples and Methods: Forty-five patients with fixed orthodontic appliances with metallic brackets that have generalized chronic dental plaque-induced gingivitis were selected randomly and divided into three groups - Group I (control), Group II (CMN), and Group III (CHX), respectively. Clinical parameters which are plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded at the baseline, 14 days, and 21 days of treatment, and a total bacterial count test (TBCT) was done for all the participants before and after treatment. Results: Both Curcumin and Chlorhexidine gel groups showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in PI, GI, and TBCT compared to the control group at the end of treatment (after 21 days). However, there was no significant difference between Curcumin and Chlorhexidine gel groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that curcumin and chlorhexidine gel have comparable anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis, and antibacterial activities and that both can be used to effectively treat plaque-induced gingivitis.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85130539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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