Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1120
Ramadan T. Hassan, N. S. Ahmed
Detecting semantic similarity between documents is vital in natural language processing applications. One widely used method for measuring the semantic similarity of text documents is embedding, which involves converting texts into numerical vectors using various NLP methods. This paper presents a comparative analysis of four embedding methods for detecting semantic similarity in theses and dissertations , namely Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency, Document to Vector, Sentence Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers with cosine similarity. The study used two datasets consisting of 27 documents from Duhok Polytechnic University and 100 documents from ProQuest.com. The texts from these documents were pre-processed to make them suitable for semantic similarity analysis. The evaluation of the methods was based on several metrics, including accuracy, precision, Recall, F1 score, and processing time. The results showed that the traditional method, TF-IDF, outperformed modern methods in embedding and detecting actual semantic similarity between documents, with processing time not exceeding a few seconds.
{"title":"EVALUATING OF EFFICACY SEMANTIC SIMILARITY METHODS FOR COMPARISON OF ACADEMIC THESIS AND DISSERTATION TEXTS","authors":"Ramadan T. Hassan, N. S. Ahmed","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1120","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting semantic similarity between documents is vital in natural language processing applications. One widely used method for measuring the semantic similarity of text documents is embedding, which involves converting texts into numerical vectors using various NLP methods. This paper presents a comparative analysis of four embedding methods for detecting semantic similarity in theses and dissertations , namely Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency, Document to Vector, Sentence Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers with cosine similarity. The study used two datasets consisting of 27 documents from Duhok Polytechnic University and 100 documents from ProQuest.com. The texts from these documents were pre-processed to make them suitable for semantic similarity analysis. The evaluation of the methods was based on several metrics, including accuracy, precision, Recall, F1 score, and processing time. The results showed that the traditional method, TF-IDF, outperformed modern methods in embedding and detecting actual semantic similarity between documents, with processing time not exceeding a few seconds.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89376353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1136
Nacheervan M. Ghaffar, Niwar H. Mohialdeen
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the major foods borne pathogen that cause diarrhea in human. Consumption of undercooked poultry meats and its by-products is believed to be the main source of human campylobacteriosis. This study aims to determine the prevalence of this bacteria in LBC and IFC using conventional culture methods and conventional PCR assay, with molecular identification by sequencing of 16S rRNA. Two hundred and twenty-five samples from LBC (n=150) and IFC (n=75) were collected. Conventionally, overall, 21.3% (n = 48) were identified as C. jejuni. In LBC 30% (45/150), from this 9% and 72% identifies as C. jejuni when used enrichment and direct isolation method, respectively. Generally, the PCR confirmed 53.3% from LBC and 66.6% from IFC to be C. jejuni. All isolates were strongly resistant to Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, and Oxytetracycline, while susceptible to Erythromycin and Gentamycin. Therefore, they were considered as Multi drug resistant strains. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing, LBC and IFC were similar and genetically related to each other. Comparing with respective databases in NCBI, these isolates had the variation in their closeness with different strains from other countries isolated from different sources. Further study recommended, related to the virulence genes, physio-morphological characteristic, and whole genome sequencing of some isolated strains.
{"title":"ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Campylobacter jejuni FROM LOCAL BROILER CHICKEN (LBC) AND FROZEN IMPORTED CHICKENS (IFC) IN DUHOK PROVINCE, KURDISTAN REGION- IRAQ","authors":"Nacheervan M. Ghaffar, Niwar H. Mohialdeen","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1136","url":null,"abstract":"Campylobacter jejuni is one of the major foods borne pathogen that cause diarrhea in human. Consumption of undercooked poultry meats and its by-products is believed to be the main source of human campylobacteriosis. This study aims to determine the prevalence of this bacteria in LBC and IFC using conventional culture methods and conventional PCR assay, with molecular identification by sequencing of 16S rRNA. Two hundred and twenty-five samples from LBC (n=150) and IFC (n=75) were collected. Conventionally, overall, 21.3% (n = 48) were identified as C. jejuni. In LBC 30% (45/150), from this 9% and 72% identifies as C. jejuni when used enrichment and direct isolation method, respectively. Generally, the PCR confirmed 53.3% from LBC and 66.6% from IFC to be C. jejuni. All isolates were strongly resistant to Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, and Oxytetracycline, while susceptible to Erythromycin and Gentamycin. Therefore, they were considered as Multi drug resistant strains. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing, LBC and IFC were similar and genetically related to each other. Comparing with respective databases in NCBI, these isolates had the variation in their closeness with different strains from other countries isolated from different sources. Further study recommended, related to the virulence genes, physio-morphological characteristic, and whole genome sequencing of some isolated strains.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135552777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1119
F. Issa, M. Khidhir
Milk is a high nutritional food and extremely sensitive to bacterial contamination. The current study aimed to assess the presence and density of bacteria in local raw milk. Eighty raw milk samples were collected from four distanced geographical locations at Dohuk Governorate, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. For each geographical site, two private farms were randomly chosen for collecting milk samples. A batch of 10 raw milk samples was obtained from each farm for bacterial availability analysis. All samples were incubated with aeration at 37 °C for 24-48h on specific bacteriological media. Aerobic bacteria were observed in all sheep raw milk samples. The mean counts of total aerobic bacterial in samples from all farms were from 1.0 x 104 to more than 3.0 x 106 cfu/mL. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 37.5% (n=30); 50% (n=10); for B, D, and K groups, no S. aureus was observed in Z group. S. aureus density was from 1 x 103 to 4.0 x 104 cfu/mL (B Group); 2.7 x 104 to 3.0 x 104 cfu/mL (D Group); and 2.7 x 104 to 3.0 x 104 cfu/mL (K group). Escherichia coli was found in 23.75% (n=19); 40% (n=8), 50% (n=10), and 5% (n=1) of the raw milk samples for B, D, and K groups respectively as Z group was free of E. coli. E. coli contaminated samples produced bacterial growth from 6.0 x 103 to 7.6 x 104 cfu/mL (B Group); and 1.0 x 103 to 6.0 x 103 cfu/mL (D group) and only one sample from K group was contaminated with E. coli (7.4 x 104 cfu/mL). Klebsiella spp were observed in 57.5% (n=46) of the raw-milk samples; Z group 40% (n=8), B group 80% (n=16), D group 50% (n=10), and K group 60% (n =12). Bacterial abundance was from 2.6 x 104 to 1.88 x 105 cfu/mL (Z group); 1.3 x 104 to 1.51 x 105 cfu/mL (B group); 6.0 x 103 to 1.8 x 104 cfu/mL (D group); and from 2.4 x 105 to 1.24 x 106 cfu/mL (K group). Shigella raw milk positive samples were observed in 48.75% (n=39); Z group 100% (n=20), B group 45% (n=9), D group 50% (n=10), while K group was free of Shigella spp. Bacterial density was from 1.9 x 104 to 2.37 x 105 cfu/ mL (Z group), from 5.0 x 103 to 4.8 x 104 cfu/ mL (B group), and from 5.0 x 103 to 2.3 x104 (D group). All sheep raw-milk samples of this work were completely free of any species of Salmonella rods. However, 72 out of 80 examined samples of this study exceeded the total aerobic bacterial count according to the European recommended standards. Good hygienic practices, transporting milk in cold and clean containers, and regular medical checkup for sheep are suggested.
{"title":"BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF UNTREATED RETAIL RAW MILK COLLECTED FROM RANDOM SUPPLIERS AT DOHUK GOVERNORATE – KURDISTAN REGION – IRAQ","authors":"F. Issa, M. Khidhir","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1119","url":null,"abstract":"Milk is a high nutritional food and extremely sensitive to bacterial contamination. The current study aimed to assess the presence and density of bacteria in local raw milk. Eighty raw milk samples were collected from four distanced geographical locations at Dohuk Governorate, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. For each geographical site, two private farms were randomly chosen for collecting milk samples. A batch of 10 raw milk samples was obtained from each farm for bacterial availability analysis. All samples were incubated with aeration at 37 °C for 24-48h on specific bacteriological media. Aerobic bacteria were observed in all sheep raw milk samples. The mean counts of total aerobic bacterial in samples from all farms were from 1.0 x 104 to more than 3.0 x 106 cfu/mL. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 37.5% (n=30); 50% (n=10); for B, D, and K groups, no S. aureus was observed in Z group. S. aureus density was from 1 x 103 to 4.0 x 104 cfu/mL (B Group); 2.7 x 104 to 3.0 x 104 cfu/mL (D Group); and 2.7 x 104 to 3.0 x 104 cfu/mL (K group). Escherichia coli was found in 23.75% (n=19); 40% (n=8), 50% (n=10), and 5% (n=1) of the raw milk samples for B, D, and K groups respectively as Z group was free of E. coli. E. coli contaminated samples produced bacterial growth from 6.0 x 103 to 7.6 x 104 cfu/mL (B Group); and 1.0 x 103 to 6.0 x 103 cfu/mL (D group) and only one sample from K group was contaminated with E. coli (7.4 x 104 cfu/mL). Klebsiella spp were observed in 57.5% (n=46) of the raw-milk samples; Z group 40% (n=8), B group 80% (n=16), D group 50% (n=10), and K group 60% (n =12). Bacterial abundance was from 2.6 x 104 to 1.88 x 105 cfu/mL (Z group); 1.3 x 104 to 1.51 x 105 cfu/mL (B group); 6.0 x 103 to 1.8 x 104 cfu/mL (D group); and from 2.4 x 105 to 1.24 x 106 cfu/mL (K group). Shigella raw milk positive samples were observed in 48.75% (n=39); Z group 100% (n=20), B group 45% (n=9), D group 50% (n=10), while K group was free of Shigella spp. Bacterial density was from 1.9 x 104 to 2.37 x 105 cfu/ mL (Z group), from 5.0 x 103 to 4.8 x 104 cfu/ mL (B group), and from 5.0 x 103 to 2.3 x104 (D group). All sheep raw-milk samples of this work were completely free of any species of Salmonella rods. However, 72 out of 80 examined samples of this study exceeded the total aerobic bacterial count according to the European recommended standards. Good hygienic practices, transporting milk in cold and clean containers, and regular medical checkup for sheep are suggested.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79328472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-06DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1083
Kurdistan Mohsin Salih, Mohammed Ahmed Shakir, Sagvan Ali Saleh
The seriousness of the spectrum scarcity has increased dramatically due to the rapid increase of wireless services. The key enabling technology that can be viewed as a novel approach for utilizing the spectrum more efficiently is known as Cognitive Radio. Therefore, assigning the spectrum opportunistically to the unlicensed users without interfering with the licensed users, concurrently with maximizing the spectrum utilization is addressed as a major challenge problem in cognitive radio networks. In this paper, an improved metaheuristic optimization algorithm has been proposed to solve this problem that contingent on a graph coloring model. The proposed approach is a hybrid algorithm composed of a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm with Random Neighborhood Search. The key objective function is maximizing the spectrum utilization in the cognitive radio networks with the subjected constraints. MATLAB R2021a was used for conducting the simulation. The proposed hybrid algorithm improved the system utilization by 1.23% compared to Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, 5.57% compared to Random Neighborhood Search, 7.9% compared to Color Sensitive Graph Coloring algorithm, and 27.33% compared to Greedy algorithm. Moreover, the system performance was evaluated with various deployment scenarios of the primary users, secondary users, and channels for investigating the impact of varying these parameters on the system performance.
{"title":"AN IMPROVED PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR SPECTRUM ALLOCATION IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS","authors":"Kurdistan Mohsin Salih, Mohammed Ahmed Shakir, Sagvan Ali Saleh","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1083","url":null,"abstract":"The seriousness of the spectrum scarcity has increased dramatically due to the rapid increase of wireless services. The key enabling technology that can be viewed as a novel approach for utilizing the spectrum more efficiently is known as Cognitive Radio. Therefore, assigning the spectrum opportunistically to the unlicensed users without interfering with the licensed users, concurrently with maximizing the spectrum utilization is addressed as a major challenge problem in cognitive radio networks. In this paper, an improved metaheuristic optimization algorithm has been proposed to solve this problem that contingent on a graph coloring model. The proposed approach is a hybrid algorithm composed of a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm with Random Neighborhood Search. The key objective function is maximizing the spectrum utilization in the cognitive radio networks with the subjected constraints. MATLAB R2021a was used for conducting the simulation. The proposed hybrid algorithm improved the system utilization by 1.23% compared to Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, 5.57% compared to Random Neighborhood Search, 7.9% compared to Color Sensitive Graph Coloring algorithm, and 27.33% compared to Greedy algorithm. Moreover, the system performance was evaluated with various deployment scenarios of the primary users, secondary users, and channels for investigating the impact of varying these parameters on the system performance.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136042556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-23DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1088
H. A. Abdulrahman
The stems of six species of Bromus (B. scoparius L., B. lanceolatus Roth., B. sterilis L., B. madritensis L., B. squarrosus L. and B. danthoniae Trin.) which belongs to Poaceae family grown in Duhok province, Kurdistan region, Iraq were examined anatomically. The samples of Bromus species have been collected from Duhok city in spring 2022. The research was carried out at Biology department, Faculty of science, University of Zakho. The study aims to distinguish between the anatomical differences among the Bromus species since they share phenotypic traits that make it difficult to distinguish them apart. The samples were fixed in formalin- acetic-acid alcohol (FAA) and cross sections were prepared, examined using compound light microscope and photographed at different power. The highest number and measures of the vascular bundles, thicknesses of cuticle, epidermis, hypodermis, and the diameters of the minor and major vascular bundles (stele) were recorded in the B. danthoniae. while, the highest dimeters of metaxylem and cross section of stem were appeared in B. scoparius and B. sterilis, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest number and measures of the above-mentioned features were fluctuated among the Bromus sterilis, B. lanceolatus, B. madritensis. The cross sections indicated that there were valuable differences in both qualitative and quantitative values of the anatomical features among the species.
{"title":"INTERNAL STEM ANATOMY OF SIX BROMUS SPECIES GROWN IN DUHOK PROVINCE, KURDISTAN REGION. IRAQ","authors":"H. A. Abdulrahman","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1088","url":null,"abstract":"The stems of six species of Bromus (B. scoparius L., B. lanceolatus Roth., B. sterilis L., B. madritensis L., B. squarrosus L. and B. danthoniae Trin.) which belongs to Poaceae family grown in Duhok province, Kurdistan region, Iraq were examined anatomically. The samples of Bromus species have been collected from Duhok city in spring 2022. The research was carried out at Biology department, Faculty of science, University of Zakho. The study aims to distinguish between the anatomical differences among the Bromus species since they share phenotypic traits that make it difficult to distinguish them apart. The samples were fixed in formalin- acetic-acid alcohol (FAA) and cross sections were prepared, examined using compound light microscope and photographed at different power. The highest number and measures of the vascular bundles, thicknesses of cuticle, epidermis, hypodermis, and the diameters of the minor and major vascular bundles (stele) were recorded in the B. danthoniae. while, the highest dimeters of metaxylem and cross section of stem were appeared in B. scoparius and B. sterilis, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest number and measures of the above-mentioned features were fluctuated among the Bromus sterilis, B. lanceolatus, B. madritensis. The cross sections indicated that there were valuable differences in both qualitative and quantitative values of the anatomical features among the species. ","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87905885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1103
R. A. Meshabaz, M. Umer
Nowadays, heavy metals are regarded as the most significant contaminants due to industrial activities and have an impact on their presence in milk. The presence of heavy metals in milk could have a serious negative impact on public health. The current study aims to determine the amount of various heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, and Zn) in raw Awassi ewe’s milk collected from Kwashe industrial area, Duhok province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The sheep were grazed in Sulaivany plain contaminated by drains of industrial effluents of several crude oil refineries and other 200 different factories. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was utilized to analyze the milk specimens after wet digestion. Results displayed that the heavy metals concentration was in the range of 3.64-4.27 mg/L for Pb, 0.59-1.13 mg/L for Cu, 0.01-0.09 mg/L for Co, 0.12-1.46 mg/L for Cd, 0.24-0.29mg/L for Cr, 0.89-0.99 mg/L for Ni, 0.89-0.94 mg/L for Fe and 3.99-6.13 mg/L for Zn. Statistical analyses showed that excusing Cr, and all other studied heavy metals concentrations were higher than the human-health safety recommended. Furthermore, among the heavy metals in the current study, the Zn was the highest mean value recorded (4.99 mg/L) and it exceeded the limited value (3.8 mg/L) by WHO/FAO, (1999). The permissible level of pb in milk is 0.05 mg/L, and the mean concentration of pb in the milk sample (3.99 mg/L) was significantly higher than the permissible value. Moreover, the mean value of Cd (0.75 mg/L), Cu (0.79 mg/L), Co (0.038 mg/L), Ni (0.948 mg/L), and Fe (0.91 mg/L) were above the limited value (0.01 mg/L) for Cd, 0.03 mg/l for Cu, (0.001-0.008) for Co, (0.1mg/L) for Ni and 0.1 for Fe, respectively. While the Cr concentration (0.27 mg/L) was lower than the recommended level (0.3 mg/L). Therefore, it was observed that the amount of heavy metals in the sheep milk utilized in this investigation possesses a health risk. Hence, it is always needful to persuade the pollutants in milk in the current area.
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN RAW MILK OF AWASSI SHEEP GRAZED IN THE POLLUTED AREA BY OIL REFINERY EFFLUENTS IN KWASHE INDUSTRIAL AREA","authors":"R. A. Meshabaz, M. Umer","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1103","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, heavy metals are regarded as the most significant contaminants due to industrial activities and have an impact on their presence in milk. The presence of heavy metals in milk could have a serious negative impact on public health. The current study aims to determine the amount of various heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, and Zn) in raw Awassi ewe’s milk collected from Kwashe industrial area, Duhok province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The sheep were grazed in Sulaivany plain contaminated by drains of industrial effluents of several crude oil refineries and other 200 different factories. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was utilized to analyze the milk specimens after wet digestion. Results displayed that the heavy metals concentration was in the range of 3.64-4.27 mg/L for Pb, 0.59-1.13 mg/L for Cu, 0.01-0.09 mg/L for Co, 0.12-1.46 mg/L for Cd, 0.24-0.29mg/L for Cr, 0.89-0.99 mg/L for Ni, 0.89-0.94 mg/L for Fe and 3.99-6.13 mg/L for Zn. Statistical analyses showed that excusing Cr, and all other studied heavy metals concentrations were higher than the human-health safety recommended. Furthermore, among the heavy metals in the current study, the Zn was the highest mean value recorded (4.99 mg/L) and it exceeded the limited value (3.8 mg/L) by WHO/FAO, (1999). The permissible level of pb in milk is 0.05 mg/L, and the mean concentration of pb in the milk sample (3.99 mg/L) was significantly higher than the permissible value. Moreover, the mean value of Cd (0.75 mg/L), Cu (0.79 mg/L), Co (0.038 mg/L), Ni (0.948 mg/L), and Fe (0.91 mg/L) were above the limited value (0.01 mg/L) for Cd, 0.03 mg/l for Cu, (0.001-0.008) for Co, (0.1mg/L) for Ni and 0.1 for Fe, respectively. While the Cr concentration (0.27 mg/L) was lower than the recommended level (0.3 mg/L). Therefore, it was observed that the amount of heavy metals in the sheep milk utilized in this investigation possesses a health risk. Hence, it is always needful to persuade the pollutants in milk in the current area.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78429209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-16DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1098
Farhan K. Kabao, O. Omar
Using clean energy sources instead of traditional methods of energy production is important to tackle global warming and climate change. As in the rest cities of the Kurdistan Region and Iraq, the national electricity outage crisis continues in Duhok Governorate and the production of energy via different sources is still needed. This paper studies the simulation of two different types of solar energy systems on school roofs using the Homer Pro software. The first is a grid-connected system and the second, is an off-grid system for six different regions of Duhok Governorate, using the solar radiation data for each site. Our findings confirm the preference for on-grid PV over an off-grid PV system at all sites. As the cost of energy in USD per kWh in both grid-tied and stand-alone models varies from one region to another, which is as follows: Amedi (0.089, 0.339), Kani Masi (0.091, 0.0338), Bamarni (0.093, 0.338), Mangesh (0.095, 0.349), Semel (0.107, 0.341), and Akre (0.127, 0.347). The net present cost NPC in both grid-connected and grid-independent for 160 kW PV systems is as follows: Kani Masi ($217303, $260504), Amedi ($217621, $260710), Bamarni ($219007, $260587), Mangesh ($220167, $261239), Semel ($227566, $261222), and finally Akre ($238671, $262203).
{"title":"SIZING PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM IN DUHOK PROVINCE, KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ","authors":"Farhan K. Kabao, O. Omar","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1098","url":null,"abstract":"Using clean energy sources instead of traditional methods of energy production is important to tackle global warming and climate change. As in the rest cities of the Kurdistan Region and Iraq, the national electricity outage crisis continues in Duhok Governorate and the production of energy via different sources is still needed.\u0000This paper studies the simulation of two different types of solar energy systems on school roofs using the Homer Pro software. The first is a grid-connected system and the second, is an off-grid system for six different regions of Duhok Governorate, using the solar radiation data for each site.\u0000Our findings confirm the preference for on-grid PV over an off-grid PV system at all sites. As the cost of energy in USD per kWh in both grid-tied and stand-alone models varies from one region to another, which is as follows: Amedi (0.089, 0.339), Kani Masi (0.091, 0.0338), Bamarni (0.093, 0.338), Mangesh (0.095, 0.349), Semel (0.107, 0.341), and Akre (0.127, 0.347).\u0000The net present cost NPC in both grid-connected and grid-independent for 160 kW PV systems is as follows: Kani Masi ($217303, $260504), Amedi ($217621, $260710), Bamarni ($219007, $260587), Mangesh ($220167, $261239), Semel ($227566, $261222), and finally Akre ($238671, $262203).","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72493822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-12DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1115
K. Ahmed, Dlzhar S. Mohammed, F. Ali
This study investigates, for the first time, the effects of dealumination of binder-free NaY type zeolite on the adsorption properties and porous structure characteristics. In this study, BF-Y zeolite was hydrothermally synthesized from kaolin and powder NaY. BF-Y was then treated with acid to increase Si/Al ratio. X-ray Diffraction (XRED), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) have been performed for the characterization. The modified zeolite granules MBF-Y were used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue MB dye from water. The influence of initial MB concentration, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dosage on adsorption capacity and dye removal percentage on MBF-Y was investigated. The maximum dye removal was attained at a concentration of (8 * 10-6 M) which was more than 93%, and an equilibrium contact time of 60 minutes. Well-known adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Fruendlich, and Tempkin) were used to study the adsorption mechanism of MB onto MBF-Y.
{"title":"SYNTHESIS OF A NEW ADSORBENT BASED ON THE MILD DEALUMINATED BINDER FREE GRANULAR Y ZEOLITE","authors":"K. Ahmed, Dlzhar S. Mohammed, F. Ali","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1115","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates, for the first time, the effects of dealumination of binder-free NaY type zeolite on the adsorption properties and porous structure characteristics. In this study, BF-Y zeolite was hydrothermally synthesized from kaolin and powder NaY. BF-Y was then treated with acid to increase Si/Al ratio. X-ray Diffraction (XRED), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) have been performed for the characterization. The modified zeolite granules MBF-Y were used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue MB dye from water. The influence of initial MB concentration, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dosage on adsorption capacity and dye removal percentage on MBF-Y was investigated. The maximum dye removal was attained at a concentration of (8 * 10-6 M) which was more than 93%, and an equilibrium contact time of 60 minutes. Well-known adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Fruendlich, and Tempkin) were used to study the adsorption mechanism of MB onto MBF-Y.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91167870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1055
Arkan A. Saffer, Soran A. Pasha, Ammar M. Aliakbar
The Internet of Things (IoT) as an important technology consists of a heterogeneous and huge number of devices that generates an enormous amount of data in various applications. However, generating and transmitting huge amount of data in the IoT makes it crucial to implement a secure and safe data transmission scheme. Cryptography methods can secure the confidentiality, data integrity, access control, and authentication. Due to constrained resources in IoT devices, providing classical cryptography schemes isn’t efficient for IoT applications, so a lightweight cryptography scheme is one of the most important solutions to overcome security challenges in IoT. In this paper, a new security scheme called ECCCSASHA256 based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) using Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) has been proposed for secure data transmission in IoT devices. The ECCCSASHA256 model uses the CSA for generating a private key to encode the elliptic curve. Furthermore, the proposed scheme uses SHA-256 model for hashing the incoming encoded data using ECC. The simulation results indicate that the average throughput of the proposed model was about 8.22% and 8.97% higher in encryption and 8.72% and 9.81% higher in decryption compared to 3DES&ECC&SHA-256 and RC4&ECC&SHA-256, respectively.
物联网(Internet of Things, IoT)是一项重要的技术，它由异构的、数量庞大的设备组成，在各种应用中产生大量的数据。然而，在物联网中生成和传输大量数据使得实施安全可靠的数据传输方案至关重要。加密方法可以确保机密性、数据完整性、访问控制和身份验证。由于物联网设备的资源有限，提供经典的加密方案对于物联网应用来说效率不高，因此轻量级加密方案是克服物联网安全挑战的最重要解决方案之一。本文提出了一种基于椭圆曲线密码学(ECC)和安全哈希算法(SHA-256)的基于Crow搜索算法(CSA)的ECCCSASHA256安全方案，用于物联网设备的安全数据传输。ECCCSASHA256模型使用CSA生成私钥对椭圆曲线进行编码。此外，该方案使用SHA-256模型对传入的编码数据使用ECC进行哈希。仿真结果表明，与3DES&ECC&SHA-256和RC4&ECC&SHA-256相比，该模型的加密平均吞吐量分别提高8.22%和8.97%，解密平均吞吐量分别提高8.72%和9.81%。
{"title":"LIGHTWEIGHT CRYPTOGRAPHY METHOD IN THE INTERNET OF THINGS USING ELLIPTIC CURVE AND CROW SEARCH ALGORITHM","authors":"Arkan A. Saffer, Soran A. Pasha, Ammar M. Aliakbar","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1055","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) as an important technology consists of a heterogeneous and huge number of devices that generates an enormous amount of data in various applications. However, generating and transmitting huge amount of data in the IoT makes it crucial to implement a secure and safe data transmission scheme. Cryptography methods can secure the confidentiality, data integrity, access control, and authentication. Due to constrained resources in IoT devices, providing classical cryptography schemes isn’t efficient for IoT applications, so a lightweight cryptography scheme is one of the most important solutions to overcome security challenges in IoT. In this paper, a new security scheme called ECCCSASHA256 based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) using Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) has been proposed for secure data transmission in IoT devices. The ECCCSASHA256 model uses the CSA for generating a private key to encode the elliptic curve. Furthermore, the proposed scheme uses SHA-256 model for hashing the incoming encoded data using ECC. The simulation results indicate that the average throughput of the proposed model was about 8.22% and 8.97% higher in encryption and 8.72% and 9.81% higher in decryption compared to 3DES&ECC&SHA-256 and RC4&ECC&SHA-256, respectively.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81112116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-09DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1117
Shanmugapriya H., S. K.
Operation Approach on a new class of topological spaces with -open subsets was called a -open set. In this article, we examined some basic properties of open sets such as closure, , limit points, derived sets, neighbourhood, interior, exterior, boundary, frontier and saturated set of already existing -open sets in topological spaces.
{"title":"ϱ- TOPOLOGICAL OPERATORS IN TOPOLOGICAL SPACES","authors":"Shanmugapriya H., S. K.","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.3.1117","url":null,"abstract":"Operation Approach on a new class of topological spaces with -open subsets was called a -open set. In this article, we examined some basic properties of open sets such as closure, , limit points, derived sets, neighbourhood, interior, exterior, boundary, frontier and saturated set of already existing -open sets in topological spaces.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81342991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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