Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.3.1236
Atheel N. Yousef, G. H. Danial, D. Ibrahim, Sazan E. Barakat
Under laboratory conditions, segments of potato with single nodes were exposed to varying doses of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) (0 mM, 20 mM, 40 mM, 60 mM, 80 mM and 100 mM), using the Murashige and Skoog growth medium to assess how NaCl salt stress affects micropropagation, callus formation, and regeneration in the ‘Desiree’ potato plant cultivar, and also seeks to determine the ability of this cultivar to thrive in salt stress conditions. The data were collected after a six-week period for each salt treatment. Remarkably, a significant increase in the mass of green and dry stems and roots was observed specifically under the 40 mM NaCl treatment. Conversely, the length of shoots and branches experienced a reduction as the NaCl concentration increased. The overall impact of the NaCl treatments strongly influenced root weight. Concerning the formation (development) and revitalization of callus, segments of potato microtubers were exposed to the above-mentioned NaCl concentrations, resulting in an intermediate level of salt stress that significantly reduced callus weights as NaCl concentration increased. Furthermore, a gradual decrease in the regeneration rate was noted with increasing concentrations of the plant growth regulator BA (1 to 4 mg/l). The most profound relative regeneration rate occurred at 1 mg/l BA. Notably, the counteractive effect of salt was more apparent with higher NaCl concentrations, with exceptions at 20 mM and 40 mM. These findings propose that the ‘Desiree’ potato cultivar exhibits moderate tolerance to salt stress and indicates a capacity to endure salinity. Moreover, this valuable variety could potentially be harnessed through genetic manipulation to enhance its salt resilience.
{"title":"PROPAGATION AND CALLUS REGENERATION OF POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.) CULTIVAR ‘DESIREE’ UNDER SALT STRESS CONDITIONS","authors":"Atheel N. Yousef, G. H. Danial, D. Ibrahim, Sazan E. Barakat","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.3.1236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.3.1236","url":null,"abstract":"Under laboratory conditions, segments of potato with single nodes were exposed to varying doses of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) (0 mM, 20 mM, 40 mM, 60 mM, 80 mM and 100 mM), using the Murashige and Skoog growth medium to assess how NaCl salt stress affects micropropagation, callus formation, and regeneration in the ‘Desiree’ potato plant cultivar, and also seeks to determine the ability of this cultivar to thrive in salt stress conditions. The data were collected after a six-week period for each salt treatment. Remarkably, a significant increase in the mass of green and dry stems and roots was observed specifically under the 40 mM NaCl treatment. Conversely, the length of shoots and branches experienced a reduction as the NaCl concentration increased. The overall impact of the NaCl treatments strongly influenced root weight. Concerning the formation (development) and revitalization of callus, segments of potato microtubers were exposed to the above-mentioned NaCl concentrations, resulting in an intermediate level of salt stress that significantly reduced callus weights as NaCl concentration increased. Furthermore, a gradual decrease in the regeneration rate was noted with increasing concentrations of the plant growth regulator BA (1 to 4 mg/l). The most profound relative regeneration rate occurred at 1 mg/l BA. Notably, the counteractive effect of salt was more apparent with higher NaCl concentrations, with exceptions at 20 mM and 40 mM. These findings propose that the ‘Desiree’ potato cultivar exhibits moderate tolerance to salt stress and indicates a capacity to endure salinity. Moreover, this valuable variety could potentially be harnessed through genetic manipulation to enhance its salt resilience.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-14DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.3.1270
Snwr J. Mohammed, Noor B. Tayfor
Heart disease threatens the lives of around one individual per minute, establishing it as the foremost cause of mortality in the contemporary era. A wide range of individuals over the globe has encountered the intricacies associated with cardiovascular illness. Various factors, such as hypertension, elevated levels of cholesterol, and an irregular pulse rhythm hinder the early identification of a cardiovascular disease. In cardiology, similar to other branches of Medicine, timely and precise identification of cardiac diseases is of utmost importance. Anticipating the onset of heart failure at the appropriate moment can provide challenges, particularly for cardiologists and surgeons. Fortunately, categorisation and forecasting models can assist the medical business and provide real applications for medical data. Regarding this, Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and techniques have benefited from the automated analysis of several medical datasets and complex data to aid the medical community in diagnosing heart-related diseases. Predicting if the patient has early-stage cardiac disease is the primary goal of this paper. A prior study that worked on the Erbil Heart Disease dataset has proved that Naïve Bayes (NB) got an accuracy of 65%, which is the worst classifier, while Decision Tree (DT) obtained the highest accuracy of 98%. In this article, a comparison study has been applied using the same dataset (i.e., Erbil Heart Disease dataset) between multiple ML algorithms, for instance, LR (Logistic Regression), KNN (K-Nearest Neighbours), SVM (Support Vector Machine), DT (Decision Tree), MLP (Multi-Layer Perceptron), NB (Naïve Bayes) and RF (Random Forest). Surprisingly, we obtained an accuracy of 98% after applying LR, MLP, and RF, which was the best outcome. Furthermore, the accuracy obtained by the NB classifier differed incredibly from the one received in the prior work.
{"title":"THE PREDICTION OF HEART DISEASE USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS","authors":"Snwr J. Mohammed, Noor B. Tayfor","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.3.1270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.3.1270","url":null,"abstract":"Heart disease threatens the lives of around one individual per minute, establishing it as the foremost cause of mortality in the contemporary era. A wide range of individuals over the globe has encountered the intricacies associated with cardiovascular illness. Various factors, such as hypertension, elevated levels of cholesterol, and an irregular pulse rhythm hinder the early identification of a cardiovascular disease. In cardiology, similar to other branches of Medicine, timely and precise identification of cardiac diseases is of utmost importance. Anticipating the onset of heart failure at the appropriate moment can provide challenges, particularly for cardiologists and surgeons. Fortunately, categorisation and forecasting models can assist the medical business and provide real applications for medical data.\u0000Regarding this, Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and techniques have benefited from the automated analysis of several medical datasets and complex data to aid the medical community in diagnosing heart-related diseases. Predicting if the patient has early-stage cardiac disease is the primary goal of this paper.\u0000A prior study that worked on the Erbil Heart Disease dataset has proved that Naïve Bayes (NB) got an accuracy of 65%, which is the worst classifier, while Decision Tree (DT) obtained the highest accuracy of 98%. In this article, a comparison study has been applied using the same dataset (i.e., Erbil Heart Disease dataset) between multiple ML algorithms, for instance, LR (Logistic Regression), KNN (K-Nearest Neighbours), SVM (Support Vector Machine), DT (Decision Tree), MLP (Multi-Layer Perceptron), NB (Naïve Bayes) and RF (Random Forest). Surprisingly, we obtained an accuracy of 98% after applying LR, MLP, and RF, which was the best outcome. Furthermore, the accuracy obtained by the NB classifier differed incredibly from the one received in the prior work.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141650690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.3.1279
Rizgar Y. Ismail, J. J. Muhammed, Dalal Y. Khudhur
The current research aimed to estimate the evolutionary relationships of ten Centaurea L. species growing naturally in the Duhok City, Kurdistan region of Iraq. The combing Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers with Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene region barcode were performed. To detect the DNA sequence variations and phylogenetic tree reconstruction, the Dice similarity matrix, the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods were applied. 104 polymorphic bands were scored with an average of 10.4. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) and Resolving Power (Rp) values ranged between (0.24 to 0.36) and 3.4 in primer (SCoT1) to 12 in primer (SCoT53) with an average of 0.319 and 5.74 respectively. The lowest similarity value was 0.52 between C. behen L. and C. solstitialis L., while the highest was 0.82 between C. balsamita and C. rigida. The reconstructed polytomous dendrogram was as follows: clade one; C. solstitialis L.; clade 2, C. balsamita Lam. and C. virgata Lam.; clade three subdivide into two subclades: C. iberica Trev. ex Spreng., C. hayalolepis Boiss., C. brugueriana (DC) Hand. Mazz. and C. gigantea Sch. Bip. Ex Boiss., C. regia Boiss., C. rigida Banks & Sol., C. behen Lam. Furthermore, C. brugueriana (DC) Hand. Mazz., C. iberica Trev. ex Spreng, C. behen L., C. solstiotialis L. and C. balsamita Lam. were nested with National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). In contrast, the remaining taxa were mixed with other closely related species. Thus, ScoT markers and ITS DNA barcode were considerably effective for investigating the evolutionary relationships of Centaurea taxa.
本研究旨在估算在伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区杜胡克市自然生长的十种半枝莲（Centaurea L.）的进化关系。研究人员将起始密码子靶标（SCoT）标记与内部转录间隔（ITS）基因区域条形码相结合。为检测 DNA 序列变异并重建系统发生树，采用了 Dice 相似性矩阵、算术平均非加权成对分组法（UPGMA）聚类和最大似然法（ML）。104 条多态性条带的平均得分为 10.4。多态信息含量（PIC）和解析力（Rp）值介于（0.24 至 0.36）和引物（SCoT1）的 3.4 至引物（SCoT53）的 12 之间，平均值分别为 0.319 和 5.74。相似度最低的是 C. behen L. 和 C. solstitialis L. 之间的 0.52，最高的是 C. balsamita 和 C. rigida 之间的 0.82。重建的多瘤树枝图如下：支系一：C. solstitialis L.；支系二：C. balsamita Lam.和 C. virgata Lam.；支系三分为两个亚支系：C. iberica Trev：iberica Trev. ex Spreng.、C. hayalolepis Boiss.、C. brugueriana (DC) Hand.Mazz. and C. gigantea Sch. Bip.Ex Boiss.、C. regia Boiss.、C. rigida Banks & Sol.、C. behen Lam.此外，C. brugueriana (DC) Hand.Mazz., C. iberica Trev. ex Spreng, C. behen L., C. solstiotialis L. and C. balsamita Lam.与美国国家生物技术信息中心（NCBI）进行了嵌套。相比之下，其余类群则与其他近缘种混杂在一起。因此，ScoT 标记和 ITS DNA 条形码对研究百日草类群的进化关系相当有效。
{"title":"PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF TEN SPECIES FROM CENTAUREA (ASTERACEAE) IN DUHOK CITY, KURDISTAN REGION-IRAQ","authors":"Rizgar Y. Ismail, J. J. Muhammed, Dalal Y. Khudhur","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.3.1279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.3.1279","url":null,"abstract":"The current research aimed to estimate the evolutionary relationships of ten Centaurea L. species growing naturally in the Duhok City, Kurdistan region of Iraq. The combing Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers with Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene region barcode were performed. To detect the DNA sequence variations and phylogenetic tree reconstruction, the Dice similarity matrix, the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods were applied. 104 polymorphic bands were scored with an average of 10.4. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) and Resolving Power (Rp) values ranged between (0.24 to 0.36) and 3.4 in primer (SCoT1) to 12 in primer (SCoT53) with an average of 0.319 and 5.74 respectively. The lowest similarity value was 0.52 between C. behen L. and C. solstitialis L., while the highest was 0.82 between C. balsamita and C. rigida. The reconstructed polytomous dendrogram was as follows: clade one; C. solstitialis L.; clade 2, C. balsamita Lam. and C. virgata Lam.; clade three subdivide into two subclades: C. iberica Trev. ex Spreng., C. hayalolepis Boiss., C. brugueriana (DC) Hand. Mazz. and C. gigantea Sch. Bip. Ex Boiss., C. regia Boiss., C. rigida Banks & Sol., C. behen Lam. Furthermore, C. brugueriana (DC) Hand. Mazz., C. iberica Trev. ex Spreng, C. behen L., C. solstiotialis L. and C. balsamita Lam. were nested with National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). In contrast, the remaining taxa were mixed with other closely related species. Thus, ScoT markers and ITS DNA barcode were considerably effective for investigating the evolutionary relationships of Centaurea taxa. ","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1263
Sara A. Ahmed, Bozhin N. Mahmood, Diar J. Mahmood, Mohammed M. Namq
Deaf people around the world face difficulty communicating with others. Hence, they use their own language to communicate with each other. This paper introduces a new approach for Kurdish sign language recognition using the random forest classifier algorithm aiming to facilitate communication for deaf communities to communicate with others without relying on human interpreters. On the other side, for further enhancement of the images captured during recognition linear algebra techniques have been used such as singular value decomposition for image compression and Moore–Penrose inverse for blur removal. Kurdish language has 34 alphabets and (10 numeric numbers 10, . . . ,3 ,2 ,1). Additionally, three extra signs have been created and added to the dataset, such as space, backspace, and delete sentences for the purpose of real-time translation. A collection of 800 images has been gathered for each character, out of 800 images, only 80 per character were used due to their similar positions but varied alignment, totalling 3,520 images for the dataset (44 characters 80 images each). Two simulation scenarios were carried out: one with optimal conditions - a white background and adequate lighting, and another with challenges such as complex backgrounds and varied lighting angles. Both achieved high match rates of 96% and 87%, respectively. Further, a classification report analyzed precision, recall, and F1 score metrics.
{"title":"ENHANCING KURDISH SIGN LANGUAGE RECOGNITION THROUGH RANDOM FOREST CLASSIFIER AND NOISE REDUCTION VIA SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION (SVD)","authors":"Sara A. Ahmed, Bozhin N. Mahmood, Diar J. Mahmood, Mohammed M. Namq","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1263","url":null,"abstract":"Deaf people around the world face difficulty communicating with others. Hence, they use their own language to communicate with each other. This paper introduces a new approach for Kurdish sign language recognition using the random forest classifier algorithm aiming to facilitate communication for deaf communities to communicate with others without relying on human interpreters. On the other side, for further enhancement of the images captured during recognition linear algebra techniques have been used such as singular value decomposition for image compression and Moore–Penrose inverse for blur removal. Kurdish language has 34 alphabets and (10 numeric numbers 10, . . . ,3 ,2 ,1). Additionally, three extra signs have been created and added to the dataset, such as space, backspace, and delete sentences for the purpose of real-time translation. A collection of 800 images has been gathered for each character, out of 800 images, only 80 per character were used due to their similar positions but varied alignment, totalling 3,520 images for the dataset (44 characters 80 images each). Two simulation scenarios were carried out: one with optimal conditions - a white background and adequate lighting, and another with challenges such as complex backgrounds and varied lighting angles. Both achieved high match rates of 96% and 87%, respectively. Further, a classification report analyzed precision, recall, and F1 score metrics.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141346975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1233
Rayan Basheer M. ameen
Running cadence is crucial in running biomechanics and physiology, impacting performance and injury risk. The relationship between running cadence, height, weight, and gender is explored using data from 29 participants (14 males, 15 females) with varying attributes. Taller individuals tend to have a lower cadence due to longer stride length, while fewer steps are required by heavier individuals at the same pace. A higher cadence is observed in males, possibly due to differences in leg length and muscle fiber composition, although considerable variability exists among individuals of both genders. Linear regression analysis revealed robust models for both genders, with negative correlations between cadence and height, indicating that increased cadence correlates with decreased height for males and females. Females typically have higher BMI than males, with BMI variability in the population. Weight influences running cadence by affecting ground force. Heavier individuals may take fewer steps, but risk increased strain on joints and muscles, raising injury risk. Furthermore, the connection between running cadence and injury risk is investigated. It is found that adjusting cadence significantly reduces stress on weight-bearing joints and prevents common overuse running injuries. It is demonstrated by several reputable studies in the field that even minor cadence increases greatly reduce stress on knee and hip joints during running, making it a commendable method for injury prevention. In conclusion, while height and weight impact running cadence, each person's cadence is unique and influenced by various factors beyond gender alone. Understanding the relationship between running cadence and its impact on injury prevention is crucial for runners seeking to improve performance and avoid injuries.
{"title":"QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF RUNNING CADENCE ON BIOMECHANICS, PERFORMANCE, AND INJURY RISK: A PHYSICS-BASED ANALYSIS","authors":"Rayan Basheer M. ameen","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1233","url":null,"abstract":"Running cadence is crucial in running biomechanics and physiology, impacting performance and injury risk. The relationship between running cadence, height, weight, and gender is explored using data from 29 participants (14 males, 15 females) with varying attributes. Taller individuals tend to have a lower cadence due to longer stride length, while fewer steps are required by heavier individuals at the same pace. A higher cadence is observed in males, possibly due to differences in leg length and muscle fiber composition, although considerable variability exists among individuals of both genders.\u0000Linear regression analysis revealed robust models for both genders, with negative correlations between cadence and height, indicating that increased cadence correlates with decreased height for males and females. Females typically have higher BMI than males, with BMI variability in the population. Weight influences running cadence by affecting ground force. Heavier individuals may take fewer steps, but risk increased strain on joints and muscles, raising injury risk.\u0000Furthermore, the connection between running cadence and injury risk is investigated. It is found that adjusting cadence significantly reduces stress on weight-bearing joints and prevents common overuse running injuries. It is demonstrated by several reputable studies in the field that even minor cadence increases greatly reduce stress on knee and hip joints during running, making it a commendable method for injury prevention.\u0000In conclusion, while height and weight impact running cadence, each person's cadence is unique and influenced by various factors beyond gender alone. Understanding the relationship between running cadence and its impact on injury prevention is crucial for runners seeking to improve performance and avoid injuries.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141379231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1282
Khlood N. Saeed, Bushra H. Shnawa, Adnan I. Al-Badran
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a transmissible illness caused worldwide pandemic. This virus invades host cells via receptors of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Moreover, the viral infection stimulates the production of a variety of cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6). The main aim of this work is to investigate the connection between COVID-19 and polymorphism of ACE2 (rs2106809 and rs2285666) and IL-6 (-174 G/C) (rs1800795) genes in a group of patients. Genomic DNA was prepared from the peripheral blood of 60 hospitalized patients and 22 controls, the ACE2 and IL-6 genes were amplified by PCR, and the products were sequenced. The data demonstrated a significant variation in the genotype frequency of ACE2 between COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects.The ACE2 (rs2106809) polymorphism outcomes expressed the frequency of three genotypes (TT, TC, and CC), the patients with the TC allele are at risk of developing the disease by approximately 8-folds (OR= 7.5) compared to those with TT and CC alleles. Furthermore, no significant association was found between ACE2 (rs2285666) polymorphism and the risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 which showed a frequency of (AA, AG, and GG) alleles. Additionally, there was no noticeable linkage between the (GG, CC, and CG) genotypes of IL-6 (−174 G/C) (rs1800795) and the hazard of contracting COVID-19. In conclusion, this investigation confirmed that the TC genotype of ACE2 (rs2106809) polymorphism represents a risk factor for acquiring COVID-19 and proposed to perform a critical action in the severity of pathogenicity in Iraqi Kurdish people.
{"title":"POLYMORPHISMS IN THE ACE2 AND IL-6 GENES AND THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SEVERE COVID-19 AMONG ERBIL HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS","authors":"Khlood N. Saeed, Bushra H. Shnawa, Adnan I. Al-Badran","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1282","url":null,"abstract":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a transmissible illness caused worldwide pandemic. This virus invades host cells via receptors of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Moreover, the viral infection stimulates the production of a variety of cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6). The main aim of this work is to investigate the connection between COVID-19 and polymorphism of ACE2 (rs2106809 and rs2285666) and IL-6 (-174 G/C) (rs1800795) genes in a group of patients. Genomic DNA was prepared from the peripheral blood of 60 hospitalized patients and 22 controls, the ACE2 and IL-6 genes were amplified by PCR, and the products were sequenced. The data demonstrated a significant variation in the genotype frequency of ACE2 between COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects.The ACE2 (rs2106809) polymorphism outcomes expressed the frequency of three genotypes (TT, TC, and CC), the patients with the TC allele are at risk of developing the disease by approximately 8-folds (OR= 7.5) compared to those with TT and CC alleles. Furthermore, no significant association was found between ACE2 (rs2285666) polymorphism and the risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 which showed a frequency of (AA, AG, and GG) alleles. Additionally, there was no noticeable linkage between the (GG, CC, and CG) genotypes of IL-6 (−174 G/C) (rs1800795) and the hazard of contracting COVID-19. In conclusion, this investigation confirmed that the TC genotype of ACE2 (rs2106809) polymorphism represents a risk factor for acquiring COVID-19 and proposed to perform a critical action in the severity of pathogenicity in Iraqi Kurdish people.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141269524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1204
R. A. Hamaamin, Shakhawan H Wady, Ali W. Kareem Sangawi
X-ray imaging stands as a prominent technique for diagnosing COVID-19, and it also serves as a crucial tool in the medical field for the analysis of various diseases. Numerous approaches are available to facilitate this analysis. Among these techniques, one involves the utilization of a Feature Extractor, which effectively captures pertinent characteristics from X-ray images. In a recent study, a comprehensive examination was conducted using 25 distinct feature extractors on X-ray images specific to COVID-19 cases. These images were categorized into two classes: COVID-19-positive and non-COVID-19. To enable a thorough evaluation, a sequence of machine learning classifiers was employed on these categorized images. The outcomes derived from this experimentation gauged the magnitude of impact that each individual feature exerted on COVID-19-related imagery. This assessment aimed to determine the efficacy levels of various feature extractors in terms of detection capability. Consequently, a distinction emerged between the more effective and less effective feature extractors, shedding light on their varying degrees of contribution to the detection process. Moreover, the comparative performance of different classifiers became evident, revealing the classifiers that exhibited superior performance when measured against their counterparts.
X 射线成像是诊断 COVID-19 的一项重要技术，也是医学领域分析各种疾病的重要工具。有许多方法可用于促进这种分析。在这些技术中，一种是使用特征提取器，它能有效捕捉 X 光图像中的相关特征。在最近的一项研究中，我们使用 25 种不同的特征提取器对 COVID-19 病例的 X 光图像进行了全面检查。这些图像被分为两类：COVID-19 阳性和非 COVID-19 阳性。为了进行全面评估，对这些分类图像采用了一系列机器学习分类器。实验结果衡量了每个特征对 COVID-19 相关图像的影响程度。这项评估旨在确定各种特征提取器在检测能力方面的功效水平。因此，在效果较好的特征提取器和效果较差的特征提取器之间出现了区别，从而揭示了它们对检测过程的不同贡献程度。此外，不同分类器的比较性能也很明显，揭示了与同类分类器相比表现出卓越性能的分类器。
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF FEATURE EXTRACTION ON COVID-19 CLASSIFICATION","authors":"R. A. Hamaamin, Shakhawan H Wady, Ali W. Kareem Sangawi","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1204","url":null,"abstract":"X-ray imaging stands as a prominent technique for diagnosing COVID-19, and it also serves as a crucial tool in the medical field for the analysis of various diseases. Numerous approaches are available to facilitate this analysis. Among these techniques, one involves the utilization of a Feature Extractor, which effectively captures pertinent characteristics from X-ray images. In a recent study, a comprehensive examination was conducted using 25 distinct feature extractors on X-ray images specific to COVID-19 cases. These images were categorized into two classes: COVID-19-positive and non-COVID-19. To enable a thorough evaluation, a sequence of machine learning classifiers was employed on these categorized images. The outcomes derived from this experimentation gauged the magnitude of impact that each individual feature exerted on COVID-19-related imagery. This assessment aimed to determine the efficacy levels of various feature extractors in terms of detection capability. Consequently, a distinction emerged between the more effective and less effective feature extractors, shedding light on their varying degrees of contribution to the detection process. Moreover, the comparative performance of different classifiers became evident, revealing the classifiers that exhibited superior performance when measured against their counterparts.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141268918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1250
M. Molla-Babaker, Maher Khalid, S. Al-mukhtar
This study introduces a new series of complexes and adducts, denoted by [M(2-PhOEtXant)2.nL], where M represents Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), or Ni(II), and the ligand (2-PhOEtXant) is 2-Phenoxyethylxanthate. Varying ligands, including pyridine, piperidine, quinoline, ethylenediamine, and (1,10)-phenanthroline, are explored based on the value of n. Comprehensive characterization, encompassing techniques like 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR, AA, CHN analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, and magnetic property measurements, is employed. Results indicate an octahedral geometry for these complexes, as revealed by effective magnetic moment measurements and electronic spectra analysis. The compounds exhibit noteworthy antioxidant properties, demonstrated through the DPPH radical scavenging method, highlighting their potential as effective antioxidants. Moreover, the complexes display enhanced antibacterial activity against microbial strains compared to free ligands. This research not only delves into the coordination chemistry of these complexes but also underscores their diverse applications. Combining experimental methods with computational insights using Density Functional Theory (DFT) enhances the understanding of dithiolate transition metal complexes. The alignment of computational and experimental outcomes strengthens the reliability of the findings, laying a robust foundation for interdisciplinary exploration. The identified potential applications in optoelectronics, along with the notable antioxidant and antibacterial activities, position these complexes as promising contenders for advanced technologies and scientific applications.
本研究介绍了一系列新的配合物和加合物，用[M(2-PhOEtXant)2.nL]表示，其中 M 代表 Mn(II)、Fe(II)、Co(II) 或 Ni(II)，配体 (2-PhOEtXant) 是 2-苯氧基乙基黄原酸酯。根据 n 的值，研究了不同的配体，包括吡啶、哌啶、喹啉、乙二胺和 (1,10)- 菲罗啉。采用的综合表征技术包括 1H-NMR、13C-NMR、傅立叶变换红外光谱、AA、CHN 分析、紫外-可见光谱和磁性测量。有效磁矩测量和电子光谱分析结果表明，这些复合物具有八面体几何结构。通过 DPPH 自由基清除法，这些化合物显示出值得注意的抗氧化特性，突出了它们作为有效抗氧化剂的潜力。此外，与游离配体相比，复合物对微生物菌株具有更强的抗菌活性。这项研究不仅深入探讨了这些复合物的配位化学，还强调了它们的多样化应用。将实验方法与使用密度泛函理论（DFT）的计算见解相结合，加深了对二硫酸盐过渡金属配合物的理解。计算和实验结果的结合加强了研究结果的可靠性，为跨学科探索奠定了坚实的基础。已确定的光电子学潜在应用以及显著的抗氧化和抗菌活性，使这些配合物成为先进技术和科学应用的有力竞争者。
{"title":"SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, DFT, AND BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF NEW XANTHATE COMPLEXES WITH NITROGEN BASES","authors":"M. Molla-Babaker, Maher Khalid, S. Al-mukhtar","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1250","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a new series of complexes and adducts, denoted by [M(2-PhOEtXant)2.nL], where M represents Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), or Ni(II), and the ligand (2-PhOEtXant) is 2-Phenoxyethylxanthate. Varying ligands, including pyridine, piperidine, quinoline, ethylenediamine, and (1,10)-phenanthroline, are explored based on the value of n. Comprehensive characterization, encompassing techniques like 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR, AA, CHN analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, and magnetic property measurements, is employed. Results indicate an octahedral geometry for these complexes, as revealed by effective magnetic moment measurements and electronic spectra analysis. The compounds exhibit noteworthy antioxidant properties, demonstrated through the DPPH radical scavenging method, highlighting their potential as effective antioxidants. Moreover, the complexes display enhanced antibacterial activity against microbial strains compared to free ligands. This research not only delves into the coordination chemistry of these complexes but also underscores their diverse applications. Combining experimental methods with computational insights using Density Functional Theory (DFT) enhances the understanding of dithiolate transition metal complexes. The alignment of computational and experimental outcomes strengthens the reliability of the findings, laying a robust foundation for interdisciplinary exploration. The identified potential applications in optoelectronics, along with the notable antioxidant and antibacterial activities, position these complexes as promising contenders for advanced technologies and scientific applications.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141104388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1252
S. Mustafa
Identification of genetic markers to distinguish animals within and between species demands extensive genomic and bioinformatics investigation. Previous studies have not carefully taken into consideration the effect of mitogenomic components on the genetic differentiation of the maternal lineages in goats. As a precaution, the complete goat mitogenome was downloaded from the NCBI database and used in the current study to assess the effects of the choice of mitogenomic fragments on phylogenetic studies and to identify any potential polymorphic region by which the main maternal haplogroups of goats can be classified. Phylogenetic results confirmed that all 13 individual mitochondrial protein-coding genes and 2 ribosomal genes are not applicable to differentiate the maternal lineages. Instead, a single novel polymorphic region with a length of 756 bp within the control region was successfully amplified by newly designed primers. Both phylogenetic analysis and principal components analysis of the sequenced mitogenomic region of the mtDNA control region efficiently differentiated the main maternal haplogroups in goats. Higher numbers of polymorphic sites were found in the control region and the mitogenomic marker region. Highly significant correlations were discovered between the polymorphic sites and the length of each individual mitogenomic component. Our results demonstrate useful guidance and cautionary notes for researchers who are interested in the investigation of genetic diversity in animal species using mtDNA sequences. The bioinformatics and molecular methods used herein can be powerful in selecting a minimum amount of data using PCR amplification when the entire sequences of the mitogenome are unavailable.
{"title":"BIOINFORMATICS AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES IDENTIFIED THE CONTROL REGION AS THE MOST POWERFUL MITOGENOMIC MARKER FOR DISTINGUISHING THE MAIN MATERNAL HAPLOGROUPS IN GOATS","authors":"S. Mustafa","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1252","url":null,"abstract":"Identification of genetic markers to distinguish animals within and between species demands extensive genomic and bioinformatics investigation. Previous studies have not carefully taken into consideration the effect of mitogenomic components on the genetic differentiation of the maternal lineages in goats. As a precaution, the complete goat mitogenome was downloaded from the NCBI database and used in the current study to assess the effects of the choice of mitogenomic fragments on phylogenetic studies and to identify any potential polymorphic region by which the main maternal haplogroups of goats can be classified. Phylogenetic results confirmed that all 13 individual mitochondrial protein-coding genes and 2 ribosomal genes are not applicable to differentiate the maternal lineages. Instead, a single novel polymorphic region with a length of 756 bp within the control region was successfully amplified by newly designed primers. Both phylogenetic analysis and principal components analysis of the sequenced mitogenomic region of the mtDNA control region efficiently differentiated the main maternal haplogroups in goats. Higher numbers of polymorphic sites were found in the control region and the mitogenomic marker region. Highly significant correlations were discovered between the polymorphic sites and the length of each individual mitogenomic component. Our results demonstrate useful guidance and cautionary notes for researchers who are interested in the investigation of genetic diversity in animal species using mtDNA sequences. The bioinformatics and molecular methods used herein can be powerful in selecting a minimum amount of data using PCR amplification when the entire sequences of the mitogenome are unavailable.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140973227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-13DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1159
S. A. Salih, A. A. Albabawat, Lamya A. Omer, R. M. Salah, Mohammed Hikmat Sadiq
In medicine and healthcare, augmented reality (AR) has been used by physicians during surgical procedures. It has provedhelpful in preoperative planning and procedure navigation by allowing them to display in-depth information and visualizedetails in real time during surgery, prioritizing patient safety and healthcare. Due to the critical nature of surgical procedures,extreme accuracy is required when using ar technology to maintain patients' health. A few years ago, ar faced severalchallenges and limitations in surgeries, such as noise in real-time images, cutting errors, navigation errors, wrong implantplacement, overlay errors, navigating narrow areas, geometric accuracy limitations, image alignment, image registration,and occlusion handling. This paper reviews several recently published articles exploring ar technology usage in jaw andknee replacement surgery, focusing on identifying the newest technologies, methods, and solutions for the abovementionedlimitations. Based on data collected from the published papers, the results were compared for each problem solved in eacharticle regarding accuracy and processing time.
在医疗保健领域，增强现实技术（AR）已被医生用于外科手术。事实证明，增强现实技术有助于术前规划和手术导航，允许医生在手术过程中实时显示深度信息和可视化细节，优先考虑患者安全和医疗保健。由于外科手术的关键性，在使用 ar 技术维护病人健康时需要极高的准确性。几年前，AR 在手术中面临着一些挑战和限制，如实时图像中的噪声、切割错误、导航错误、错误植入、叠加错误、导航狭窄区域、几何精度限制、图像对齐、图像注册和闭塞处理等。本文回顾了最近发表的几篇文章，探讨了 ar 技术在颌骨和膝关节置换手术中的应用，重点是找出最新的技术、方法和解决上述限制的方案。根据从发表的论文中收集到的数据，对每篇文章中解决的每个问题在准确性和处理时间方面的结果进行了比较。
{"title":"IMMERSIVE AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATIONS IN JAW AND KNEE REPLACEMENT SURGERY: ACCURACY AND PROCESSING TIME RESULTS","authors":"S. A. Salih, A. A. Albabawat, Lamya A. Omer, R. M. Salah, Mohammed Hikmat Sadiq","doi":"10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.2.1159","url":null,"abstract":" In medicine and healthcare, augmented reality (AR) has been used by physicians during surgical procedures. It has provedhelpful in preoperative planning and procedure navigation by allowing them to display in-depth information and visualizedetails in real time during surgery, prioritizing patient safety and healthcare. Due to the critical nature of surgical procedures,extreme accuracy is required when using ar technology to maintain patients' health. A few years ago, ar faced severalchallenges and limitations in surgeries, such as noise in real-time images, cutting errors, navigation errors, wrong implantplacement, overlay errors, navigating narrow areas, geometric accuracy limitations, image alignment, image registration,and occlusion handling. This paper reviews several recently published articles exploring ar technology usage in jaw andknee replacement surgery, focusing on identifying the newest technologies, methods, and solutions for the abovementionedlimitations. Based on data collected from the published papers, the results were compared for each problem solved in eacharticle regarding accuracy and processing time.","PeriodicalId":21627,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of University of Zakho","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140984095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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