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Compact Quantum Cascade Laser-Based Noninvasive Glucose Sensor Upgraded with Direct Comb Data-Mining.
IF 3.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25020587
Liying Song, Zhiqiang Han, Hengyong Nie, Woon-Ming Lau

Mid-infrared spectral analysis has long been recognized as the most accurate noninvasive blood glucose measurement method, yet no practical compact mid-infrared blood glucose sensor has ever passed the accuracy benchmark set by the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA): to substitute for the finger-pricking glucometers in the market, a new sensor must first show that 95% of their glucose measurements have errors below 15% of these glucometers. Although recent innovative exploitations of the well-established Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have reached such FDA accuracy benchmarks, an FTIR spectrometer is too bulky. The advancements of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) can lead to FTIR spectrometers of reduced size, but compact QCL-based noninvasive blood glucose sensors are not yet available. This work reports on two compact sensor system designs, both reaching the FDA accuracy benchmark. Each design commonly comprises a mid-infrared QCL for emission, a multiple attenuation total reflection prism (MATR) for data acquisition, and a computer-controlled infrared detector for data analysis. The first design translates the comb-like signals into conventional spectra, and then data-mines the resultant spectra to yield blood glucose concentrations. When a pressure actuator is employed to press the patient's hypothenar against the MATR, the sensor accuracy is considered to reach the FDA accuracy benchmark. The second design abandons the data processing step of translating combs-to-spectra and directly data-mines the "first-hand" comb signal. Beyond increasing the measurement accuracy to the FDA accuracy benchmark, even without a pressure actuator, direct comb data-mining upgrades the sensor system with speed and data integrity, which can impact the healthcare of diabetic patients. Specifically, the sensor performance is validated with 492 glucose absorption scans in the time domain, each with 20 million datapoints measured from four subjects with glucose concentrations of 3.9-7.9 mM. The sensor data-mines 164 sets of critical singularity strengths, each comprising 4 critical singularity strengths directly from the 9840 million raw signal datapoints, and the 656 critical singularity strengths are subjected to a machine-learning regression model analysis, which yields 164 glucose concentrations. These concentrations are correlated with those measured with a standard finger-pricking glucometer. An accuracy of 99.6% is confirmed from the 164 measurements with errors not more than 15% from the reference of the standard glucometer.

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引用次数: 0
Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement Applications.
IF 3.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25020584
Jose Alejandro Galaviz-Aguilar, Cesar Vargas-Rosales, Francisco Falcone, Carlos Aguilar-Avelar

Lock-in amplifiers (LIAs) are critical tools in precision measurement, particularly for applications involving weak signals obscured by noise. Advances in signal processing algorithms and hardware synthesis have enabled accurate signal extraction, even in extremely noisy environments, making LIAs indispensable in sensor applications for healthcare, industry, and other services. For instance, the electrical impedance measurement of the human body, organs, tissues, and cells, known as bioelectrical impedance, is commonly used in biomedical and healthcare applications because it is non-invasive and relatively inexpensive. Also, due to its portability and miniaturization capabilities, it has great potential for the development of new point-of-care and portable testing devices. In this document, we highlight existing techniques for high-frequency resolution and precise phase detection in LIA reference signals from field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs. A comprehensive review is presented under the key requirements and techniques for single- and dual-phase digital LIA architectures, where relevant insights are provided to address the LIAs' digital precision in measurement system configurations. Furthermore, the document highlights a novel method to enhance the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR), thereby advancing the precision and effectiveness of LIAs in complex measurement environments. Finally, we summarize the diverse applications of impedance measurement, highlighting the wide range of fields that can benefit from the design of high performance in modern measurement technologies.

{"title":"Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement Applications.","authors":"Jose Alejandro Galaviz-Aguilar, Cesar Vargas-Rosales, Francisco Falcone, Carlos Aguilar-Avelar","doi":"10.3390/s25020584","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25020584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lock-in amplifiers (LIAs) are critical tools in precision measurement, particularly for applications involving weak signals obscured by noise. Advances in signal processing algorithms and hardware synthesis have enabled accurate signal extraction, even in extremely noisy environments, making LIAs indispensable in sensor applications for healthcare, industry, and other services. For instance, the electrical impedance measurement of the human body, organs, tissues, and cells, known as bioelectrical impedance, is commonly used in biomedical and healthcare applications because it is non-invasive and relatively inexpensive. Also, due to its portability and miniaturization capabilities, it has great potential for the development of new point-of-care and portable testing devices. In this document, we highlight existing techniques for high-frequency resolution and precise phase detection in LIA reference signals from field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs. A comprehensive review is presented under the key requirements and techniques for single- and dual-phase digital LIA architectures, where relevant insights are provided to address the LIAs' digital precision in measurement system configurations. Furthermore, the document highlights a novel method to enhance the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR), thereby advancing the precision and effectiveness of LIAs in complex measurement environments. Finally, we summarize the diverse applications of impedance measurement, highlighting the wide range of fields that can benefit from the design of high performance in modern measurement technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143041688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Precise Oxide Film Thickness Measurement Method Based on Swept Frequency and Transmission Cable Impedance Correction.
IF 3.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25020579
Yifan Li, Qi Xiao, Lisha Peng, Songling Huang, Chaofeng Ye

Accurately measuring the thickness of the oxide film that accumulates on nuclear fuel assemblies is critical for maintaining nuclear power plant safety. Oxide film thickness typically ranges from a few micrometers to several tens of micrometers, necessitating a high-precision measurement system. Eddy current testing (ECT) is commonly employed during poolside inspections due to its simplicity and ease of on-site implementation. The use of swept frequency technology can mitigate the impact of interference parameters and improve the measurement accuracy of ECT. However, as the nuclear assembly is placed in a pool for inspection, a cable several dozen meters in length is used to connect the ECT probe to the instrument. The measurement is affected by the transmission line and its effect is a function of the operating frequencies, resulting in errors for swept frequency measurements. This paper proposes a method for precisely measuring oxide film thickness based on the swept frequency technique and long transmission line impedance correction. The signals are calibrated based on a transmission line model of the cable, effectively eliminating the influence of the transmission cable. A swept frequency signal-processing algorithm is developed to separate the parameters and calculate oxide film thickness. To verify the feasibility of the method, measurements are conducted on fuel cladding samples with varying conductivities. It is found that the method can accurately assess oxide film thickness with varying conductivity. The maximum error is 3.42 μm, while the average error is 1.82 μm. The impedance correction reduces the error by 66%. The experimental results indicate that this method can eliminate the impact of long transmission cables, and the algorithm can mitigate the influence of material conductivity. This method can be utilized to measure oxide film thickness in nuclear power maintenance inspections following extensive testing and engineering optimization.

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引用次数: 0
Development of a Sustainable Flexible Humidity Sensor Based on Tenebrio molitor Larvae Biomass-Derived Chitosan.
IF 3.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25020575
Ezekiel Edward Nettey-Oppong, Riaz Muhammad, Emmanuel Ackah, Hojun Yang, Ahmed Ali, Hyun-Woo Jeong, Seong-Wan Kim, Young-Seek Seok, Seung Ho Choi

This study presents the fabrication of a sustainable flexible humidity sensor utilizing chitosan derived from mealworm biomass as the primary sensing material. The chitosan-based humidity sensor was fabricated by casting chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films with interdigitated copper electrodes, forming a laminate composite suitable for real-time, resistive-type humidity detection. Comprehensive characterization of the chitosan film was performed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and tensile testing, which confirmed its chemical structure, wettability, and mechanical stability. The developed sensor exhibited a broad range of measurements from 6% to 97% relative humidity (RH), a high sensitivity of 2.43 kΩ/%RH, and a rapid response time of 18.22 s with a corresponding recovery time of 22.39 s. Moreover, the chitosan-based humidity sensor also demonstrated high selectivity for water vapor when tested against various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The superior performance of the sensor is attributed to the structural properties of chitosan, particularly its ability to form reversible hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This mechanism was further elucidated through molecular dynamics simulations, revealing that the conductivity in the sensor is modulated by proton mobility, which operates via the Grotthuss mechanism under high-humidity and the packed-acid mechanism under low-humidity conditions. Additionally, the chitosan-based humidity sensor was further seamlessly integrated into an Internet of Things (IoT) framework, enabling wireless humidity monitoring and real-time data visualization on a mobile device. Comparative analysis with existing polymer-based resistive-type sensors further highlighted the superior sensing range, rapid dynamic response, and environmental sustainability of the developed sensor. This eco-friendly, biomass-derived, eco-friendly sensor shows potential for applications in environmental monitoring, smart agriculture, and industrial process control.

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引用次数: 0
Identifying the Primary Kinetic Factors Influencing the Anterior-Posterior Center of Mass Displacement in Barbell Squats: A Factor Regression Analysis.
IF 3.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25020572
Diwei Chen, Dong Sun, Fengping Li, Dongxu Wang, Zhanyi Zhou, Zixiang Gao, Yaodong Gu

Background: Barbell squats are commonly used in strength training, but the anterior-posterior displacement of the Center of Mass (COM) may impair joint stability and increase injury risk. This study investigates the key factors influencing COM displacement during different squat modes.; Methods: This study recruited 15 male strength training enthusiasts, who performed 60% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the Front Barbell Squat (FBS), High Bar Back Squat (HBBS), and Low Bar Back Squat (LBBS). Joint moments at both the hip, knee, and ankle were collected using a motion capture system and force plates, and a factor regression analysis was conducted using SPSS.; Results: In the FBS, primary factors influencing COM displacement included right knee adduction-abduction (38.59%), knee flexion-extension (31.08%), and hip internal-external rotation (29.83%). In the HBBS, they were right ankle internal-external rotation (19.13%), hip flexion-extension (-19.07%), and left knee flexion-extension (19.05%). In the LBBS, the key factors were left knee adduction-abduction (27.82%), right ankle internal-external rotation (27.59%), and left ankle internal-external rotation (26.12%).; Conclusion: The study identifies key factors affecting COM displacement across squat modes, with knee flexion-extension being dominant in the FBS and hip moments more significant in the HBBS and LBBS. These findings have implications for optimizing squat training and injury prevention strategies.

{"title":"Identifying the Primary Kinetic Factors Influencing the Anterior-Posterior Center of Mass Displacement in Barbell Squats: A Factor Regression Analysis.","authors":"Diwei Chen, Dong Sun, Fengping Li, Dongxu Wang, Zhanyi Zhou, Zixiang Gao, Yaodong Gu","doi":"10.3390/s25020572","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25020572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Barbell squats are commonly used in strength training, but the anterior-posterior displacement of the Center of Mass (COM) may impair joint stability and increase injury risk. This study investigates the key factors influencing COM displacement during different squat modes.; Methods: This study recruited 15 male strength training enthusiasts, who performed 60% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the Front Barbell Squat (FBS), High Bar Back Squat (HBBS), and Low Bar Back Squat (LBBS). Joint moments at both the hip, knee, and ankle were collected using a motion capture system and force plates, and a factor regression analysis was conducted using SPSS.; Results: In the FBS, primary factors influencing COM displacement included right knee adduction-abduction (38.59%), knee flexion-extension (31.08%), and hip internal-external rotation (29.83%). In the HBBS, they were right ankle internal-external rotation (19.13%), hip flexion-extension (-19.07%), and left knee flexion-extension (19.05%). In the LBBS, the key factors were left knee adduction-abduction (27.82%), right ankle internal-external rotation (27.59%), and left ankle internal-external rotation (26.12%).; Conclusion: The study identifies key factors affecting COM displacement across squat modes, with knee flexion-extension being dominant in the FBS and hip moments more significant in the HBBS and LBBS. These findings have implications for optimizing squat training and injury prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143040738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Time-Series Image-Based Automated Monitoring Framework for Visible Facilities: Focusing on Installation and Retention Period.
IF 3.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25020574
Seonjun Yoon, Hyunsoo Kim

In the construction industry, ensuring the proper installation, retention, and dismantling of temporary structures, such as jack supports, is critical to maintaining safety and project timelines. However, inconsistencies between on-site data and construction documentation remain a significant challenge. To address this, this study proposes an integrated monitoring framework that combines computer vision-based object detection and document recognition techniques. The system utilizes YOLOv5 for detecting jack supports in both construction drawings and on-site images captured through wearable cameras, while optical character recognition (OCR) and natural language processing (NLP) extract installation and dismantling timelines from work orders. The proposed framework enables continuous monitoring and ensures compliance with retention periods by aligning on-site data with documented requirements. The analysis includes 23 jack supports monitored daily over 28 days under varying environmental conditions, including lighting changes and structural configurations. The results demonstrate that the system achieves an average detection accuracy of 94.1%, effectively identifying discrepancies and reducing misclassifications caused by structural similarities and environmental variations. To further enhance detection reliability, methods such as color differentiation, construction plan overlays, and vertical segmentation were implemented, significantly improving performance. This study validates the effectiveness of integrating visual and textual data sources in dynamic construction environments. The study supports the development of automated monitoring systems by improving accuracy and safety measures while reducing manual intervention, offering practical insights for future construction site management.

{"title":"Time-Series Image-Based Automated Monitoring Framework for Visible Facilities: Focusing on Installation and Retention Period.","authors":"Seonjun Yoon, Hyunsoo Kim","doi":"10.3390/s25020574","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25020574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the construction industry, ensuring the proper installation, retention, and dismantling of temporary structures, such as jack supports, is critical to maintaining safety and project timelines. However, inconsistencies between on-site data and construction documentation remain a significant challenge. To address this, this study proposes an integrated monitoring framework that combines computer vision-based object detection and document recognition techniques. The system utilizes YOLOv5 for detecting jack supports in both construction drawings and on-site images captured through wearable cameras, while optical character recognition (OCR) and natural language processing (NLP) extract installation and dismantling timelines from work orders. The proposed framework enables continuous monitoring and ensures compliance with retention periods by aligning on-site data with documented requirements. The analysis includes 23 jack supports monitored daily over 28 days under varying environmental conditions, including lighting changes and structural configurations. The results demonstrate that the system achieves an average detection accuracy of 94.1%, effectively identifying discrepancies and reducing misclassifications caused by structural similarities and environmental variations. To further enhance detection reliability, methods such as color differentiation, construction plan overlays, and vertical segmentation were implemented, significantly improving performance. This study validates the effectiveness of integrating visual and textual data sources in dynamic construction environments. The study supports the development of automated monitoring systems by improving accuracy and safety measures while reducing manual intervention, offering practical insights for future construction site management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143041654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cloud/VPN-Based Remote Control of a Modular Production System Assisted by a Mobile Cyber-Physical Robotic System-Digital Twin Approach.
IF 3.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25020591
Georgian Simion, Adrian Filipescu, Dan Ionescu, Adriana Filipescu

This paper deals with a "digital twin" (DT) approach for processing, reprocessing, and scrapping (P/R/S) technology running on a modular production system (MPS) assisted by a mobile cyber-physical robotic system (MCPRS). The main hardware architecture consists of four line-shaped workstations (WSs), a wheeled mobile robot (WMR) equipped with a robotic manipulator (RM) and a mobile visual servoing system (MVSS) mounted on the end effector. The system architecture integrates a hierarchical control system where each of the four WSs, in the MPS, is controlled by a Programable Logic Controller (PLC), all connected via Profibus DP to a central PLC. In addition to the connection via Profibus of the four PLCs, related to the WSs, to the main PLC, there are also the connections of other devices to the local networks, LAN Profinet and LAN Ethernet. There are the connections to the Internet, Cloud and Virtual Private Network (VPN) via WAN Ethernet by open platform communication unified architecture (OPC-UA). The overall system follows a DT approach that enables task planning through augmented reality (AR) and uses virtual reality (VR) for visualization through Synchronized Hybrid Petri Net (SHPN) simulation. Timed Petri Nets (TPNs) are used to control the processes within the MPS's workstations. Continuous Petri Nets (CPNs) handle the movement of the MCPRS. Task planning in AR enables users to interact with the system in real time using AR technology to visualize and plan tasks. SHPN in VR is a combination of TPNs and CPNs used in the virtual representation of the system to synchronize tasks between the MPS and MCPRS. The workpiece (WP) visits stations successively as it is moved along the line for processing. If the processed WP does not pass the quality test, it is taken from the last WS and is transported, by MCPRS, to the first WS where it will be considered for reprocessing or scrapping.

{"title":"Cloud/VPN-Based Remote Control of a Modular Production System Assisted by a Mobile Cyber-Physical Robotic System-Digital Twin Approach.","authors":"Georgian Simion, Adrian Filipescu, Dan Ionescu, Adriana Filipescu","doi":"10.3390/s25020591","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25020591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper deals with a \"digital twin\" (DT) approach for processing, reprocessing, and scrapping (P/R/S) technology running on a modular production system (MPS) assisted by a mobile cyber-physical robotic system (MCPRS). The main hardware architecture consists of four line-shaped workstations (WSs), a wheeled mobile robot (WMR) equipped with a robotic manipulator (RM) and a mobile visual servoing system (MVSS) mounted on the end effector. The system architecture integrates a hierarchical control system where each of the four WSs, in the MPS, is controlled by a Programable Logic Controller (PLC), all connected via Profibus DP to a central PLC. In addition to the connection via Profibus of the four PLCs, related to the WSs, to the main PLC, there are also the connections of other devices to the local networks, LAN Profinet and LAN Ethernet. There are the connections to the Internet, Cloud and Virtual Private Network (VPN) via WAN Ethernet by open platform communication unified architecture (OPC-UA). The overall system follows a DT approach that enables task planning through augmented reality (AR) and uses virtual reality (VR) for visualization through Synchronized Hybrid Petri Net (SHPN) simulation. Timed Petri Nets (TPNs) are used to control the processes within the MPS's workstations. Continuous Petri Nets (CPNs) handle the movement of the MCPRS. Task planning in AR enables users to interact with the system in real time using AR technology to visualize and plan tasks. SHPN in VR is a combination of TPNs and CPNs used in the virtual representation of the system to synchronize tasks between the MPS and MCPRS. The workpiece (WP) visits stations successively as it is moved along the line for processing. If the processed WP does not pass the quality test, it is taken from the last WS and is transported, by MCPRS, to the first WS where it will be considered for reprocessing or scrapping.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143041387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Piecewise Linearization Based Method for Crossed Frequency Admittance Matrix Model Calculation of Harmonic Sources.
IF 3.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25020582
Youhang Yang, Shaorong Wang, Mingming Shi, Xian Zheng

The integration of large-scale power electronic equipment has intensified harmonic issues in power systems. Accurate harmonic models are fundamental for evaluating and mitigating harmonic problems, but existing models still exhibit deficiencies in harmonic mechanism, model complexity and accuracy. This work proposes a calculation method of crossed frequency admittance matrix (CFAM) analytical model based on piecewise linearization, aiming to achieve accurate modeling of phase-controlled power electronic harmonic sources. Firstly, the traditional CFAM model construction methods are introduced, and the shortcomings in harmonic modeling are discussed. Subsequently, the parameter-solving process of the CFAM analytical model based on piecewise linearization is proposed. This method improves the accuracy of harmonic modeling and simplifies the construction process of the analytical model. Furthermore, taking single-phase and three-phase bridge rectifiers as examples, CFAM analytical models under intermittent and continuous load current conditions are established, respectively, and the unified harmonic models for both conditions are summarized. Finally, case studies of rectifier harmonic sources under varying circuit control parameters and supply voltage distortions are conducted through Matlab/Simulink and experiments. The results demonstrate that the proposed method provides higher accuracy and more stable performance for harmonic current estimation compared with the traditional CFAM model and constant current source model.

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引用次数: 0
Tiny Machine Learning Implementation for Guided Wave-Based Damage Localization.
IF 3.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25020578
Jannik Henkmann, Vittorio Memmolo, Jochen Moll

This work leverages ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs) to detect and localize damage in structures using lightweight Artificial Intelligence (AI) models. It investigates the use of machine learning (ML) to train the effects of the damage on UGWs to the model. To reduce the number of trainable parameters, a physical signal processing approach is applied to the raw data before passing the data to the model. Starting from current state of the art in algorithms used for damage detection and localization, an AI-based technique is developed and validated on an experimental benchmark dataset before tiny ML implementation on a low-cost development board. A discussion of the need for a balance between the reduction in computational resources and increasing the precision of the models is also reported. It is shown that by extracting simple features of the signal, the models required to predict the damage locations can be significantly reduced in size while still having high accuracies of over 90%. In addition, it is possible to use these predictions to construct a fairly accurate heat map indicating the likely damage locations. Finally, a convenient edge/cloud visualization of the results can be achieved by simplifying the heat map.

{"title":"Tiny Machine Learning Implementation for Guided Wave-Based Damage Localization.","authors":"Jannik Henkmann, Vittorio Memmolo, Jochen Moll","doi":"10.3390/s25020578","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25020578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work leverages ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs) to detect and localize damage in structures using lightweight Artificial Intelligence (AI) models. It investigates the use of machine learning (ML) to train the effects of the damage on UGWs to the model. To reduce the number of trainable parameters, a physical signal processing approach is applied to the raw data before passing the data to the model. Starting from current state of the art in algorithms used for damage detection and localization, an AI-based technique is developed and validated on an experimental benchmark dataset before tiny ML implementation on a low-cost development board. A discussion of the need for a balance between the reduction in computational resources and increasing the precision of the models is also reported. It is shown that by extracting simple features of the signal, the models required to predict the damage locations can be significantly reduced in size while still having high accuracies of over 90%. In addition, it is possible to use these predictions to construct a fairly accurate heat map indicating the likely damage locations. Finally, a convenient edge/cloud visualization of the results can be achieved by simplifying the heat map.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143041759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Effect of Electrical Stimulation Strength Training on Lower Limb Muscle Activation Characteristics During the Jump Smash Performance in Badminton Based on the EMS and EMG Sensors.
IF 3.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25020577
Xinyu Lin, Yimin Hu, Yi Sheng

This study investigates the effects of electrical stimulation (EMS) combined with strength training on lower limb muscle activation and badminton jump performance, specifically during the "jump smash" movement. A total of 25 male badminton players, with a minimum of three years of professional training experience and no history of lower limb injuries, participated in the study. Participants underwent three distinct conditions: baseline testing, strength training, and EMS combined with strength training. Each participant performed specific jump tests, including the jump smash and static squat jump, under each condition. Muscle activation was measured using electromyography (EMG) sensors to assess changes in the activation of key lower limb muscles. The EMS intervention involved targeted electrical pulses designed to stimulate both superficial and deep muscle fibers, aiming to enhance explosive strength and coordination in the lower limbs. The results revealed that the EMS + strength condition significantly improved performance in both the jump smash and static squat jump, as compared to the baseline and strength-only conditions (F = 3.39, p = 0.042; F = 3.67, p = 0.033, respectively). Additionally, increased activation of the rectus femoris (RF) was observed in the EMS + strength condition, indicating improved muscle recruitment and synchronization, likely due to the activation of fast-twitch fibers. No significant differences were found in the eccentric-concentric squat jump (F = 0.59, p = 0.561). The findings suggest that EMS, when combined with strength training, is an effective method for enhancing lower limb explosiveness and muscle activation in badminton players, offering a promising training approach for improving performance in high-intensity, explosive movements.

{"title":"The Effect of Electrical Stimulation Strength Training on Lower Limb Muscle Activation Characteristics During the Jump Smash Performance in Badminton Based on the EMS and EMG Sensors.","authors":"Xinyu Lin, Yimin Hu, Yi Sheng","doi":"10.3390/s25020577","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25020577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the effects of electrical stimulation (EMS) combined with strength training on lower limb muscle activation and badminton jump performance, specifically during the \"jump smash\" movement. A total of 25 male badminton players, with a minimum of three years of professional training experience and no history of lower limb injuries, participated in the study. Participants underwent three distinct conditions: baseline testing, strength training, and EMS combined with strength training. Each participant performed specific jump tests, including the jump smash and static squat jump, under each condition. Muscle activation was measured using electromyography (EMG) sensors to assess changes in the activation of key lower limb muscles. The EMS intervention involved targeted electrical pulses designed to stimulate both superficial and deep muscle fibers, aiming to enhance explosive strength and coordination in the lower limbs. The results revealed that the EMS + strength condition significantly improved performance in both the jump smash and static squat jump, as compared to the baseline and strength-only conditions (<i>F</i> = 3.39, <i>p</i> = 0.042; <i>F</i> = 3.67, <i>p</i> = 0.033, respectively). Additionally, increased activation of the rectus femoris (RF) was observed in the EMS + strength condition, indicating improved muscle recruitment and synchronization, likely due to the activation of fast-twitch fibers. No significant differences were found in the eccentric-concentric squat jump (<i>F</i> = 0.59, <i>p</i> = 0.561). The findings suggest that EMS, when combined with strength training, is an effective method for enhancing lower limb explosiveness and muscle activation in badminton players, offering a promising training approach for improving performance in high-intensity, explosive movements.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143041411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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