Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2237275
Z. Ni, Zhiting Gao
To understand the underlying microstructure evolution and joining mechanism of ultrasonic spot welded Cu/Cu joint, the microstructure and crystallography analysis were investigated. The grain size, grain boundary, misorientation angle, Kernel Average Misorientation, Schmid factor and crystal orientation along the weld thickness were heterogeneous and unsymmetrical. The changes of corresponding microstructural and crystallographic features were more obvious for the top sheet comparing with the bottom sheet. The {111} <110> texture, nano-sized equiaxed induced by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization and refined elongated grains because of continuous dynamic recrystallization were formed at the welding interface. The nucleated fine grains between the elongated grains attributing to continuous dynamic recrystallization were beneficial to the grain boundary migration and consequent the achievement of the interfacial metallurgical bonding.
{"title":"Insights into microstructure evolution and interface joining mechanism of ultrasonic spot welded Cu/Cu joint","authors":"Z. Ni, Zhiting Gao","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2237275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2237275","url":null,"abstract":"To understand the underlying microstructure evolution and joining mechanism of ultrasonic spot welded Cu/Cu joint, the microstructure and crystallography analysis were investigated. The grain size, grain boundary, misorientation angle, Kernel Average Misorientation, Schmid factor and crystal orientation along the weld thickness were heterogeneous and unsymmetrical. The changes of corresponding microstructural and crystallographic features were more obvious for the top sheet comparing with the bottom sheet. The {111} <110> texture, nano-sized equiaxed induced by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization and refined elongated grains because of continuous dynamic recrystallization were formed at the welding interface. The nucleated fine grains between the elongated grains attributing to continuous dynamic recrystallization were beneficial to the grain boundary migration and consequent the achievement of the interfacial metallurgical bonding.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45809689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2233174
Xin Jia, Shitong Wei, S. Lu
Resistance spot welding is employed to join the 9Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel and the effects of different welding parameters are studied. Within the ranges of parameters used in this experiment, the failure load and energy increased from 4.3 kN, 1.0 J to 6.8 kN, 7.5 J as the welding current increased, while as the electrode force increased, the failure load and energy first decreased from 6.8 kN, 3.8 J to nearly 4 kN, 1.2 J, then remained stable. As the welding current exceeded 12.8 kA, the failure mode changed from pull out failure along the fusion line to the pull out failure along the fusion line partially and base metal partially. The welding current and electrode force strongly affect the mechanical properties and fracture mode of the joint.
{"title":"Investigation on microstructure and tensile shear properties of 9Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel resistance spot welded joint","authors":"Xin Jia, Shitong Wei, S. Lu","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2233174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2233174","url":null,"abstract":"Resistance spot welding is employed to join the 9Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel and the effects of different welding parameters are studied. Within the ranges of parameters used in this experiment, the failure load and energy increased from 4.3 kN, 1.0 J to 6.8 kN, 7.5 J as the welding current increased, while as the electrode force increased, the failure load and energy first decreased from 6.8 kN, 3.8 J to nearly 4 kN, 1.2 J, then remained stable. As the welding current exceeded 12.8 kA, the failure mode changed from pull out failure along the fusion line to the pull out failure along the fusion line partially and base metal partially. The welding current and electrode force strongly affect the mechanical properties and fracture mode of the joint.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"810 - 818"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46552595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2236358
Xujing Zhang, Wenyong Zhao, Yanhong Wei, J. Long, Longgen Qian
In this investigation, Al–Cu alloy was used for wire-arc additive manufacturing experiment with and without assisted longitudinal magnetic field (ALMF) introduced, subsequently, heat treatment was conducted, aiming to investigate the variations of the improved characteristics brought by ALMF on microstructure and mechanical properties after heat-treated. The results indicated that the improved pores condition brought by ALMF was greatly weakened after heat-treated, while the promotion for the columnar to equiaxed transition and the improvement to precipitation remained. As for mechanical properties, the improvement of the uniform distribution of microhardness by the ALMF deteriorated. Moreover, the optimisation brought by ALMF on reducing the anisotropy of tensile strength was greatly weakened, and the improvement of elongation disappeared.
{"title":"Variations of the improved characteristics on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Cu alloy fabricated by magnetic field assisted wire-arc additive manufacturing after heat-treated","authors":"Xujing Zhang, Wenyong Zhao, Yanhong Wei, J. Long, Longgen Qian","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2236358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2236358","url":null,"abstract":"In this investigation, Al–Cu alloy was used for wire-arc additive manufacturing experiment with and without assisted longitudinal magnetic field (ALMF) introduced, subsequently, heat treatment was conducted, aiming to investigate the variations of the improved characteristics brought by ALMF on microstructure and mechanical properties after heat-treated. The results indicated that the improved pores condition brought by ALMF was greatly weakened after heat-treated, while the promotion for the columnar to equiaxed transition and the improvement to precipitation remained. As for mechanical properties, the improvement of the uniform distribution of microhardness by the ALMF deteriorated. Moreover, the optimisation brought by ALMF on reducing the anisotropy of tensile strength was greatly weakened, and the improvement of elongation disappeared.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"829 - 839"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46067446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2232605
Xiankun Zhang, Xue Wang, Yang Li, Lei Shi, Chuansong Wu
The root defect is easy to occur in the conventional friction stir welded (C-FSW) Ti/Al dissimilar joints because of the thermophysical properties of titanium alloy. Double-side friction stir welding (DS-FSW) may be a solution to eliminate root defects. This work performed microstructure analyses of the Al/Ti interface for both C-FSW and DS-FSW joints and comprehensively investigated the effects of root defects. The results show that the mechanical properties of the Al/Ti C-FSW joints are severely weakened by root defects. Tensile strength of the DS-FSW joints was 310.8 MPa, which is 73 MPa high than the C-FSW joints. The DS-FSW process can effectively remove the root defects which offers a novel approach to achieve high-quality joining of Al/Ti dissimilar structures.
{"title":"Eliminating root defect in Al/Ti dissimilar friction stir welded via the double-side process","authors":"Xiankun Zhang, Xue Wang, Yang Li, Lei Shi, Chuansong Wu","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2232605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2232605","url":null,"abstract":"The root defect is easy to occur in the conventional friction stir welded (C-FSW) Ti/Al dissimilar joints because of the thermophysical properties of titanium alloy. Double-side friction stir welding (DS-FSW) may be a solution to eliminate root defects. This work performed microstructure analyses of the Al/Ti interface for both C-FSW and DS-FSW joints and comprehensively investigated the effects of root defects. The results show that the mechanical properties of the Al/Ti C-FSW joints are severely weakened by root defects. Tensile strength of the DS-FSW joints was 310.8 MPa, which is 73 MPa high than the C-FSW joints. The DS-FSW process can effectively remove the root defects which offers a novel approach to achieve high-quality joining of Al/Ti dissimilar structures.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"803 - 809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43554642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2231255
S. Datta, R. Chakraborty, M. Raza, P. Saha, D. K. Pratihar
ABSTRACT Laser welding of NiTinol is a promising fabrication method. An understanding of the effects of laser heat input on different surface properties and corrosion resistance behaviour is needed for laser-welded sea water-flooded components of NiTinol. Here the effect of laser heat input on various physical, chemical and mechanical surface properties along with the corrosion resistance behaviour of the laser welded samples was investigated. The corrosion resistance performance of the phase-separated samples was found to be inferior to the other laser-welded samples. The top surface showed a superior corrosion resistance performance because of the recirculation of the melt pool and Ti enrichment on top surface.
{"title":"Comparative study on weld characterisation and corrosion performance of laser-welded NiTinol","authors":"S. Datta, R. Chakraborty, M. Raza, P. Saha, D. K. Pratihar","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2231255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2231255","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Laser welding of NiTinol is a promising fabrication method. An understanding of the effects of laser heat input on different surface properties and corrosion resistance behaviour is needed for laser-welded sea water-flooded components of NiTinol. Here the effect of laser heat input on various physical, chemical and mechanical surface properties along with the corrosion resistance behaviour of the laser welded samples was investigated. The corrosion resistance performance of the phase-separated samples was found to be inferior to the other laser-welded samples. The top surface showed a superior corrosion resistance performance because of the recirculation of the melt pool and Ti enrichment on top surface.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"792 - 802"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42292969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2229025
Huihong Liu, Y. Morisada, H. Fujii
As an energy-efficient solid-state joining technique, friction stir welding (FSW) shows enormous advantages compared to conventional fusion welding methods. This work comprehensively reviewed the recent studies on FSW of commonly-used metals including Al, Mg, Fe, Ti and their alloys, with a particular focus on thermal cycles experienced during FSW. The role played by thermal cycles was comparatively summarised for different metals, trying not only to understand the physical effect of welding conditions on joints’ microstructural evolution and mechanical properties, but also provide a guide for engineers to take proper FSW strategies when facing different metals, which has not been discussed in detail in other reviews. Finally, several ideas were proposed for a possible advancement in FSW of the investigated metals.
{"title":"Friction stir welding: process, temperature, microstructure and properties","authors":"Huihong Liu, Y. Morisada, H. Fujii","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2229025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2229025","url":null,"abstract":"As an energy-efficient solid-state joining technique, friction stir welding (FSW) shows enormous advantages compared to conventional fusion welding methods. This work comprehensively reviewed the recent studies on FSW of commonly-used metals including Al, Mg, Fe, Ti and their alloys, with a particular focus on thermal cycles experienced during FSW. The role played by thermal cycles was comparatively summarised for different metals, trying not only to understand the physical effect of welding conditions on joints’ microstructural evolution and mechanical properties, but also provide a guide for engineers to take proper FSW strategies when facing different metals, which has not been discussed in detail in other reviews. Finally, several ideas were proposed for a possible advancement in FSW of the investigated metals.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"619 - 632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47510823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2227815
Y. Zou, Wenya Li, Yishuang Tang, Yunquan Su, Xiawei Yang, Dong-Sheng Wu, Wei-bing Wang
In this study, synergistic double-sided friction stir welding (DS-FSW) is proposed to solve the problems of large deformation and the time-consuming of traditional DS-FSW. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and fracture paths of novel and conventional joints are studied under different welding parameters. Results show that defects in novel joints have been improved. However, the grain size in the stir zone of novel joints is larger than that of conventional joints. The microhardness map of the novel joint shows a more uniform distribution compared to that of the conventional joint. At a rotational speed of 1800 rpm and transverse speed of 1000 mm min−1, the distortion of the novel joint and conventional joint is 0.1 and 1 mm, respectively. The tensile force of novel joints is higher than that of conventional joints for the same welding parameters. The maximum tensile force of novel and conventional joints is 36.8 and 34.9 kN, respectively.
{"title":"A comparative study of microstructure and mechanical properties of conventional and synergistic double-sided FSW joints of 6061 zxaluminium alloy","authors":"Y. Zou, Wenya Li, Yishuang Tang, Yunquan Su, Xiawei Yang, Dong-Sheng Wu, Wei-bing Wang","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2227815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2227815","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, synergistic double-sided friction stir welding (DS-FSW) is proposed to solve the problems of large deformation and the time-consuming of traditional DS-FSW. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and fracture paths of novel and conventional joints are studied under different welding parameters. Results show that defects in novel joints have been improved. However, the grain size in the stir zone of novel joints is larger than that of conventional joints. The microhardness map of the novel joint shows a more uniform distribution compared to that of the conventional joint. At a rotational speed of 1800 rpm and transverse speed of 1000 mm min−1, the distortion of the novel joint and conventional joint is 0.1 and 1 mm, respectively. The tensile force of novel joints is higher than that of conventional joints for the same welding parameters. The maximum tensile force of novel and conventional joints is 36.8 and 34.9 kN, respectively.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"784 - 791"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49363711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The tailor joining of thin metal sheets frequently suffers from the assembly error of air gap. Herein, an improved laser welding scheme, integrating the pulsed laser power and the modulated beam spot size is developed and applied on 1.5 mm-thick Ti6Al4V sheets with a predetermined air gap range. Weld beads of high continuity and homogeneity are obtained while the tensile property has a nonlinear decrease when increasing the air gap. During the welding, the over-gap metal bridge is obtained due to melt accumulation and periodical keyhole penetration, and the gap bridging capacity, mainly featuring bilateral metal bridges can be weakened as the air gap increases. This evaluation would provide a basis for processing optimization regarding seam appearance and property.
{"title":"Morphology, mechanical property, and molten pool dynamics in spot modulated-PLBW of Ti6Al4V alloy sheets with air gap condition","authors":"Jicheng Chen, Bin-Bin Kong, Qi Wang, Zhemin Qi, Yanhong Wei","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2227810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2227810","url":null,"abstract":"The tailor joining of thin metal sheets frequently suffers from the assembly error of air gap. Herein, an improved laser welding scheme, integrating the pulsed laser power and the modulated beam spot size is developed and applied on 1.5 mm-thick Ti6Al4V sheets with a predetermined air gap range. Weld beads of high continuity and homogeneity are obtained while the tensile property has a nonlinear decrease when increasing the air gap. During the welding, the over-gap metal bridge is obtained due to melt accumulation and periodical keyhole penetration, and the gap bridging capacity, mainly featuring bilateral metal bridges can be weakened as the air gap increases. This evaluation would provide a basis for processing optimization regarding seam appearance and property.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"775 - 783"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43747100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-18DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2224542
R. Qiu, P. Zhao, Jianghui Zhao, H. Shi, Hua Yu
Aluminium alloy AA6061 and mild steel Q235 were welded by resistance element using an aluminium rivet as the element. The microstructure and properties of the joints were characterised. The temperature distribution on the cross-section of the joints was calculated by using ABAQUS numerical simulation software. The observation results on the cross-section of the joints show a nugget formed at the interface between the rivet tip and steel of lower plate. The maximum tensile shear load of the joints reached 5.82 kN at the welding current of 26 kA. This study reveals that the bearing interface of the resistance element welded joint between aluminium alloy and mild steel is like-to-like interface of aluminium alloy which strengthens the joint.
{"title":"Resistance element welding of aluminium alloy and steel using an element of aluminium","authors":"R. Qiu, P. Zhao, Jianghui Zhao, H. Shi, Hua Yu","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2224542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2224542","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminium alloy AA6061 and mild steel Q235 were welded by resistance element using an aluminium rivet as the element. The microstructure and properties of the joints were characterised. The temperature distribution on the cross-section of the joints was calculated by using ABAQUS numerical simulation software. The observation results on the cross-section of the joints show a nugget formed at the interface between the rivet tip and steel of lower plate. The maximum tensile shear load of the joints reached 5.82 kN at the welding current of 26 kA. This study reveals that the bearing interface of the resistance element welded joint between aluminium alloy and mild steel is like-to-like interface of aluminium alloy which strengthens the joint.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"766 - 774"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48813719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-11DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2221079
Ronghao Han, Xin Liu, G. Song, Liming Liu
During overhead welding, gravity inevitably drives the molten pool downward, resulting in poor adaptability and concave defect. To address this issue, this paper proposed a novel laser-MAG hybrid overhead welding technique utilising a copper liner (COL). Compared to single-arc welding, laser-MAG hybrid welding can reduce the volume of the molten pool, while the laser increases its support force. The COL can accelerate the molten pool's solidification rate. Additionally, the adhesion force between the molten pool and the COL can partially counterbalance gravity. As a result, good weld formation still was achieved even when the misalignment was 0–1 mm and the butt gap was 0–2 mm. Moreover, the back reinforcement height and width were not less than 0.71 and 3.66 mm, respectively.
{"title":"Improving weld forming quality and process adaptability by using a copper liner in laser-MAG hybrid overhead welding","authors":"Ronghao Han, Xin Liu, G. Song, Liming Liu","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2221079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2221079","url":null,"abstract":"During overhead welding, gravity inevitably drives the molten pool downward, resulting in poor adaptability and concave defect. To address this issue, this paper proposed a novel laser-MAG hybrid overhead welding technique utilising a copper liner (COL). Compared to single-arc welding, laser-MAG hybrid welding can reduce the volume of the molten pool, while the laser increases its support force. The COL can accelerate the molten pool's solidification rate. Additionally, the adhesion force between the molten pool and the COL can partially counterbalance gravity. As a result, good weld formation still was achieved even when the misalignment was 0–1 mm and the butt gap was 0–2 mm. Moreover, the back reinforcement height and width were not less than 0.71 and 3.66 mm, respectively.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"757 - 765"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46774655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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