AbstractThis paper explores the resistance spot weldability of three martensitic (MS) steels of 1500 MPa tensile strength. A weld diameter versus current plot was developed for the three MS steels to investigate their weldable current range and expulsion characteristics. The mechanical performance of the welds was investigated using cross-tension, tensile-shear and hardness tests. It was found that the differences in electrical resistivity during the nugget growth period influenced the expulsion limit and, consequently, the weldable current range. The three MS steels failed in pullout failure mode but exhibited different plug ratios. Finally, the mechanical strength of the three MS steels was observed to be better than the other advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) such as DP600, TRIP1000 and PHS1500 steels.KEYWORDS: Advanced high strength steelweldabilitymartensiteliquation crackmartensitic steelprior austenite grain sizeexpulsion AcknowledgementThe authors are very grateful to Mercedes-Benz AG for financially supporting this research.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by MBUSI.
{"title":"Evaluation of resistance spot weldability and weld performance of zinc-coated martensitic steels","authors":"Pallavi Pant, Emmitt Fagerstrom, Holger Schubert, Benjamin Hilpert, Luke N. Brewer","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2264565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2264565","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis paper explores the resistance spot weldability of three martensitic (MS) steels of 1500 MPa tensile strength. A weld diameter versus current plot was developed for the three MS steels to investigate their weldable current range and expulsion characteristics. The mechanical performance of the welds was investigated using cross-tension, tensile-shear and hardness tests. It was found that the differences in electrical resistivity during the nugget growth period influenced the expulsion limit and, consequently, the weldable current range. The three MS steels failed in pullout failure mode but exhibited different plug ratios. Finally, the mechanical strength of the three MS steels was observed to be better than the other advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) such as DP600, TRIP1000 and PHS1500 steels.KEYWORDS: Advanced high strength steelweldabilitymartensiteliquation crackmartensitic steelprior austenite grain sizeexpulsion AcknowledgementThe authors are very grateful to Mercedes-Benz AG for financially supporting this research.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by MBUSI.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135758643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AbstractAs an emerging laser welding optimisation technique, beam oscillation still lacks detailed investigation into its underlying process mechanisms. This study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of 316LN welded joints under four oscillation modes, the results demonstrate that beam oscillation can suppress columnar grain growth and reduce porosity defects, thereby enhancing weld formation and mechanical properties. Building upon these findings, visual and acoustic sensing techniques are employed to analyse dynamic features of keyholes and energy distribution. The correlation between keyhole geometric features and porosity propensity across different oscillation modes is elucidated through visual information. Additionally, the time and frequency domain features of the acoustic signals effectively characterise the stability of the welding process and laser energy absorption efficiency.KEYWORDS: Laser beam oscillation welding316LN stainless steelprocess monitoringmechanical propertiesmicrophoneacoustic emissionlaser keyhole Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant No. 52175309], and the National Key Research and Development Program of China [grant No. 2018YFB1107900].
{"title":"Investigation of keyhole behaviour and its impact on the performance of laser beam oscillating welding through imaging and acoustic signal analysis","authors":"Yuxuan Zhang, Bo Chen, Caiwang Tan, Xiaoguo Song, Hongyun Zhao","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2262790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2262790","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractAs an emerging laser welding optimisation technique, beam oscillation still lacks detailed investigation into its underlying process mechanisms. This study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of 316LN welded joints under four oscillation modes, the results demonstrate that beam oscillation can suppress columnar grain growth and reduce porosity defects, thereby enhancing weld formation and mechanical properties. Building upon these findings, visual and acoustic sensing techniques are employed to analyse dynamic features of keyholes and energy distribution. The correlation between keyhole geometric features and porosity propensity across different oscillation modes is elucidated through visual information. Additionally, the time and frequency domain features of the acoustic signals effectively characterise the stability of the welding process and laser energy absorption efficiency.KEYWORDS: Laser beam oscillation welding316LN stainless steelprocess monitoringmechanical propertiesmicrophoneacoustic emissionlaser keyhole Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant No. 52175309], and the National Key Research and Development Program of China [grant No. 2018YFB1107900].","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135197534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AbstractGas tungsten arc welding with a pure Cu filler wire was carried out to join the TC4 titanium alloy and 304 stainless steel. Filling pure Cu filler wire assisted with regulating welding current could effectively restrain the concentrated generation of Ti–Fe brittle intermetallic compounds. Three joining modes exist in the fusion welding titanium alloy and stainless steel. In the partial fusion welding mode, the TiCu phase decreased and the fine granular τ2 phase formed in the Ti/Cu interfacial zone, simultaneously, the molten zone consisted of a Cu solid solution and α-(Fe, Cr) phase formed at the Cu/Fe interface, resulting in mechanical interlocking effect and consequent high tensile strength of 363 MPa. Increasing the welding current would lead to the alloying of TixCuy phases, and then enhance the Ti/Cu interface.KEYWORDS: Titanium alloy/stainless steel dissimilar jointinterfacial joining mechanismintermetallic compoundsmicrostructuretensile strength Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 52105389] and the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province [grant number 20210302124113].
{"title":"Joining mechanism evolution of fusion welded TC4 titanium alloy/304 stainless steel dissimilar joint by GTAW","authors":"Xiaohu Hao, Xinlong Wei, Shuhua Li, Zeqin Cui, Wenxian Wang, Honggang Dong, Weiguo Li","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2264572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2264572","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractGas tungsten arc welding with a pure Cu filler wire was carried out to join the TC4 titanium alloy and 304 stainless steel. Filling pure Cu filler wire assisted with regulating welding current could effectively restrain the concentrated generation of Ti–Fe brittle intermetallic compounds. Three joining modes exist in the fusion welding titanium alloy and stainless steel. In the partial fusion welding mode, the TiCu phase decreased and the fine granular τ2 phase formed in the Ti/Cu interfacial zone, simultaneously, the molten zone consisted of a Cu solid solution and α-(Fe, Cr) phase formed at the Cu/Fe interface, resulting in mechanical interlocking effect and consequent high tensile strength of 363 MPa. Increasing the welding current would lead to the alloying of TixCuy phases, and then enhance the Ti/Cu interface.KEYWORDS: Titanium alloy/stainless steel dissimilar jointinterfacial joining mechanismintermetallic compoundsmicrostructuretensile strength Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 52105389] and the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province [grant number 20210302124113].","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"299 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135352263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AbstractThe welding of titanium alloy thick plates often formed a narrow weld seam in the weld root, named as ‘weld root tip’, because of insufficient fusion, which could reduce the joint properties. In this study, 30 mm-thick Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy was butt welded via electron beam welding to reveal the influencing mechanisms of the weld root tip on joint microstructure and mechanical properties. The subparallel or parallel weld seam with the weld angles of 0°–3° between the centre line and edge of the fusion zone removed the weld root tip, achieving almost the same mechanical properties with those of the welding zone.KEYWORDS: Titanium alloysElectron beam weldingWeld root tipMechanical properties Data availability statementThe raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association Chinese Academy of Sciences (2021193 and Y2021061) and Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program under grant number XLYC2002099.
{"title":"Influencing mechanisms of weld root tip on microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam welded joints of titanium alloy thick plates","authors":"F. S. Li, L. H. Wu, H. B. Zhao, H. J. Li, P. Xue, D. R. Ni, Z. Y. Ma","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2262794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2262794","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe welding of titanium alloy thick plates often formed a narrow weld seam in the weld root, named as ‘weld root tip’, because of insufficient fusion, which could reduce the joint properties. In this study, 30 mm-thick Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy was butt welded via electron beam welding to reveal the influencing mechanisms of the weld root tip on joint microstructure and mechanical properties. The subparallel or parallel weld seam with the weld angles of 0°–3° between the centre line and edge of the fusion zone removed the weld root tip, achieving almost the same mechanical properties with those of the welding zone.KEYWORDS: Titanium alloysElectron beam weldingWeld root tipMechanical properties Data availability statementThe raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association Chinese Academy of Sciences (2021193 and Y2021061) and Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program under grant number XLYC2002099.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134974898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AbstractSeam tracking and oscillation width adaptation could effectively reduce the sidewall fusion defects in automatic narrow-gap gas metal arc welding (NG-GMAW). This study proposes a two-stage algorithm to realise seam tracking and oscillation width adaptation in NG-GMAW pipeline welding. The first stage involves using the principal component analysis (PCA) eigenvectors to adjust the oscillating centre, enabling seam tracking and oscillation width adaptation for the hot and fill layer. In the second stage, dataset was prepared based on the tracking data from the first stage, which can guide the welding torch trajectory for the cap layer. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves seam tracking and oscillation width adaptation with an accuracy of 0.1 mm.KEYWORDS: NG-GMAWpipeline weldingseam trackingoscillation width adaptation Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang (Grant No: 2022D01C391), the project of Robot and intelligent equipment technology innovation team (Grant No:2022D14002), the Science and Technology Innovations Project of the Outstanding Doctor of Xinjiang University (Grant No: XJUBSCX-201906), and the Tianshan Cedar Talent Project of Autonomous Region of Xinjiang China (Grant No:2020XS28).
{"title":"Implementation of a two-stage algorithm for NG-GMAW seam tracking and oscillation width adaptation in pipeline welding","authors":"Hongsheng Liu, Ruilei Xue, Jianping Zhou, Yang Bao, Xiaojuan Li","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2259724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2259724","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractSeam tracking and oscillation width adaptation could effectively reduce the sidewall fusion defects in automatic narrow-gap gas metal arc welding (NG-GMAW). This study proposes a two-stage algorithm to realise seam tracking and oscillation width adaptation in NG-GMAW pipeline welding. The first stage involves using the principal component analysis (PCA) eigenvectors to adjust the oscillating centre, enabling seam tracking and oscillation width adaptation for the hot and fill layer. In the second stage, dataset was prepared based on the tracking data from the first stage, which can guide the welding torch trajectory for the cap layer. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves seam tracking and oscillation width adaptation with an accuracy of 0.1 mm.KEYWORDS: NG-GMAWpipeline weldingseam trackingoscillation width adaptation Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang (Grant No: 2022D01C391), the project of Robot and intelligent equipment technology innovation team (Grant No:2022D14002), the Science and Technology Innovations Project of the Outstanding Doctor of Xinjiang University (Grant No: XJUBSCX-201906), and the Tianshan Cedar Talent Project of Autonomous Region of Xinjiang China (Grant No:2020XS28).","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136135761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AbstractThe effect of impurities in the Cu film on the void formation at the interface of the Sn-rich solder joint has been extensively studied. However, this has rarely been studied for In solder joints. In this study, Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) and In-solder/ Cu films with high impurities were aged at 150 °C to analyze the films at various aging times. A metastable CuIn2 phase appeared and transformed into a stable Cu11In9 phase. Noticeable voids and cracks were observed at the SAC305/Cu interface during the solid-state aging. In contrast, there was a void-free interface between In and Cu-CP. This was primarily due to the difference in diffusion behaviour between In/Cu and SAC305/Cu. The mechanism of the above phenomenon was revealed.KEYWORDS: Electroplated Cu; In solderKirkendall effectimpurityaging AcknowledgementsYu-An Shen thanks the National Science and Technology Council under Project 112-2221-E-035-022- & 111-2221-E-035-054-. Chih-Ming Chen thanks the National Science and Technology Council under Project 110-2221-E-005-006-MY3. The support of Ultra HR SEM at National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Instrument Resource Center (EM002800) under Project MOST 111-2731-M-A49-001 was appreciated. EPMA000200 of Instrumentation Center at National Tsing Hua University under Project Most 111-2731-M-007-001 is appreciated.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Author contributionsJia-Yi Lee: Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation.Yu-An Shen: Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Validation, Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Project administration, Funding acquisition.Chih-Ming Chen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Supervision, Visualization, Project administration, Funding acquisition.The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.Data availability statementThe datasets used and analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by National Science and Technology Council: [Grant Number 112-2221-E-035 -022-]; National Science and Technology Council: [Grant Number Project 110-2221-E-005 -006 -MY3]; National Science and Technology Council: [Grant Number 111-2221-E-035-054-].
{"title":"Void-free interface between In and high-impurity Cu joint","authors":"Jia-Yi Lee, Yu-An Shen, Chih-Ming Chen","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2259720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2259720","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe effect of impurities in the Cu film on the void formation at the interface of the Sn-rich solder joint has been extensively studied. However, this has rarely been studied for In solder joints. In this study, Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) and In-solder/ Cu films with high impurities were aged at 150 °C to analyze the films at various aging times. A metastable CuIn2 phase appeared and transformed into a stable Cu11In9 phase. Noticeable voids and cracks were observed at the SAC305/Cu interface during the solid-state aging. In contrast, there was a void-free interface between In and Cu-CP. This was primarily due to the difference in diffusion behaviour between In/Cu and SAC305/Cu. The mechanism of the above phenomenon was revealed.KEYWORDS: Electroplated Cu; In solderKirkendall effectimpurityaging AcknowledgementsYu-An Shen thanks the National Science and Technology Council under Project 112-2221-E-035-022- & 111-2221-E-035-054-. Chih-Ming Chen thanks the National Science and Technology Council under Project 110-2221-E-005-006-MY3. The support of Ultra HR SEM at National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Instrument Resource Center (EM002800) under Project MOST 111-2731-M-A49-001 was appreciated. EPMA000200 of Instrumentation Center at National Tsing Hua University under Project Most 111-2731-M-007-001 is appreciated.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Author contributionsJia-Yi Lee: Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation.Yu-An Shen: Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Validation, Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Project administration, Funding acquisition.Chih-Ming Chen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Supervision, Visualization, Project administration, Funding acquisition.The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.Data availability statementThe datasets used and analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by National Science and Technology Council: [Grant Number 112-2221-E-035 -022-]; National Science and Technology Council: [Grant Number Project 110-2221-E-005 -006 -MY3]; National Science and Technology Council: [Grant Number 111-2221-E-035-054-].","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136314672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AbstractUltrasonic spot welding has recently garnered significant attention as a method for joining metal sheets. Numerical simulation plays an important role in understanding the principles of this process and improving the quality of the ultrasonic spot welded joint. This paper aims to summarises the critical parameters in the finite element model of ultrasonic spot welding, including the friction coefficient, thermal field, acoustic and thermal softening, meshing and boundary conditions. Additionally, it provides a detailed review of the research status related to the simulation results, such as welding interface temperature, stress distribution, plastic strain, intermetallic compounds, macrostructure, dynamic recrystallisation and interfacial diffusion. Furthermore, this paper discusses the remaining challenges and the development trend of the numerical simulation.KEYWORDS: Ultrasonic spot weldingfriction coefficientstress distributionthermal fieldacoustic and thermal softening AcknowledgementsThis work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51905171, 51975406), and the authors thank for the special funding and equipment support of the visiting professor at the School of Materials Science and Engineering. A. A. Nazarov was supported by a grant # 22-19-00617 from the Russian Science Foundation.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 51905171; 51975406]; the Russian Science Foundation [grant number 22-19-00617].
摘要超声点焊作为一种连接金属薄板的方法，近年来受到了广泛的关注。数值模拟对于理解这一过程的原理，提高超声点焊接头的质量具有重要的作用。本文旨在总结超声点焊有限元模型中的关键参数，包括摩擦系数、热场、声热软化、网格划分和边界条件。此外，还详细介绍了与模拟结果相关的焊接界面温度、应力分布、塑性应变、金属间化合物、宏观组织、动态再结晶和界面扩散等方面的研究现状。此外，本文还讨论了数值模拟存在的挑战和发展趋势。本文由国家自然科学基金(51905171,51975406)资助，作者感谢材料科学与工程学院客座教授的专项资金和设备支持。a . a . Nazarov得到了俄罗斯科学基金会22-19-00617号基金的资助。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。本研究由国家自然科学基金资助[资助号:51905171;51975406);俄罗斯科学基金会[资助号22-19-00617]。
{"title":"Numerical analysis of ultrasonic spot welding of metal sheets: a review","authors":"Z. L. Ni, B. H. Li, Y. Liu, L. Huang, A. Nazarov, X. X. Wang, Z. P. Yuan, F. X. Ye","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2260625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2260625","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractUltrasonic spot welding has recently garnered significant attention as a method for joining metal sheets. Numerical simulation plays an important role in understanding the principles of this process and improving the quality of the ultrasonic spot welded joint. This paper aims to summarises the critical parameters in the finite element model of ultrasonic spot welding, including the friction coefficient, thermal field, acoustic and thermal softening, meshing and boundary conditions. Additionally, it provides a detailed review of the research status related to the simulation results, such as welding interface temperature, stress distribution, plastic strain, intermetallic compounds, macrostructure, dynamic recrystallisation and interfacial diffusion. Furthermore, this paper discusses the remaining challenges and the development trend of the numerical simulation.KEYWORDS: Ultrasonic spot weldingfriction coefficientstress distributionthermal fieldacoustic and thermal softening AcknowledgementsThis work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51905171, 51975406), and the authors thank for the special funding and equipment support of the visiting professor at the School of Materials Science and Engineering. A. A. Nazarov was supported by a grant # 22-19-00617 from the Russian Science Foundation.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 51905171; 51975406]; the Russian Science Foundation [grant number 22-19-00617].","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136314455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Graphite/Mo joining has been carried out using Ti/Cu or Ti/Cu/Nb/Ti/Cu foils. The joining region in the joint using Ti/Cu foils is mainly composed of Ti3Cu4 and TiCu. The joining region using Ti/Cu/Nb/Ti/Cu foils contains a joining zone I, an Nb interlayer and a joining zone II. Both the joining zones I and II are made up of Ti3Cu4 and TiCu. The Nb foil diffuses and dissolves into the liquid fillers during the bonding. The joint using Ti/Cu/Nb/Ti/Cu foils shows higher shear strength than that using Ti/Cu foils, implying the contribution of Nb foil to the joint stress relief and to the joint strength promotion.
{"title":"Joining of graphite to Mo using Ti/Cu and Ti/Cu/Nb/Ti/Cu foils","authors":"Biao Xu, Ping Huang, Qianyao Jiang, J. Haider, Fahd Nawaz Khan, Hongyang Zhao, Yangwu Mao","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2255767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2255767","url":null,"abstract":"Graphite/Mo joining has been carried out using Ti/Cu or Ti/Cu/Nb/Ti/Cu foils. The joining region in the joint using Ti/Cu foils is mainly composed of Ti3Cu4 and TiCu. The joining region using Ti/Cu/Nb/Ti/Cu foils contains a joining zone I, an Nb interlayer and a joining zone II. Both the joining zones I and II are made up of Ti3Cu4 and TiCu. The Nb foil diffuses and dissolves into the liquid fillers during the bonding. The joint using Ti/Cu/Nb/Ti/Cu foils shows higher shear strength than that using Ti/Cu foils, implying the contribution of Nb foil to the joint stress relief and to the joint strength promotion.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44571486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the microstructure variations in Ti17 linear friction welded joints and evaluated the effect of strain rate and post weld heat treatment on the strain hardening behaviour. The welded zone of the as-welded joints consists of equiaxed β grains, while the prior-β grains in the thermal mechanical affected zone are severely deformed. After heat treatment, fine needle-like α S precipitates dispersed in the β matrix strengthen the tensile properties. The fracture mechanism transforms from brittle to ductile. The strain hardening capacity and exponent are negatively correlated with strain rate. At higher strain rates, the strain rate sensitivity increases during the initial stage of deformation.
{"title":"Microstructure characteristics and strain hardening behaviour of Ti17 linear friction welded joints","authors":"Peng He, Yunxin Wu, Zhang Tao, Zhijie Wu","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2254655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2254655","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the microstructure variations in Ti17 linear friction welded joints and evaluated the effect of strain rate and post weld heat treatment on the strain hardening behaviour. The welded zone of the as-welded joints consists of equiaxed β grains, while the prior-β grains in the thermal mechanical affected zone are severely deformed. After heat treatment, fine needle-like α S precipitates dispersed in the β matrix strengthen the tensile properties. The fracture mechanism transforms from brittle to ductile. The strain hardening capacity and exponent are negatively correlated with strain rate. At higher strain rates, the strain rate sensitivity increases during the initial stage of deformation.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45873977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel solid-state joining method, which we call cold spot joining (CSJ), was successfully developed. In this joining concept, the material in the vicinity of the interface is plastically deformed using high pressure to form the joining interface, and impurities at the interface are expelled to the outside. Medium-carbon steel sheets were joined using the CSJ method under various process conditions. The joining temperature can be modified by the pressure applied during CSJ. Microstructural observations and hardness distributions revealed that proper pressurisation led to a joining temperature below the A1 point and prevented the formation of brittle martensitic phase. A sound S45C joint showing plug rupture at the base metal under both tensile shear and cross-tension tests was successfully fabricated by providing appropriate applied pressure and energising conditions.
{"title":"Development of a cold spot joining method that enables sound joining of carbon steel below the A1 temperature","authors":"Takumi Aibara, Y. Morisada, H. Fujii","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2254968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2254968","url":null,"abstract":"A novel solid-state joining method, which we call cold spot joining (CSJ), was successfully developed. In this joining concept, the material in the vicinity of the interface is plastically deformed using high pressure to form the joining interface, and impurities at the interface are expelled to the outside. Medium-carbon steel sheets were joined using the CSJ method under various process conditions. The joining temperature can be modified by the pressure applied during CSJ. Microstructural observations and hardness distributions revealed that proper pressurisation led to a joining temperature below the A1 point and prevented the formation of brittle martensitic phase. A sound S45C joint showing plug rupture at the base metal under both tensile shear and cross-tension tests was successfully fabricated by providing appropriate applied pressure and energising conditions.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43847698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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