Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2219909
Qianru Wu, Wenlai Tang, Jiquan Yang, Xuezhi Shi
Printed metallic parts often suffer from thermomechanical defects such as delamination, buckling and warping, and this effect is exacerbated in multi-arc additive manufacturing (AM) due to the extensive heat input and large molten pool. These defects originate primarily because of high residual stresses accumulated during layer-by-layer deposition. Here we develop, validate and employ a three-dimensional finite element model with two independent heat sources to analyse the thermomechanical responses in dual-arc parallel AM of Ti6Al4V thin-walled parts. The results are compared with those of the conventional single-arc AM. Although the deformation in dual-arc AM is slightly larger than that in single-arc AM, the stresses at the substrate-deposit interface for dual-arc AM are reduced by 53% due to the lower cooling rate.
{"title":"Comparison of thermomechanical responses of single-arc and dual-arc parallel additive manufacturing","authors":"Qianru Wu, Wenlai Tang, Jiquan Yang, Xuezhi Shi","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2219909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2219909","url":null,"abstract":"Printed metallic parts often suffer from thermomechanical defects such as delamination, buckling and warping, and this effect is exacerbated in multi-arc additive manufacturing (AM) due to the extensive heat input and large molten pool. These defects originate primarily because of high residual stresses accumulated during layer-by-layer deposition. Here we develop, validate and employ a three-dimensional finite element model with two independent heat sources to analyse the thermomechanical responses in dual-arc parallel AM of Ti6Al4V thin-walled parts. The results are compared with those of the conventional single-arc AM. Although the deformation in dual-arc AM is slightly larger than that in single-arc AM, the stresses at the substrate-deposit interface for dual-arc AM are reduced by 53% due to the lower cooling rate.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"580 - 588"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43613165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2219081
Junmyoung Jang, Jaeheon Lee, Jaeyoung Lee, Sang Rin Park, Jin-young Kim, Young-Beom Kim, Seung Hwan Lee
A monitoring technique for detecting changes in the root gap of butt joints during the flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) was proposed. FCAW experiments were conducted for both increasing and decreasing root gap conditions, and current and voltage were measured during the root-pass welding. The measured time series signals were used as input data for training Random Convolution Kernel Transform (ROCKET) algorithm, which consists of a feature extractor with multiple random kernels, and a linear classifier. A univariate model using current and voltage, respectively, and a multivariate model using both were compared, and the multivariate model showed the highest classification accuracy of 96.2%. Moreover, the classification errors were investigated by correlating the geometry of the root bead with the measured signals.
{"title":"Monitoring of root gap change based on electrical signals of flux-cored arc welding using random convolution kernel transform","authors":"Junmyoung Jang, Jaeheon Lee, Jaeyoung Lee, Sang Rin Park, Jin-young Kim, Young-Beom Kim, Seung Hwan Lee","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2219081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2219081","url":null,"abstract":"A monitoring technique for detecting changes in the root gap of butt joints during the flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) was proposed. FCAW experiments were conducted for both increasing and decreasing root gap conditions, and current and voltage were measured during the root-pass welding. The measured time series signals were used as input data for training Random Convolution Kernel Transform (ROCKET) algorithm, which consists of a feature extractor with multiple random kernels, and a linear classifier. A univariate model using current and voltage, respectively, and a multivariate model using both were compared, and the multivariate model showed the highest classification accuracy of 96.2%. Moreover, the classification errors were investigated by correlating the geometry of the root bead with the measured signals.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"738 - 746"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42766760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2219908
Tianhao Wang, Md. Reza-E-Rabby, H. Das, G. Grant, S. Whalen
To substantially reduce the cost of extracting petroleum from ultra-deepwater sources, manufacturing risers from 7175 aluminium (Al) alloys rather than steels is being considered. Friction stir welding (FSW), a solid-phase joining technique, is widely applied to 7XXX Al alloys because its mechanical properties are retained within the nugget zone. And, the primary technical objective of the current study is the development of high-strength, corrosion-resistant weldments that connect 7175 Al riser flanges and pipes. However, as the welding thickness increases, the welding speed can be greatly impeded, which lowers the manufacturing efficiency and weakens the mechanical properties in the heat affected zone (next to the nugget). Therefore, obtaining high-performance thick plate 7175 Al alloy joints via FSW is challenging. To overcome this dilemma, the current work optimises the tool design and welding parameters for achieving high-performance joints between 25.4 mm thick 7175 Al alloy plates in butt joint configuration.
{"title":"Friction stir welding of thick 7175 aluminium alloy plates for deepwater riser applications","authors":"Tianhao Wang, Md. Reza-E-Rabby, H. Das, G. Grant, S. Whalen","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2219908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2219908","url":null,"abstract":"To substantially reduce the cost of extracting petroleum from ultra-deepwater sources, manufacturing risers from 7175 aluminium (Al) alloys rather than steels is being considered. Friction stir welding (FSW), a solid-phase joining technique, is widely applied to 7XXX Al alloys because its mechanical properties are retained within the nugget zone. And, the primary technical objective of the current study is the development of high-strength, corrosion-resistant weldments that connect 7175 Al riser flanges and pipes. However, as the welding thickness increases, the welding speed can be greatly impeded, which lowers the manufacturing efficiency and weakens the mechanical properties in the heat affected zone (next to the nugget). Therefore, obtaining high-performance thick plate 7175 Al alloy joints via FSW is challenging. To overcome this dilemma, the current work optimises the tool design and welding parameters for achieving high-performance joints between 25.4 mm thick 7175 Al alloy plates in butt joint configuration.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"747 - 756"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44035966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-23DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2213580
Kuan Hu, I-Chen Lin, Zi-Yuan Liu, Jhe-Yu Lin
In this study, the effect of bonding surface conditions on the strength evolution of Cu/Cu joints during ultrasonic welding was investigated. Lap shear tests and microstructure characterisation revealed that contact area formation could be affected by bonding surface conditions and clamping force. That is, the fraction of contact area quickly evolved with smoother bonding surfaces, leading to a rapid strength increase to base metal fracture (1100 N of lap shear load after 1.0 s of welding). Comparatively, rough surface combinations exhibited a slow strength evolution owing to a lower fraction of contact areas. To overcome this situation, a higher clamping force was employed to facilitate contact area formation (1100 N of lap shear load after 0.5 s of welding).
{"title":"Factors affecting evolutions of contact area formation and bonding strength in pure Cu/Cu joints produced by ultrasonic spot welding","authors":"Kuan Hu, I-Chen Lin, Zi-Yuan Liu, Jhe-Yu Lin","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2213580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2213580","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effect of bonding surface conditions on the strength evolution of Cu/Cu joints during ultrasonic welding was investigated. Lap shear tests and microstructure characterisation revealed that contact area formation could be affected by bonding surface conditions and clamping force. That is, the fraction of contact area quickly evolved with smoother bonding surfaces, leading to a rapid strength increase to base metal fracture (1100 N of lap shear load after 1.0 s of welding). Comparatively, rough surface combinations exhibited a slow strength evolution owing to a lower fraction of contact areas. To overcome this situation, a higher clamping force was employed to facilitate contact area formation (1100 N of lap shear load after 0.5 s of welding).","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"718 - 727"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49529753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2213916
QingPeng Xiu, Zuming Liu, Xingchuan Zhao
Metal-inert gas welding is an important welding process but the process instability easily induces spatter and undercut defects. To improve the welding process stability, a new hybrid arc welding process, named KTIG–MIG, was proposed in this paper. Arc characteristics were preliminarily studied. It is found that in KTIG–MIG hybrid welding, MIG arc is stable even it is shielded with pure argon gas; stable spray transfer is easily achieved in a much wider process window, especially the lowest voltage to achieve spray transfer is greatly reduced; KTIG arc voltage decreases than that in single KTIG arc, and MIG arc current is higher than the pre-set value. Cooling state of the KTIG tungsten plays a key role in slowing tungsten erosion.
{"title":"KTIG–MIG hybrid arc welding process","authors":"QingPeng Xiu, Zuming Liu, Xingchuan Zhao","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2213916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2213916","url":null,"abstract":"Metal-inert gas welding is an important welding process but the process instability easily induces spatter and undercut defects. To improve the welding process stability, a new hybrid arc welding process, named KTIG–MIG, was proposed in this paper. Arc characteristics were preliminarily studied. It is found that in KTIG–MIG hybrid welding, MIG arc is stable even it is shielded with pure argon gas; stable spray transfer is easily achieved in a much wider process window, especially the lowest voltage to achieve spray transfer is greatly reduced; KTIG arc voltage decreases than that in single KTIG arc, and MIG arc current is higher than the pre-set value. Cooling state of the KTIG tungsten plays a key role in slowing tungsten erosion.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"728 - 737"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49606804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-15DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2211851
Ji Liu, Y. Miao, Ziran Wang, Chunwang Li, Yuyang Zhao, Benshun Zhang
A new welding method, bypass current compressed gas metal arc welding (BCC-GMAW), was developed to enhance the arc energy density and welding stability of GMAW. When the bypass current was applied, the arc energy density was increased with the constraining effect of the circumferential bypass electrode, which was studied by current density and arc pressure, resulting in an increase of 46% in weld depth and a decrease of 38% in weld width. As the coupled arc increased the melting speed of wire and forces of droplet downward transfer, the droplet transfer frequency increased by 185%, and the metal transfer mode was changed from short-circuit transfer to stable small globule transfer, obtaining a smooth and uniform weld appearance.
{"title":"The influence of bypass current on arc energy density and metal transfer behaviour in bypass current compressed gas metal arc welding","authors":"Ji Liu, Y. Miao, Ziran Wang, Chunwang Li, Yuyang Zhao, Benshun Zhang","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2211851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2211851","url":null,"abstract":"A new welding method, bypass current compressed gas metal arc welding (BCC-GMAW), was developed to enhance the arc energy density and welding stability of GMAW. When the bypass current was applied, the arc energy density was increased with the constraining effect of the circumferential bypass electrode, which was studied by current density and arc pressure, resulting in an increase of 46% in weld depth and a decrease of 38% in weld width. As the coupled arc increased the melting speed of wire and forces of droplet downward transfer, the droplet transfer frequency increased by 185%, and the metal transfer mode was changed from short-circuit transfer to stable small globule transfer, obtaining a smooth and uniform weld appearance.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"710 - 717"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49163381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-11DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2210980
Xiaopei Wang, Y. Morisada, M. Matsushita, S. Igi, Shin Inamoto, M. Kunisu, H. Fujii
Friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloy and steel using an adjustable tool was carried out, which can effectively control the thickness and uniformity of the IMC layer. The continuous and uniform IMC layer as thin as about 0.4 µm was obtained, owing to the strong material flow introduced by the adjustable probe. The strength of the welded joints increased as the thickness of the IMC layer decreased in the range of 0.9 µm to 0.4 µm. However, when the thickness of the IMC layer was below 0.4 µm, it became nonuniform and discontinuous, decreasing the joint properties. In this study, a high-strength Fe/Al dissimilar lap FSW joint was obtained, ascribed to the more uniform and continuous thin IMC layer.
{"title":"Interface structure and mechanical properties of Fe/Al dissimilar lap joints formed by friction stir welding using an adjustable tool","authors":"Xiaopei Wang, Y. Morisada, M. Matsushita, S. Igi, Shin Inamoto, M. Kunisu, H. Fujii","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2210980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2210980","url":null,"abstract":"Friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloy and steel using an adjustable tool was carried out, which can effectively control the thickness and uniformity of the IMC layer. The continuous and uniform IMC layer as thin as about 0.4 µm was obtained, owing to the strong material flow introduced by the adjustable probe. The strength of the welded joints increased as the thickness of the IMC layer decreased in the range of 0.9 µm to 0.4 µm. However, when the thickness of the IMC layer was below 0.4 µm, it became nonuniform and discontinuous, decreasing the joint properties. In this study, a high-strength Fe/Al dissimilar lap FSW joint was obtained, ascribed to the more uniform and continuous thin IMC layer.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"701 - 709"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42948089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-09DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2209420
T. Yuan, Xiaohu Zhao, He Shan, Shujun Chen, Xuelei Ren, Yang Li
Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys are widely used in aerospace structures because of their excellent performances. To improve the poor mechanical performance of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu arc additive manufactured deposit, heat treatments were used for the enhancement of mechanical performances. The microstructure of the deposits was improved after heat treatment due to the decomposition of intermetallic compounds. Meanwhile, the solid solution of alloying elements and the phase transformation led to two strengthening mechanisms: solid solution strengthening and the precipitation strengthening. The performance enhancement of the deposits was most significant under the T6 heat treatment. The horizontal and vertical strength increased to 513 and 504 MPa, respectively, and the hardness increased to 205 HV with more uniformly distribution in the vertical direction.
{"title":"Microcosmic mechanism of performance enhancement of wire arc additive manufactured Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy based on heat treatment","authors":"T. Yuan, Xiaohu Zhao, He Shan, Shujun Chen, Xuelei Ren, Yang Li","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2209420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2209420","url":null,"abstract":"Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys are widely used in aerospace structures because of their excellent performances. To improve the poor mechanical performance of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu arc additive manufactured deposit, heat treatments were used for the enhancement of mechanical performances. The microstructure of the deposits was improved after heat treatment due to the decomposition of intermetallic compounds. Meanwhile, the solid solution of alloying elements and the phase transformation led to two strengthening mechanisms: solid solution strengthening and the precipitation strengthening. The performance enhancement of the deposits was most significant under the T6 heat treatment. The horizontal and vertical strength increased to 513 and 504 MPa, respectively, and the hardness increased to 205 HV with more uniformly distribution in the vertical direction.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"12 2","pages":"569 - 579"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41258984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-08DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2207950
M. Gao, B. Mondal, T. A. Palmer, W. Zhang, T. DebRoy
During deep penetration laser welding of nickel alloys, interactions between composition and processing conditions can lead to the formation of defects. Inconel 740H, for example, has demonstrated a susceptibility to horizontal fusion zone cracking at locations between 70% and 80% of the weld depth during laser welding at powers above 5 kW. Coupling three-dimensional heat transfer, fluid flow, and stress modeling tools allowed that both the strain rate and stress normal to the solidification direction to be calculated. In the Inconel 740H welds, cracks formed at locations where the strain rate and stress simultaneously reached critical levels. No cracking was observed in the Inconel 690 welds, since the strain rate and stress did not simultaneously reach these critical levels.
{"title":"Integrated modeling of cracking during deep penetration laser welding of nickel alloys","authors":"M. Gao, B. Mondal, T. A. Palmer, W. Zhang, T. DebRoy","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2207950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2207950","url":null,"abstract":"During deep penetration laser welding of nickel alloys, interactions between composition and processing conditions can lead to the formation of defects. Inconel 740H, for example, has demonstrated a susceptibility to horizontal fusion zone cracking at locations between 70% and 80% of the weld depth during laser welding at powers above 5 kW. Coupling three-dimensional heat transfer, fluid flow, and stress modeling tools allowed that both the strain rate and stress normal to the solidification direction to be calculated. In the Inconel 740H welds, cracks formed at locations where the strain rate and stress simultaneously reached critical levels. No cracking was observed in the Inconel 690 welds, since the strain rate and stress did not simultaneously reach these critical levels.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"689 - 700"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46014709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2202039
Z. Wang, B. B. Wang, Z. Zhang, P. Xue, F. Liu, D. Ni, B. Xiao, Z. Y. Ma
The improvement of the welding speed becomes extraordinarily difficult for the friction stir welding (FSW) of Al–Li alloys with medium thickness (5–10 mm). In this study, 2195-T8 Al alloy plates with a thickness of 6 mm were subjected to FSW under different welding speeds of 200–800 mm/min with the objective of seeking an optimised welding parameter. The tensile strength of ∼422 MPa at a relatively high welding speed of 400 mm/min with a tool rotational speed of 800 rpm was obtained, which reached a comparable level to those of the joints with low welding speeds. The combination of moderate tool rotational speed and moderate welding speed was a feasible optimising direction for FSW of Al–Li alloy with medium thickness.
{"title":"A feasible operational parameter window for enhancement of welding speed in friction stir welding of 2195-T8 Al–Li alloy","authors":"Z. Wang, B. B. Wang, Z. Zhang, P. Xue, F. Liu, D. Ni, B. Xiao, Z. Y. Ma","doi":"10.1080/13621718.2023.2202039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2202039","url":null,"abstract":"The improvement of the welding speed becomes extraordinarily difficult for the friction stir welding (FSW) of Al–Li alloys with medium thickness (5–10 mm). In this study, 2195-T8 Al alloy plates with a thickness of 6 mm were subjected to FSW under different welding speeds of 200–800 mm/min with the objective of seeking an optimised welding parameter. The tensile strength of ∼422 MPa at a relatively high welding speed of 400 mm/min with a tool rotational speed of 800 rpm was obtained, which reached a comparable level to those of the joints with low welding speeds. The combination of moderate tool rotational speed and moderate welding speed was a feasible optimising direction for FSW of Al–Li alloy with medium thickness.","PeriodicalId":21729,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology of Welding and Joining","volume":"28 1","pages":"679 - 688"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45195465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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