Sensors International最新文献_第5页

Nanosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection based on a selective growth-regulating mechanism 基于选择性生长调节机制的癌胚抗原（CEA）检测纳米传感器

Sensors International

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100344

Johan A. Farfán, Mary Licuona, Betty C. Galarreta, Yulán Hernández

Nanomaterial-based biosensors provide high sensitivity and versatility for the detection of target analytes. Particularly, gold nanomaterials are widely employed as signal transducers due to their unique plasmonic properties. When functionalized with aptamers, these nanostructures gain enhanced selectivity, rapid response capability, and cost-effectiveness. However, the instability of large gold nanoparticles can hinder the exploration of various shapes and sizes.

In this research, two different types of nanoparticles were used for the development of a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a tumoral biomarker for colorectal cancer, nanosensor. It was proposed a system based on gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) functionalized with the amphiphilic polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (AuNT@PVP) and a hairpin-shaped aptamer selective to CEA biotinylated at the 3′ end and thiolated at the 5′ end (AuNT@PVP@Apt). Specific recognition process was optimized expecting that CEA would trigger the unfolding of the hairpin structure, exposing biotin moieties that enabled subsequent binding of streptavidin-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNP@Strept, 3–5 nm in diameter). However, when analyzing the optical changes observed by UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy and its correlation with the concentration of CEA, it was observed that the main mechanism involved in the detection was a selective growth mechanism of AuNPs, leading to a really simple and easy way of detecting CEA. The results obtained in this study highlight the intricacies of developing such nanosensors and introduce a novel detection method based on a selective growth mechanism that can be further used for detection.

基于纳米材料的生物传感器为目标分析物的检测提供了高灵敏度和多功能性。特别是，金纳米材料由于其独特的等离子体特性而被广泛应用于信号换能器。当与适体功能化时，这些纳米结构获得了增强的选择性，快速反应能力和成本效益。然而，大型金纳米颗粒的不稳定性会阻碍对各种形状和尺寸的探索。在这项研究中，两种不同类型的纳米颗粒被用于发展癌胚抗原（CEA），结直肠癌的肿瘤生物标志物，纳米传感器。提出了一种基于两亲性聚合物聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（AuNT@PVP）功能化的金纳米三角形（AuNTs）和一个3 ‘端选择性CEA生物素化和5 ’端选择性硫代化的发夹形适体（AuNT@PVP@Apt）的体系。特异性识别过程被优化，期望CEA会触发发夹结构的展开，暴露生物素片段，使随后结合链霉亲和素功能化的金纳米颗粒（AuNP@Strept，直径3-5 nm）。然而，在分析UV-Vis-NIR光谱观察到的光学变化及其与CEA浓度的相关性时，发现检测的主要机制是AuNPs的选择性生长机制，这使得检测CEA的方法非常简单易行。本研究的结果强调了开发这种纳米传感器的复杂性，并介绍了一种基于选择性生长机制的新型检测方法，该方法可以进一步用于检测。

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引用次数: 0

KCl-leakage-free reference electrode based on Ag2O–TeO2 glass and Ti 基于Ag2O-TeO2玻璃和Ti的无kcl漏参比电极

Sensors International

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100339

Tadanori Hashimoto , Masato Kano , Kyota Fujioka , Naoki Yasuda , Atsushi Ishihara , Takuhisa Komi , Yuji Nishio

The primary objective of this study was to develop KCl-leakage-free reference electrodes for biomedical, clinical, and food applications, as well as for use in the semiconductor industry. Accordingly, we developed new reference electrodes based on Ag₂O–TeO₂ glass and Ti, employing Ag₂O–TeO₂ glass/Ti and Ti/Ag₂O–TeO₂ glass/stainless steel (SUS) configurations in particular. The investigations revealed that the pH sensitivity of 25Ag₂O·75TeO₂/Ti (3 %) was significantly lower than that of 25Ag₂O·75TeO₂/SUS (12 %). Ag₇Te₄ observed in Ti samples had a higher Te fraction than Ag₂Te observed in SUS samples. The stronger reducing ability of Ti compared to Fe in SUS facilitated the reduction of Te⁴⁺ ions to Te⁰, which subsequently reacted with Ag⁰. This observation supports the hypothesis that the pH sensitivity of Ag₇Te₄ is lower than that of Ag₂Te. Heat treatment of Ti on 25Ag₂O·75TeO₂/SUS resulted in a gray TiO₂/Ti layer surrounded by ocher-colored precipitates, including the Ag–Te alloy. Increasing the Ti content in Ti/25Ag₂O·75TeO₂/SUS reduced its pH sensitivity. A 1:2 Ti weight ratio achieved a pH sensitivity of 5 %, similar to 25Ag₂O·75TeO₂/Ti (3 %). Dividing Ti into three sections eliminated the central TiO₂/Ti layer, leaving only Ag–Te alloys and TeO₂ as the predominant materials. However, this structural modification had no discernible impact on the pH sensitivity. These findings suggest that Ag–Te alloys and TeO₂ can act as primary pH-responsive sites, with TiO₂/Ti having no significant contribution. Since TeO₂ likely has a higher electrical resistivity than Ag–Te alloys, the observed low pH sensitivity results from that of the minor but electrically conductive Ag–Te alloys. Therefore, 25Ag₂O·75TeO₂/Ti is a promising candidate for developing KCl-leakage-free reference electrodes for pH sensors, offering low pH sensitivity.

本研究的主要目的是为生物医学、临床和食品应用以及半导体工业开发无氯化钾泄漏的参考电极。因此，我们开发了基于ag20 - teo2玻璃和Ti的新型参比电极，特别是采用ag20 - teo2玻璃/Ti和Ti/ ag20 - teo2玻璃/不锈钢（SUS）结构。结果表明，25Ag2O·75TeO2/Ti（3%）溶液的pH敏感性显著低于25Ag2O·75TeO2/SUS（12%）溶液。Ti样品中Ag7Te4的Te分数高于SUS样品中Ag2Te的Te分数。与Fe相比，Ti在SUS中的还原能力更强，有利于Te4+离子还原为Te0， Te0随后与Ag0反应。这一观察结果支持了Ag7Te4的pH敏感性低于Ag2Te的假设。对Ti - 25Ag2O·75TeO2/SUS进行热处理，形成一层灰色的TiO2/Ti层，周围包裹着赭色的沉淀物，其中包括Ag-Te合金。随着Ti/25Ag2O·75TeO2/SUS中Ti含量的增加，其pH敏感性降低。在1:2 Ti质量比下，pH敏感性为5%，与25Ag2O·75TeO2/Ti（3%）相似。将Ti分成三部分，消除了中间的TiO2/Ti层，只留下Ag-Te合金和TeO2作为主要材料。然而，这种结构修饰对pH敏感性没有明显的影响。这些发现表明Ag-Te合金和TeO2可以作为主要的ph响应位点，而TiO2/Ti没有显著的贡献。由于TeO2可能比Ag-Te合金具有更高的电阻率，因此观察到的低pH敏感性是由较小但导电的Ag-Te合金引起的。因此，25Ag2O·75TeO2/Ti具有较低的pH灵敏度，是开发无kcl泄漏pH传感器参考电极的有希望的候选材料。

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引用次数: 0

Analytical model for DG-AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMT for sensitive analysis of pH analytes and charged biomolecules 用于灵敏分析 pH 值分析物和带电生物分子的 DG-AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMT 分析模型

Sensors International

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100312

P. Sriramani , N. Mohankumar , Lignesh Durai , Y. Prasamsha , Nitin Rakesh

This article introduces an analytical model for double-gate AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMT biosensors to accurately detect pH analytes and charged biomolecules. The device incorporates nanocavities and operates on the concept of dielectric modulation, presuming the presence of a native oxide layer on the surface of the AlGaN layer. The pH of the analyte is represented as the interface charge. Numerical simulations evaluate the biosensor's effectiveness by analyzing its sensitivity to drain ON current (S_I) and threshold voltage (S_V). The device exhibited a peak S_V of 586.5 mV, a value tenfold more significant than the Nernst limit for pH analyte. The maximum S_I, computed at the peak transconductance, was determined to be 135.5 mA/mm/pH at V_G = −2V and V_D = 5V. The biosensor response to a charged biomolecule is assessed by considering the dielectric constant and charge density (ρ). The biosensor exhibited a maximum S_I of 0.225 at V_D = 5V and V_G = −1V and S_V of 1.488V for charged biomolecule at ρ = 1 × 10¹²/cm². The impact of the bias voltages, ion molar concentration of pH analyte, AlGaN layer thickness and cavity length on the S_I of the device is explored in detail. The S_I for pH analytes is unaffected by the AlGaN layer thickness but enhanced with ion molar concentration and cavity length. However, for charged biomolecules, S_I decreased with increased AlGaN layer thickness and improved with cavity length.

本文介绍了双栅 AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMT 生物传感器的分析模型，以准确检测 pH 值分析物和带电生物分子。该器件结合了纳米腔体，根据介电调制的概念运行，假定 AlGaN 层表面存在原生氧化物层。分析物的 pH 值表示为界面电荷。数值模拟通过分析生物传感器对漏极导通电流（SI）和阈值电压（SV）的灵敏度来评估其有效性。该器件的 SV 峰值为 586.5 mV，比 pH 值分析物的 Nernst 极限值高出十倍。在 VG = -2V 和 VD = 5V 时，根据峰值跨导计算得出的最大 SI 为 135.5 mA/mm/pH。生物传感器对带电生物分子的响应是通过考虑介电常数和电荷密度（ρ）来评估的。当 VD = 5V 和 VG = -1V 时，生物传感器对带电生物分子的最大 SI 值为 0.225；当 ρ = 1 × 1012/cm2 时，生物传感器对带电生物分子的最大 SV 值为 1.488V。我们详细探讨了偏置电压、pH 值分析物的离子摩尔浓度、AlGaN 层厚度和空腔长度对器件 SI 的影响。pH 值分析物的 SI 不受 AlGaN 层厚度的影响，但随着离子摩尔浓度和空腔长度的增加而增强。然而，对于带电的生物分子，SI 随 AlGaN 层厚度的增加而降低，但随空腔长度的增加而提高。

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引用次数: 0

Fabrication of a non-enzymatic photoelectrochemical sensor based on a BiOBr-CuO nanocomposite for detecting Glucose and Tetracycline 基于 BiOBr-CuO 纳米复合材料制作用于检测葡萄糖和四环素的非酶光电化学传感器

Sensors International

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100310

AnnieCanisius D , Joselene Suzan Jennifer P , Joe Raja Ruban M , Davis Varghese , Gladys Joysi M , Muthupandi S , Madhavan J , Victor Antony Raj M , Saravanan Muthupandian

In this study, we developed a non-enzymatic photoelectrochemical sensor using a BiOBr-CuO (BiCu) electrode, which was synthesized via solvothermal method. The sensor was designed for the simultaneous detection of glucose and tetracycline. Our study revealed that the BiCu electrode exhibited superior photocurrent generation compared to the individual BiOBr and CuO electrodes, as demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometric studies. The BiCu electrode's performance has increased due to the formation of a heterojunction between CuO and BiOBr, which modifies the UV–visible DRS spectrum and generates an internal electric field that reduces the recombination of the photogenerated carriers. This enhanced the capability of the sensor to detect both glucose and tetracycline. We successfully applied the proposed photoelectrochemical sensor to detect human blood glucose level. The sensitivity and detection limit for glucose and tetracycline are 0.1342 mAmM⁻¹cm⁻², 0.014 mM and 1.7234 mAmM⁻¹cm⁻², 2.0 μM respectively. Thus, the fabricated electrode demonstrated exceptional catalytic activity, high selectivity, good reproducibility, wide linear detection range, low limit of detection,long-term stability, ease of synthesis, good stability and notable selectivity for detecting both glucose and tetracycline This suggests that the BiCu electrode has significant potential as a reliable platform for the detection of glucose and tetracycline.

在这项研究中，我们利用通过溶热法合成的 BiOBr-CuO（BiCu）电极开发了一种非酶促性光电化学传感器。该传感器设计用于同时检测葡萄糖和四环素。我们的研究表明，与单独的 BiOBr 和 CuO 电极相比，BiCu 电极能产生更优越的光电流，这一点已在循环伏安法和安培法研究中得到证实。由于 CuO 和 BiOBr 之间形成了异质结，从而改变了紫外可见 DRS 光谱，并产生了内部电场，减少了光生载流子的重组，因此 BiCu 电极的性能得到了提高。这增强了传感器检测葡萄糖和四环素的能力。我们成功地将所提出的光电化学传感器用于检测人体血糖水平。葡萄糖和四环素的灵敏度和检测限分别为 0.1342 mAmM-1cm-2, 0.014 mM 和 1.7234 mAmM-1cm-2, 2.0 μM。因此，所制备的电极在葡萄糖和四环素的检测中表现出了卓越的催化活性、高选择性、良好的重现性、宽线性检测范围、低检测限、长期稳定性、易合成性、良好的稳定性和显著的选择性。

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引用次数: 0

A portable easy-to-use triboelectric sensor for arteriovenous fistula monitoring in dialysis patients 用于监测透析患者动静脉瘘的便携式易用三电导传感器

Sensors International

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100309

Salvatore A. Pullano , Giuseppe Oliva , Pierangela Presta , Nazareno Carullo , Michela Musolino , Michele Andreucci , Davide Bolignano , Antonino S. Fiorillo , Giuseppe Coppolino

Hemodialysis is the primary treatment for patients with total loss of renal function and is performed through a vascular access called an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). AVF can be associated with several complications, such as stenosis, thrombosis, and aneurysms. While digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard for AVF monitoring, its limited availability, invasiveness, and harmfulness has enabled Doppler ultrasound (DUS) as alternative technique. Herein, the development of a portable device based on a triboelectric sensor for AVF monitoring that exploits the concept of impedance cardiography (ICG) is presented. The triboelectric sensor consists of a thin polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer placed close to the AVF to evaluate the triboelectric ICG signal (T-ICG), thus avoiding the need for standard multiple-electrode equipment. Electrocardiographic (ECG) dry electrodes based on a composite of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were fabricated. Concept validation was performed in a cohort of hemodialysis patients with and without AVF stenosis. The results demonstrated a linear dependence between blood flow and the maximum deviation (dZ/dt_max) of the T-ICG pattern. Patients with stenosis showed a statistically significant change in morphology at the B-point. The extent of stenosis was evaluated by analyzing the temporal slope of the ICG pattern in the B- and C-point regions, evidencing a linear trend for stenosis from 20 % up to 60 %. The proposed device represents an innovative approach compared with the gold clinical standards for the continuous monitoring of AVF in hemodialysis patients.

血液透析是治疗完全丧失肾功能患者的主要方法，通过一种叫做动静脉瘘（AVF）的血管通路进行。动静脉瘘可能伴有多种并发症，如狭窄、血栓和动脉瘤。虽然数字减影血管造影术（DSA）是监测动静脉瘘的黄金标准，但由于其有限性、侵入性和有害性，多普勒超声（DUS）已成为替代技术。本文介绍了利用阻抗心动图（ICG）概念开发的用于动静脉瘘监测的基于三电传感器的便携式设备。三电传感器由靠近动静脉导管的聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）薄层组成，用于评估三电 ICG 信号（T-ICG），从而避免了使用标准的多电极设备。基于聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）和多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）复合材料的心电图（ECG）干电极已制作完成。在一组有和没有动静脉瘘狭窄的血液透析患者中进行了概念验证。结果表明，血流量与 T-ICG 模式的最大偏差（dZ/dtmax）呈线性关系。有狭窄的患者在 B 点的形态变化具有统计学意义。通过分析 B 点和 C 点区域 ICG 图形的时间斜率，可以评估血管狭窄的程度。与连续监测血液透析患者动静脉瘘的黄金临床标准相比，该设备是一种创新方法。

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引用次数: 0

Photocatalytic and electrochemical sensor detection of ascorbic and uric acid using novel plant extract green synthesis of CaO nanoparticles 利用新型植物提取物绿色合成氧化钙纳米粒子，实现抗坏血酸和尿酸的光催化和电化学传感器检测

Sensors International

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100308

M.N. Somashekar , M. Dhanalakshmi , T.S. Nagamani , T. Subhas Chandra , T.M. Sharanakumar , C.R. Ravikumar

In the present work, a novel fuel made from the leaves of the Gotu kola (Centella Asiatica) plant is used to produce calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) in an eco-friendly manner. The results of the PXRD experiments, the average crystallite size for CaO NPs is 38 nm, which is consistent with the findings of the TEM. As per DRS investigation, the energy gap of CaONPs is 3.253 eV. Fast Blue (FB) and Fast Orange (FO) dye photodegradation was effectively enhanced by the plant-mediated CaO NPs under UV-light irradiation, showing high efficiency within 120 min. The CaO demonstrated remarkable photodegradation process against the FO and FB dyes under UV light, with rates of 79.52 % and 61.43 % after 120 min. CaO NPs' electrochemical characteristics were ascertained using a carbon paste electrode (CPE) dipped in a 0.1N HCl solution. In cyclic voltammetry evaluation, the green CaO NPs showed greater sensitivity at various scan rates. Ascorbic acid and uric acid were finally shown to have exceptional redox reaction and ascorbic acid and uric acid detection capabilities when they were used as analytes.

本研究利用积雪草叶制成的新型燃料，以环保的方式生产氧化钙纳米粒子（CaO NPs）。PXRD 实验结果表明，CaO NPs 的平均结晶尺寸为 38 nm，这与 TEM 的结果一致。根据 DRS 调查，CaONPs 的能隙为 3.253 eV。在紫外光照射下，植物介导的 CaO NPs 有效地增强了快蓝（FB）和快橙（FO）染料的光降解，在 120 分钟内显示出很高的效率。在紫外光下，CaO 对 FO 和 FB 染料的光降解效果显著，120 分钟后的降解率分别为 79.52% 和 61.43%。使用浸在 0.1N HCl 溶液中的碳浆电极（CPE）确定了 CaO NPs 的电化学特性。在循环伏安法评估中，绿色 CaO NPs 在各种扫描速率下都表现出更高的灵敏度。抗坏血酸和尿酸最终被证明具有优异的氧化还原反应以及抗坏血酸和尿酸检测能力。

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引用次数: 0

Dual-channel infrared OPO lidar optical system for remote sensing of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere: Design and characteristics 用于大气温室气体遥感的双通道红外 OPO 激光雷达光学系统：设计与特点

Sensors International

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100307

S.A. Sadovnikov, S.V. Yakovlev, N.S. Kravtsova, O.A. Romanovskii, D.A. Tuzhilkin

Current global warming and climate change under the greenhouse effect call for a thorough understanding of the spatial distribution of greenhouse gases in different atmospheric layers. Lidar systems are the most effective for remote greenhouse gas monitoring. We design a two-channel infrared OPO lidar optical system for remote DIAL/DOAS sensing of carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere. In this work, optimal geometric parameters of the transceiving channel of the lidar optical system are chosen, a need to focus laser radiation at a distance of 1 km from an observation point is demonstrated, and numerical simulations confirm the possibility of detecting lidar signals ranging from 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻¹⁰ W in the informative spectral range 4800–5100 cm⁻¹ (1960–2083 nm). Laboratory experiments with the main components of the lidar system with experimentally confirmed parameters, which simulate atmospheric measurements of CO₂ absorption at a calibrated sensing wavelength of 2005 nm (4987 cm⁻¹) (pressure of 1 atm; CO₂ concentration corresponding to the midlatitude summer background atmosphere) in the informative spectral range of the lidar system, enable selecting a pair of wavelengths with resonant absorption of the target gas near 2005 nm to study the background state of the atmosphere in the surface layer. Efficiency of the lidar optical system is confirmed by in situ test experiments, where backscattering signals from a topographic target with an albedo of ∼0.15 spaced 168 m apart from an observer are recorded at 60 mV when operating along a horizontal atmospheric path. The lidar system we design can be used in measuring complexes at carbon test sites. It can also be used for atmospheric monitoring in industrial centers, at background measuring stations, and in swamp areas.

当前全球变暖和温室效应下的气候变化要求我们全面了解不同大气层中温室气体的空间分布。激光雷达系统是最有效的温室气体远程监测系统。我们设计了一种双通道红外 OPO 激光雷达光学系统，用于远程 DIAL/DOAS 大气二氧化碳和水蒸气传感。在这项工作中，我们选择了激光雷达光学系统收发通道的最佳几何参数，论证了在距离观测点 1 千米处聚焦激光辐射的必要性，并通过数值模拟证实了在 4800-5100 厘米-1（1960-2083 纳米）的信息光谱范围内探测到 10-7 到 10-10 瓦激光雷达信号的可能性。在激光雷达系统的信息光谱范围内，用激光雷达系统的主要部件和经实验确认的参数进行了实验室实验，模拟了在 2005 nm（4987 cm-1）校准传感波长（压力为 1 atm；二氧化碳浓度相当于中纬度夏季背景大气）处对二氧化碳吸收的大气测量，从而能够选择 2005 nm 附近目标气体共振吸收的一对波长来研究表层大气的背景状态。激光雷达光学系统的效率在现场测试实验中得到了证实，当沿水平大气路径运行时，来自反照率为 0.15 的地形目标的后向散射信号在 60 mV 的电压下被记录下来，目标与观测者之间的距离为 168 m。我们设计的激光雷达系统可用于测量碳试验场的复合体。它还可用于工业中心、背景测量站和沼泽地区的大气监测。

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引用次数: 0

Flange joint monitoring based on strain measurement with fiber optic sensors embedded in gaskets 利用嵌入垫片的光纤传感器进行应变测量，从而实现法兰接头监测

Sensors International

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100306

Valerii Matveenko, Andrey Fedorov, Grigorii Serovaev, Elizaveta Galkina, Elizaveta Vindokurova

The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of using numerical simulation to select parameters of the system for monitoring the deformation behavior of structures. Consideration is given to a bolted flange connection with a gasket, the performance of which is determined by the level of bolt tightening. Bolt tension control technique is based on the strain measurement with fiber optic sensors embedded in the gasket. The results of numerical modeling of deformation for different variants of bolt tensioning are discussed. Strain measurement in the gasket by means of distributed fiber-optic sensors on the basis of Rayleigh scattering is carried out taking into account the results of numerical simulation. Another type of fiber optic sensors that is based on the Bragg gratings is used to implement additional control of the results of measurement. An algorithm to realize strain measurement by two types of sensors located on the same optic fiber is proposed. The results of experimental strain measurements demonstrate that fiber optic sensors can be used to detect changes in bolt tensioning, which can cause failure of a flange joint.

本文展示了使用数值模拟来选择系统参数以监测结构变形行为的有效性。本文考虑了带垫片的螺栓法兰连接，其性能由螺栓的紧固程度决定。螺栓张力控制技术基于嵌入垫片中的光纤传感器进行应变测量。文中讨论了螺栓张紧不同变量的变形数值建模结果。根据数值模拟的结果，通过分布式光纤传感器在瑞利散射的基础上测量垫片中的应变。另一种基于布拉格光栅的光纤传感器用于对测量结果进行额外控制。此外，还提出了通过位于同一根光纤上的两种传感器实现应变测量的算法。应变测量的实验结果表明，光纤传感器可用于检测螺栓张力的变化，而螺栓张力的变化可导致法兰连接失效。

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引用次数: 0

Near-field metasurface sensor for an early-stage breast cancer detection 用于早期乳腺癌检测的近场元表面传感器

Sensors International

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100305

Maged A. Aldhaeebi , Thamer Almoneef , Saeed Bamatraf , A.O. Aldhaibain , Osamah Bakhalah , Saleh Alhdad , Sumaia Bakhalah , M. Kamran Saleem

In this paper, a novel and highly sensitive metasurface sensor for microwave breast tumor detection is proposed. The proposed sensor array comprises 8 × 8 small-size sensor elements that are capable of reacting to changes in both electric and magnetic fields. This allows the sensor to detect even minor variations in the surrounding medium, resulting in improved sensitivity. Additionally, designing a sensor array improves sensitivity by covering all areas of the breast tissues with multiple small sensor elements. Numerical studies have been conducted to assess the sensor sensitivity using realistic healthy and non-healthy breast models with diagnosed tumors placed at different locations within healthy breast models in the CST simulation environment at varying stand-off distances. An experiment was conducted to validate the sensor’s concept. It involved testing a metasurface sensor with phantoms resembling both healthy female breast tissues and those with a 10 mm tumor. The results from simulations and experiments demonstrate that the metasurface sensor is capable of detecting breast tumors at different distances. For safety compliance, specific absorption rate (SAR) values were obtained through both simulation and experimentation. The simulated SAR values were calculated to be 0.357 W/kg and 0.216 W/kg at 1 g and 10 g, respectively, using 17 dBm for safety. The measured SAR values were 0.101 W/kg and 0.1 W/kg at 1 g and 10 g, respectively.

本文提出了一种用于微波乳腺肿瘤检测的新型高灵敏度元表面传感器。所提出的传感器阵列由 8 × 8 小尺寸传感器元件组成，能够对电场和磁场的变化做出反应。这使得传感器甚至能检测到周围介质的微小变化，从而提高了灵敏度。此外，设计传感器阵列还能通过多个小型传感器元件覆盖乳腺组织的所有区域来提高灵敏度。我们使用真实的健康和非健康乳房模型进行了数值研究，以评估传感器的灵敏度。在 CST 仿真环境中，健康乳房模型中的不同位置放置了诊断出的肿瘤，且距离不同。为了验证传感器的概念，还进行了一次实验。实验包括用类似健康女性乳房组织和 10 毫米肿瘤组织的模型对元表面传感器进行测试。模拟和实验结果表明，元表面传感器能够检测到不同距离的乳腺肿瘤。为了确保安全，模拟和实验都获得了比吸收率（SAR）值。在 1 g 和 10 g 条件下，模拟 SAR 值分别为 0.357 W/kg 和 0.216 W/kg，安全值为 17 dBm。在 1 g 和 10 g 条件下，测得的 SAR 值分别为 0.101 W/kg 和 0.1 W/kg。

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引用次数: 0

Molecular engineering of a fluorescent probe for highly efficient detection of human serum albumin in biological fluid 用于高效检测生物液体中人血清白蛋白的荧光探针的分子工程学研究

Sensors International

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100304

Raja Chinnappan , Tanveer Ahmad Mir , Shanmugam Easwaramoorthi , Gopika Sunil , Ancy Feba , Balamurugan Kanagasabai , Shadil Ibrahim Wani , Maram N. Sandouka , Alaa Alzhrani , Sandhanasamy Devanesan , Mohamad S. AlSalhi , Naresh Kumar Mani , Wael Al-Kattan , Ahmed Yaqinuddin , Abdullah M. Assiri , Dieter C. Broering

Human serum albumin (HSA) is synthesized by the liver, accounting for 60 % of total plasma protein in vertebrates' blood. It is the most predominant extracellular plasma protein that acts as a repository and transporter of exogenous and endogenous substances in the blood of healthy humans. Decreased albumin concentration in the human body or its abnormal levels indicate the occurrence of hepatic, renal, and digestive-related diseases. Therefore, accurate quantification of HSA is of great significance in diagnostic testing and routine clinical analysis of albumin-linked diseases. Herein, a class of triphenylamine rhodanine-3-acetic acid (mRA)-a bifunctional fluorescent molecule with twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT)-induced emission characteristics is synthesized and employed as a novel sensing probe for the fluorescent detection of human albumin. mRA can be selectively lighted up through site-specific interactions with serum albumin-binding moieties and show enhanced photophysical or biological response efficacy. Understanding the interaction of mRA with HSA at the molecular level was carried out using docking methodology to explore the site-specific interaction phenomenon. The resulting fluorescence strategy produced a dose-dependent signal response enhancement upon interaction with HSA in the concentration range of 0.01–400 μg/ml. The sensor probe exhibits a low detection limit of 10 ng/mL and is found to be a feasible, low-cost, and effective approach for HSA analysis in complex biological fluids for early detection and diagnosis of albumin-related diseases.

人血清白蛋白（HSA）由肝脏合成，占脊椎动物血液中血浆蛋白总量的 60%。它是健康人血液中最主要的细胞外血浆蛋白，是外源性和内源性物质的储存器和转运器。人体内白蛋白浓度降低或含量异常，预示着肝脏、肾脏和消化系统相关疾病的发生。因此，准确定量 HSA 对白蛋白相关疾病的诊断检测和常规临床分析具有重要意义。本文合成了一类具有分子内电荷转移（TICT）诱导发射特性的双功能荧光分子--三苯胺罗丹宁-3-乙酸（mRA），并将其用作荧光检测人类白蛋白的新型传感探针。mRA 可通过与血清白蛋白结合分子的位点特异性相互作用而选择性发光，并显示出更强的光物理或生物响应功效。为了从分子水平上理解 mRA 与 HSA 的相互作用，我们采用了对接方法来探索位点特异性相互作用现象。由此产生的荧光策略在 0.01-400 μg/ml 浓度范围内与 HSA 相互作用时产生了剂量依赖性信号响应增强。该传感器探针的检测限低至 10 纳克/毫升，是分析复杂生物液体中 HSA 的一种可行、低成本且有效的方法，可用于白蛋白相关疾病的早期检测和诊断。

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