Abstract:Universities are places where many students will feel uncomfortably challenged in their cherished identities, if those are identities of privilege. On December 11, 2019, Jewish identity was singled out for special protection against harassment and discrimination under Title VI by President Trump's executive order, with anti-Jewish harassment defined as including statements such as "the Jewish people do not have a right to self-determination" and "Israel is a racist endeavor." Singling out Jewish identity for protection by a centralized authority, regardless of what one thinks about the Jewish state, has been a favored tactic of Jewish survival, as Benzion Netanyahu long ago pointed out, and it is dangerous because it makes all Jews the target of resentment by other, lesser protected groups, and because it leaves Jews without political allies if the centralized power abandons them. Furthermore, it runs against the political principles of the pluralistic democracies in which Jews are best able to flourish when they live outside the ethnonational majoritarian Jewish state. Weaponizing Title VI by creating a special protection for Jews, whatever one's views of the Jewish state, is not a long-term strategy for Jewish communal flourishing in America. The American and Israeli Jewish communities should recognize that there are two kinds of Jewish politics: one that fits Jewish life in a pluralistic democracy, and another that fits life in a ethnonational majoritarian democracy. It is best not to mix these two forms of politics, even if in the Trump era they seemed to have become united.
{"title":"\"Can We Talk?\"","authors":"B. Rosenstock","doi":"10.1353/sho.2022.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sho.2022.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Universities are places where many students will feel uncomfortably challenged in their cherished identities, if those are identities of privilege. On December 11, 2019, Jewish identity was singled out for special protection against harassment and discrimination under Title VI by President Trump's executive order, with anti-Jewish harassment defined as including statements such as \"the Jewish people do not have a right to self-determination\" and \"Israel is a racist endeavor.\" Singling out Jewish identity for protection by a centralized authority, regardless of what one thinks about the Jewish state, has been a favored tactic of Jewish survival, as Benzion Netanyahu long ago pointed out, and it is dangerous because it makes all Jews the target of resentment by other, lesser protected groups, and because it leaves Jews without political allies if the centralized power abandons them. Furthermore, it runs against the political principles of the pluralistic democracies in which Jews are best able to flourish when they live outside the ethnonational majoritarian Jewish state. Weaponizing Title VI by creating a special protection for Jews, whatever one's views of the Jewish state, is not a long-term strategy for Jewish communal flourishing in America. The American and Israeli Jewish communities should recognize that there are two kinds of Jewish politics: one that fits Jewish life in a pluralistic democracy, and another that fits life in a ethnonational majoritarian democracy. It is best not to mix these two forms of politics, even if in the Trump era they seemed to have become united.","PeriodicalId":21809,"journal":{"name":"Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":"133 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48273765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The strict modesty standards of the ultra-Orthodox society are observed mainly within the confines of the community; however, Hasidic women are allowed to conduct business and employment connections with men outside the community, and to conduct themselves in accordance with the accepted social norms within these relationships. This differentiation was common in the past, in Eastern European Ashkenazi society. The rationale behind this behavior is that modesty rules are observed in cases of contact with significant men. Men outside the community undergo a process of desexualization as if they were animals, so that gender discipline can be relaxed in their presence. This leads to the seemingly absurd result whereby it is specifically in the presence of men who act in accordance with liberal norms that the stringent modesty rules are not observed. The leniency regarding the rules also stems from the perception that the sexual desires of a woman are weaker than those of a man. They are also not fully obligated to worship God. Therefore, when financial constraints require contact beyond the limits of the community, the women fill the bill.
{"title":"Differentiation in the Gender Segregation Rules of Ultra-Orthodox Judaism","authors":"Shalem Yahalom","doi":"10.1353/sho.2022.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sho.2022.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The strict modesty standards of the ultra-Orthodox society are observed mainly within the confines of the community; however, Hasidic women are allowed to conduct business and employment connections with men outside the community, and to conduct themselves in accordance with the accepted social norms within these relationships. This differentiation was common in the past, in Eastern European Ashkenazi society. The rationale behind this behavior is that modesty rules are observed in cases of contact with significant men. Men outside the community undergo a process of desexualization as if they were animals, so that gender discipline can be relaxed in their presence. This leads to the seemingly absurd result whereby it is specifically in the presence of men who act in accordance with liberal norms that the stringent modesty rules are not observed. The leniency regarding the rules also stems from the perception that the sexual desires of a woman are weaker than those of a man. They are also not fully obligated to worship God. Therefore, when financial constraints require contact beyond the limits of the community, the women fill the bill.","PeriodicalId":21809,"journal":{"name":"Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":"106 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42338247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Five Questions Stemming from Yellow Star, Red Star","authors":"Mira Sucharov","doi":"10.1353/sho.2022.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sho.2022.0018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21809,"journal":{"name":"Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":"194 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42849723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thinking Beyond Politics of Commemoration: A Historian's Perspective","authors":"Melissa K. Bokovoy","doi":"10.1353/sho.2022.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sho.2022.0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21809,"journal":{"name":"Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":"166 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42748954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In 1927, the neoromantic poet Zalman Shneour made a fundamental shift from poetry to prose and from Hebrew to Yiddish. Rather than single out for praise the one work that he himself later refashioned into Hebrew, this essay proceeds from his composite Yiddish masterpiece: the comic vignettes about life in the prerevolutionary Belorussian shtetl of Shklov that appeared in Shklover yidn (1929), Feter Zhome (1930), and Shklover kinder (1951). Rather than view Shneour as an epigone, the Shklov Cycle reveals his profound understanding of Sholem Aleichem's comédie humaine, which Shneour sought to augment and update, as vividly illustrated by "Reading Newspapers," his recycled version of "Dreyfus in Kasrilevke." Where everything was animated, everything became a potential source of vitalism, which in Shneour's scheme of things always carried an aural quality. These stories, furthermore, were wildly dialogical; speech acts always trumped that which was merely textual, monological, or traditional. Shtetlspeak, in Shneour's comic oeuvre, became the dialogical baseline against which to judge the monological claims and strictures of religion, society, and technology.
{"title":"Shtetlspeak: The Triumph of the Dialogical in Zalman Shneour's Shklov","authors":"D. Roskies","doi":"10.1353/sho.2022.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sho.2022.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In 1927, the neoromantic poet Zalman Shneour made a fundamental shift from poetry to prose and from Hebrew to Yiddish. Rather than single out for praise the one work that he himself later refashioned into Hebrew, this essay proceeds from his composite Yiddish masterpiece: the comic vignettes about life in the prerevolutionary Belorussian shtetl of Shklov that appeared in Shklover yidn (1929), Feter Zhome (1930), and Shklover kinder (1951). Rather than view Shneour as an epigone, the Shklov Cycle reveals his profound understanding of Sholem Aleichem's comédie humaine, which Shneour sought to augment and update, as vividly illustrated by \"Reading Newspapers,\" his recycled version of \"Dreyfus in Kasrilevke.\" Where everything was animated, everything became a potential source of vitalism, which in Shneour's scheme of things always carried an aural quality. These stories, furthermore, were wildly dialogical; speech acts always trumped that which was merely textual, monological, or traditional. Shtetlspeak, in Shneour's comic oeuvre, became the dialogical baseline against which to judge the monological claims and strictures of religion, society, and technology.","PeriodicalId":21809,"journal":{"name":"Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies","volume":"84 13","pages":"38 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41243666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Through the 1920 Yiddish little magazine Renesans, Leo Koenig aimed to articulate a specifically Jewish art. His objective was to foster the conditions of its creation, to identify the ways in which it was being created, and to interpret its history. Renesans crystallized a set of priorities for the Jewish artistic present, the criteria for success, and a projected future. Koenig has been credited as the first art critic in Yiddish; we propose that Koenig's combined work as editor, author, and theorist should also be understood as a key example of Yiddish art history.Our introduction of the term Yiddish art history is intended to draw attention to the lively theorization of Jewish art in Yiddish and as part of Yiddishist and cultural nationalist projects in the Eastern European Jewish diaspora. Koenig's work in Renesans is not just a suitable object of study for this field; we argue that Koenig was himself developing Yiddish art history, attempting a fusion of discourse and artwork with the aim of creating a Jewish national consciousness.Koenig's biography is explored as a means of understanding the ideas and art movements that would influence Renesans. The contents of the journal are then analyzed to show how Koenig aimed to curate and define his conception of Jewish art. This attempt is contextualized with its local reception in the London Yiddish press, and its limitations are explored in relation to Koenig's theoretical writing itself.
{"title":"Jewish Art and Yiddish Art History: Leo Koenig's Renesans","authors":"A. Grafen, William Pimlott","doi":"10.1353/sho.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sho.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Through the 1920 Yiddish little magazine Renesans, Leo Koenig aimed to articulate a specifically Jewish art. His objective was to foster the conditions of its creation, to identify the ways in which it was being created, and to interpret its history. Renesans crystallized a set of priorities for the Jewish artistic present, the criteria for success, and a projected future. Koenig has been credited as the first art critic in Yiddish; we propose that Koenig's combined work as editor, author, and theorist should also be understood as a key example of Yiddish art history.Our introduction of the term Yiddish art history is intended to draw attention to the lively theorization of Jewish art in Yiddish and as part of Yiddishist and cultural nationalist projects in the Eastern European Jewish diaspora. Koenig's work in Renesans is not just a suitable object of study for this field; we argue that Koenig was himself developing Yiddish art history, attempting a fusion of discourse and artwork with the aim of creating a Jewish national consciousness.Koenig's biography is explored as a means of understanding the ideas and art movements that would influence Renesans. The contents of the journal are then analyzed to show how Koenig aimed to curate and define his conception of Jewish art. This attempt is contextualized with its local reception in the London Yiddish press, and its limitations are explored in relation to Koenig's theoretical writing itself.","PeriodicalId":21809,"journal":{"name":"Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":"2 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48482365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Terms of Endearment: The Politics of Holocaust Remembrance in Post-Communist Europe","authors":"J. Kopstein","doi":"10.1353/sho.2022.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sho.2022.0017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21809,"journal":{"name":"Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":"189 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43026277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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