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Filled and Killed: Forecast and Realized Trading Costs Across Horizons from Global Equity and Fixed Income Portfolio Trades 成交与被成交:全球股票和固定收益投资组合交易的跨视野预测和实现交易成本
Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4782032
Andrew Ang, Ananth Madhavan
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引用次数: 0
Short Option Maturity Term Structures of Skewness and Excess Kurtosis 偏度和过度峰度的短期期权到期期限结构
Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4776441
Dilip B. Madan, King Wang
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引用次数: 0
Indifferent About Online Traffic: The Posting Strategies of Five News Outlets during Musk's Acquisition of Twitter 对网络流量无动于衷:马斯克收购推特期间五家新闻媒体的发布策略
Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4897367
Mari Vállez, Juan-José Boté-Vericad, J. Guallar, Marco Bastos
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引用次数: 0
Mutual Fund Partial Liquidation and Future Performance 共同基金部分清算与未来业绩
Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4806544
George Jiang, Ping McLemore, Ao Wang
We examine the determinants of mutual fund partial liquidation and the effect of a negative shock to fund size on performance. We find that older funds from a smaller family with a large number of share classes are more likely to conduct partial liquidation. As fund size decreases after partial liquidation, its performance improves. This effect is more pronounced for funds with stronger pre‐event liquidity constraint and funds that subsequently experience a larger decrease in liquidity, suggesting that liquidity constraint is a contributing factor of fund performance. These findings are consistent with mutual funds having decreasing returns to scale.
我们研究了共同基金部分清算的决定因素以及基金规模的负面冲击对业绩的影响。我们发现,规模较小、股份类别较多的老基金更有可能进行部分清算。随着部分清算后基金规模的缩小,其业绩也会有所改善。对于事件发生前流动性约束较强的基金和随后流动性下降幅度较大的基金,这种效应更为明显,表明流动性约束是影响基金业绩的一个因素。这些发现与共同基金的规模收益递减相一致。
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引用次数: 0
Functional Oil Price Expectations Shocks and Inflation 功能性油价预期冲击与通货膨胀
Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4764345
Christina Anderl, G. Caporale
This paper investigates the inflation effects of oil price expectations shocks constructed as functional shocks, that is, as shifts in the entire oil futures term structure (both standard and risk‐adjusted). The latter are then included in a vector autoregressive model with exogenous variables (VARX) to examine the US case. Counterfactual analysis is also carried out to investigate second‐round effects on inflation through the inflation expectations channel. These are found to be significant, in contrast to earlier studies based on standard oil price shocks. Additional nonlinear local projections including a shock decomposition exercise show that inflation and inflation expectations are primarily driven by changes in the curvature (level and slope) factor when the latter are anchored (unanchored). These findings provide useful information to policymakers concerning the impact of oil price expectations on inflation and inflation expectations.
本文研究了石油价格预期冲击对通货膨胀的影响,这种冲击被构建为功能冲击,即整个石油期货期限结构(包括标准期限结构和风险调整期限结构)的变动。然后将后者纳入带有外生变量的向量自回归模型(VARX),以研究美国的情况。还进行了反事实分析,以研究通过通胀预期渠道对通胀的第二轮影响。与之前基于标准石油价格冲击的研究相比,这些影响是显著的。附加的非线性局部预测(包括冲击分解练习)表明,当通货膨胀和通货膨胀预期被锚定(非锚定)时,后者主要受曲率(水平和斜率)因子变化的驱动。这些研究结果为决策者提供了有关石油价格预期对通货膨胀和通货膨胀预期影响的有用信息。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Ethnicity and Gender Discrimination in Judging Resume Fraud and Counterproductive Workplace Behavior 探索在判断简历欺诈和工作场所反效果行为时的种族和性别歧视
Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4771469
Ze'ev Shtudiner, Arthur Fishman
The impact of ethnicity and gender on employment and income disparities in the labor market has been extensively studied, revealing patterns of discrimination. We focus on these specific attributes as potential influencers of perceptions regarding resume fraud and counterproductive behavior in the workplace. In our research, 1002 participants reviewed CVs of prospective job candidates and were subsequently informed about various instances of resume fraud and counterproductive behavior exhibited by the candidates. The names of the candidates were selected to reflect distinct ethnic origins and genders. Our findings indicate the presence of ethnic discrimination. Specifically, individuals within each ethnic group tended to evaluate candidates from their own group with less severity compared to candidates from the opposite group. We did not uncover any indications of gender bias; both male and female candidates were assessed in a similar manner. Our findings uncover ethnicity‐based discrimination in the evaluation of negative behavior within the workplace.
种族和性别对劳动力市场的就业和收入差距的影响已被广泛研究,并揭示了歧视的模式。我们将重点放在这些特定属性上,因为它们可能会影响人们对简历欺诈和工作场所中适得其反行为的看法。在我们的研究中,1002 名参与者审阅了潜在求职者的简历,随后被告知了求职者在简历中表现出的各种欺诈和适得其反的行为。应聘者的姓名经过挑选,以反映不同的种族出身和性别。我们的研究结果表明,民族歧视是存在的。具体来说,与来自相反族群的候选人相比,每个族群中的个人对本族群候选人的评价往往较轻。我们没有发现任何性别偏见的迹象;男性和女性候选人的评估方式相似。我们的研究结果揭示了在评估工作场所负面行为时基于种族的歧视。
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引用次数: 0
Eye-tracking Devices for Virtual and Augmented Reality Metaverse Environments and Their Compatibility With the European Union General Data Protection Regulation 用于虚拟和增强现实元环境的眼球跟踪设备及其与《欧盟通用数据保护条例》的兼容性
Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4660686
Natalia Menéndez González, Efe Bozkir
Even though the Metaverse from science fiction is not a reality yet, it is possible to take a glimpse into how it might look like. However, the current vision of the Metaverse does not only encompass software. A great deal of companies is complementing their Metaverse projects with Virtual and Augmented Reality devices such as headsets and glasses. In this line, one of the last technological advancements in virtual and augmented reality devices included the introduction of eye-tracking technology. However, when new and additional kinds of data are processed, emerging risks for data protection might arise. This paper will, therefore, discuss the compatibility of eye-tracking devices for virtual and augmented reality environments with the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Being the GDPR considered a worldwide role model in terms of fundamental rights protection, the compatibility of such devices with one of the most severe data protection regimes will be put to the hardest test. The paper will do so by analyzing the state of the art of the technology, its use in headsets and glasses for virtual and augmented reality Metaverse environments, and the potential risks that such use might entail for data protection. After that, such risks will be confronted with the relevant applicable provisions of the GDPR. Finally, the paper will issue policy recommendations.
尽管科幻小说中的 "元宇宙 "尚未成为现实,但我们还是有可能一窥它的模样。然而,目前的 Metaverse 不仅仅包括软件。许多公司都在利用虚拟现实和增强现实设备(如头盔和眼镜)对其 Metaverse 项目进行补充。在这方面,虚拟和增强现实设备的最新技术进步之一是引入了眼球跟踪技术。然而,在处理新的和更多类型的数据时,可能会出现新的数据保护风险。因此,本文将讨论虚拟和增强现实环境中的眼球跟踪设备与《欧盟通用数据保护条例》(GDPR)的兼容性问题。GDPR 被认为是基本权利保护方面的全球典范,因此此类设备与最严格的数据保护制度之一的兼容性将面临最严峻的考验。本文将通过分析该技术的现状、其在虚拟和增强现实 Metaverse 环境中的头戴式设备和眼镜中的应用,以及这种应用可能带来的数据保护潜在风险。之后,这些风险将与 GDPR 的相关适用条款进行比较。最后,本文将提出政策建议。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of a Prototypical Home Visiting Program on Child Skills 原型家访计划对儿童技能的影响
Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4682384
Jin Zhou, James J. Heckman, Bei Liu, Lu Mai
* This paper was first presented at a session of the ASSA January 2020 Annual Meetings in San Diego organized by Scott Rozelle who attended the session along with Orazio Attanasio. We thank the editor, Kevin Lang, and three anonymous referees for their helpful comments. CEHD acknowl-edges support from the Institute for New Economic Thinking, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health, and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under award number R37HD065072, NICHD R01HD103666
* 本文由斯科特-罗泽尔(Scott Rozelle)和奥拉西奥-阿塔纳西奥(Orazio Attanasio)共同组织,首次在圣地亚哥举行的 ASSA 2020 年 1 月年会上发表。我们感谢编辑 Kevin Lang 和三位匿名审稿人提出的有益意见。CEHD 感谢新经济思维研究所、美国国立卫生研究院尤妮斯-肯尼迪-施莱佛国家儿童健康与人类发展研究所的支持,奖励号分别为 R37HD065072、NICHD R01HD103666。
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引用次数: 0
Opinion of the European Copyright Society on Certain Selected Aspects of Case C-227/23, Kwantum Nederland and Kwantum België 欧洲版权协会关于 C-227/23 号案件(荷兰 Kwantum 和比利时 Kwantum)某些选定方面的意见
Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4795933
Mireille M. M. van Eechoud, Axel Metzger, J. Quintais, Ole-Andreas Rognstad
The Berne Convention underscores the national treatment of foreign authors, allowing countries of the Union to protect designs through various means. Article 2(7) of the Convention (Berne) introduces a material reciprocity test, limiting copyright protection for works of applied art not protected in their country of origin. The Kwantum case (C-227/23), involving a dispute over a work of design or applied art, questions the application of the reciprocity test in the light of harmonised copyright law and the decision by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in RAAP (C-265/19). The Dutch Supreme Court seeks clarity on whether EU law mandates a copyright limitation through reciprocity, especially for non-EU right holders. In EU law, the Design Directive and Design Regulation govern the relationship between copyright and design protection for works of applied art. Both instruments stress the possibility of the cumulation of rights, allowing registered designs to qualify for copyright protection. Judicial harmonisation, notably in Cofemel (C-683/17) and Brompton Bicycle (C-833/18), extended the originality requirements to all works – including works of applied art – and thus limited EU Member States’ autonomy. The proposed Design Directive and Design Regulation maintain the cumulation principle, aligning with CJEU case-law on originality. In this Opinion, the European Copyright Society (ECS) does not make any pronouncement on the desirability of cumulation. On the topic of material reciprocity, the CJEU ruled in RAAP that Art. 8(2) of the Rental and Lending Directive (RLD) prohibited a Member State from excluding non-EEA performers from equitable remuneration for communication to the public of their recordings. The Court clarified that limitations to this right could be introduced only by the EU legislature and had to comply with Art. 52(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFREU). Any limitation had to be clearly defined by law. The Court emphasised that any exclusion of non-EEA right holders from remuneration must be explicit, as the right fell within the fundamental right to intellectual property of Art. 17(2) CFREU. Additionally, the Court stated that Art. 8(2) RLD should not be interpreted as granting a remuneration right solely to the phonogram producer and excluding the performer who contributed to the phonogram. The ECS criticised the potential wider implications of RAAP, proposing an alternative interpretation of the remuneration right under Art. 4(2) of the WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), suggesting that it should apply only to performers towards whom a direct and unreserved obligation existed on the basis of the WPPT. The ECS also criticised the Court’s reliance on the CFREU, particularly insofar as the Court viewed harmonised rights as abstract rather than individual, thus creating uncertainty about limitations. The Court’s conclusion that only the EU legislature could limit the right for
伯尔尼公约》强调了外国作者的国民待遇,允许联盟各国通过各种方式保护外观设计。伯尔尼公约》第 2(7)条引入了实质性互惠测试,限制对在原属国不受保护的应用艺术作品的版权保护。Kwantum 案 (C-227/23) 涉及对外观设计或应用艺术作品的争议,该案根据统一版权法和欧盟法院 (CJEU) 在 RAAP 案 (C-265/19) 中的裁决,对互惠测试的适用提出了质疑。荷兰最高法院试图澄清欧盟法律是否规定通过互惠来限制版权,尤其是对非欧盟权利人而言。在欧盟法律中,《外观设计指令》和《外观设计条例》规定了应用艺术作品的版权和外观设计保护之间的关系。这两项文书都强调了权利累积的可能性,允许注册外观设计有资格获得版权保护。司法协调,特别是在 Cofemel 案(C-683/17)和 Brompton Bicycle 案(C-833/18)中,将独创性要求扩展到所有作品,包括应用艺术作品,从而限制了欧盟成员国的自主权。拟议的《外观设计指令》和《外观设计条例》维持了累积原则,与欧盟法院关于独创性的判例法保持一致。在本意见书中,欧洲版权协会 (ECS) 没有对累积原则的可取性发表任何意见。关于物质互惠的问题,欧盟法院在 RAAP 案中裁定,《出租和出售著作权法》第 8(2)条规定出租和出借指令》(RLD)第 8(2)条禁止成员国将非欧洲经济区的表演者排除在向公众传播其录音制品的公平报酬之外。法院明确指出,对这一权利的限制只能由欧盟立法机构引入,并且必须符合《欧洲经济区宪章》第 52(1)条的规定。欧盟基本权利宪章》(CFREU)第 52(1)条。任何限制都必须由法律明确规定。法院强调,任何排除非欧洲经济区权利持有人获得报酬的规定都必须明确,因为该权利属于《欧盟基本权利宪章》第 17(2) 条规定的知识产权基本权利。17(2) CFREU。此外,法院还指出,《欧洲语言使用法》第 8(2) 条不应该将非欧洲经济区的权利人排除在报酬之外。此外,法院还指出,《版权法》第 8(2)条不应被解释为只赋予录音制品制作者报酬权,而将为录音制品做出贡献的表演者排除在外。欧洲文化协会批评了 RAAP 可能产生的更广泛影响,提出了对《世界知识产权组织法》第 4(2) 条规定的报酬权的另一种解释。欧洲唱片业协会批评了 RAAP 可能产生的更广泛的影响,提出了对《世界知识产权组织表演和录音制品条约》(WPPT)第 4 条第(2)款规定的报酬权的另一种解释,认为它只应适用于根据《世界知识产权组织表演和录音制品条约》对其负有直接和无保留义务的表演者。欧洲文化学会还批评了法院对《欧洲文化权利公约》的依赖,特别是法院将协调的权利视为抽象的而非个别的权利,从而造成了限制的不确定性。法院认为只有欧盟立法机构才能限制非欧盟国家国民的权利,这一结论引起了人们对成员国过去适用实质互惠的担忧,而且该解释的追溯效力仍不明确,从而加剧了法律的不确定性。在 RAAP 案中,欧盟法院对 WPPT 进行了解释,强调欧盟法律应符合《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》和《伯尔尼公约》的核心条款。法院强调,实质性互惠必须在成文法中明确规定,只有欧盟立法机构才能根据统一规则(如《欧盟知识产权法》第 8(2)条)界定限制。8(2) RLD。然而,尽管在 Cofemel 和 Brompton Bicycle 等案件中确立了统一的概念,欧盟的设计立法还是赋予了成员国自主权。与 RAAP 案不同的是,在 Kwantum 案中,欧盟法院在解释欧盟应用艺术版权法时可能会更加灵活。Cofemel 案和 Brompton Bicycle 案等先例允许法院根据《伯尔尼公约》第 2(7)条解释实质性互惠,而无需立法。2(7)伯尔尼条款下的实质性互惠,而无需立法干预。法院的两种选择是将第 2(7)条解释为规定实质性互惠。法院有两种选择,一是将伯尔尼公约第 2(7)条解释为强制实行实质互惠,防止出现内部市场问题;二是宣布成员国的适用符合欧盟法律,无论它们是实行实质互惠还是根据伯尔尼公约第 19 条为应用艺术作品提供无保留的国民待遇。19 伯尔尼公约。比较 RAAP 和 Kwantum,物质互惠在 WPPT 第 4(2)条和 WPPT 第 4(3)条下有所不同。4(2)条和伯尔尼公约第2(7)条。伯尔尼公约》第 2(7)条。RAAP 涉及的是有条件的例外,而《伯尔尼公约》第 2(7)条则是有条件的例外。伯尔尼公约》第 2(7)条是一项强制性规则,意味着联盟各国必须拒绝对仅在原属国作为外观设计和模型受到保护的作品提供版权保护。如果欧盟法院认为《伯尔尼公约》第如果欧盟法院认为《伯尔尼公约》第 2(7)条限制了版权作为《欧洲文化权利与自由公约》第 17(2)条规定的知识产权,则《欧洲文化权利与自由公约》第 52(1)条的要求将被取消。如果欧盟法院认为《伯尔尼公约》第 2(7)条限制了《欧洲自由贸易联盟》第 17(2)条规定的作为知识产权的版权,那么《欧洲自由贸易联盟》第 52(1)条的要求已经满足,无需立法干预。 将这些考虑因素应用到 Kwantum 案中,可以注意到荷兰法律提供的保护并不比伯尔尼公约第 2(7)条多。2(7) Berne.鉴于《伯尔尼公约》第 2(7)条在荷兰法律秩序中优先于国内法,荷兰法律提供的保护并不比《伯尔尼公约》第 2(7) 条多。鉴于第 2(7)条在荷兰法律秩序中优先于国内法,荷兰法院必须适用实质性互惠条款,除非欧盟法律另有规定。我们认为,欧盟法院可以承认实质性互惠是欧盟法律的要求,或者宣布反映伯尔尼互惠条款的成员国规则与欧盟法律一致。总之,Kwantum 反映了 RAAP 带来的不确定性。欧洲文化中心主张对欧盟版权和相关权利的国际适用采取细致入微的方法,适当考虑作为欧盟法律秩序一部分的国际公约的规定。就应用艺术作品的版权保护而言,欧盟法院可以首先直接适用《伯尔尼公约》第 2 条第(7)款规定的互惠规则,也可以直接适用第 2 条第(8)款规定的互惠规则。就应用艺术作品的版权保护而言,欧盟法院第一步可以直接适用《伯尔尼公约》第 2(7)条规定的互惠规则,或者由成员国根据《伯尔尼公约》的原则决定实质互惠或国民待遇。作为第二步,欧盟立法机构最好通过立法干预,在更根本的层面上解决 RAAP 和 Kwantum 提出的问题。
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引用次数: 0
High-Status Versus Low-Status Stakeholders 地位高与地位低的利益相关者
Pub Date : 2024-07-21 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4694806
H. J. Pace
The literature on stakeholder theory has largely ignored the difficult and central issue of how judges and firms should resolve disputes among stakeholders. When the issue is addressed, focus has largely been on the potential for management to use stakeholder theory as cover for rent‐seeking or on disputes between classes of stakeholders. Sharply underappreciated is the potential for disparate interests within a stakeholder class. That potential is particularly acute due to a (largely education‐driven) stark and growing class divide in the United States. There is a substantial difference between the interests of a highly educated professional and managerial elite and a pink‐collar and blue‐collar working class who mostly do not hold 4‐year degrees. Despite their smaller numbers, the professional and managerial elite will frequently win out in intra‐stakeholder disputes with working‐class stakeholders due to their greater status, power, and influence. Because this class divide is cultural, social, and political, as well as economic, these disputes will go beyond financial pie‐splitting to culture war issues. This threatens to be destabilizing for both the republic and individual firms and undermines both the practical and ethical arguments for the stakeholder theory.
关于利益相关者理论的文献在很大程度上忽视了法官和公司应如何解决利益相关者之间争端这一棘手的核心问题。当这一问题被提及时,关注的焦点大多是管理层利用利益相关者理论进行寻租的可能性,或者是利益相关者类别之间的争端。而利益相关者群体内部可能存在的利益差异却被严重低估。在美国,由于阶级分化(主要是教育因素造成的)日益加剧,这种可能性尤为突出。受过高等教育的专业和管理精英与大多没有四年制学位的粉领和蓝领工人阶级之间的利益存在巨大差异。尽管专业和管理精英的人数较少,但由于他们的地位、权力和影响力更大,因此在利益相关者内部与工人阶级利益相关者的争端中,专业和管理精英往往会胜出。由于这种阶级分化既是文化、社会和政治方面的,也是经济方面的,因此,这些争端将超越经济分蛋糕的范畴,而涉及文化战争问题。这有可能破坏共和国和单个公司的稳定,并削弱利益相关者理论的实践和道德论据。
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引用次数: 0
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