Silvia Mendolia, Olena Stavrunova, Marian Vidal-Fernandez
{"title":"Birth Order Effects on Education: Insights from Low- and Middle-Income Countries","authors":"Silvia Mendolia, Olena Stavrunova, Marian Vidal-Fernandez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4892527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4892527","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21855,"journal":{"name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study longitudinally investigates the socioeconomic differentials in South Korean adolescents’ occupational aspiration development while they approach the post-secondary transition. It also takes into account the two-fold relation between socioeconomic status and academic performance in shaping occupational aspirations: mediation and interaction. Using the Korean Education and Employment Panel (KEEP), the study documents two main results. First, there exists a significant socioeconomic gap in Korean adolescents’ occupational aspirations which is neither widened nor narrowed over the transition period. Second, the relationship between socioeconomic status and academic performance is not limited to mediation but demonstrates a significant interaction in developing occupational aspirations.
{"title":"The Socioeconomic Gap in the Development of Korean Adolescents' Occupational Aspirations While Approaching the Post-Secondary Transition","authors":"Anna Yong, Sangwoo Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4742439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4742439","url":null,"abstract":"This study longitudinally investigates the socioeconomic differentials in South Korean adolescents’ occupational aspiration development while they approach the post-secondary transition. It also takes into account the two-fold relation between socioeconomic status and academic performance in shaping occupational aspirations: mediation and interaction. Using the Korean Education and Employment Panel (KEEP), the study documents two main results. First, there exists a significant socioeconomic gap in Korean adolescents’ occupational aspirations which is neither widened nor narrowed over the transition period. Second, the relationship between socioeconomic status and academic performance is not limited to mediation but demonstrates a significant interaction in developing occupational aspirations.","PeriodicalId":21855,"journal":{"name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.17.24310434
C. Arsene
CardioVascular (CV) Disease (CVD) accounts for 25% of all UK deaths [1-4]. Before developing and applying new or existing CV risk prediction tools [5-22] for prediction of incident CVD events, it is important to have a description of the baseline characteristics of the patients who experienced a myocardial Infarction (MI) event. This paper presents the baseline characteristics of a cohort of patients who experienced a first MI between 1st of January 2006 and 31st of December 2014 in England, UK, age equal or greater than 35 years
{"title":"Baseline characteristics among 101,407 people with myocardial infarction over nine-year time period: a population-based study using primary care data","authors":"C. Arsene","doi":"10.1101/2024.07.17.24310434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.17.24310434","url":null,"abstract":"CardioVascular (CV) Disease (CVD) accounts for 25% of all UK deaths [1-4]. Before developing and applying new or existing CV risk prediction tools [5-22] for prediction of incident CVD events, it is important to have a description of the baseline characteristics of the patients who experienced a myocardial Infarction (MI) event. This paper presents the baseline characteristics of a cohort of patients who experienced a first MI between 1st of January 2006 and 31st of December 2014 in England, UK, age equal or greater than 35 years","PeriodicalId":21855,"journal":{"name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141639776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Primary Dealer Constraints on Intermediation in the Treasury Market","authors":"Falk Bräuning, Hillary Stein","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4862212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4862212","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21855,"journal":{"name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simone Auer, Nicola Branzoli, Giuseppe Ferrero, Antonio Ilari, Francesco Palazzo, Edoardo Rainone
This paper examines the potential impact a central bank digital currency (CBDC) on banks’ balance sheets. We first analyze the possible implications of the introduction of a CBDC for the banking system and the economy as a whole. Our analysis indicates that the impact of a CBDC depends on a number of design choices and on how credit institutions re-optimize their balance sheets in response to the outflow of deposits caused by the substitution of private money with public digital money. We then present a series of illustrative simulations on the impact of a CBDC on the funding structure and profitability of credit institutions using data on Italian banks between June 2021 and March 2023. The analysis suggests that the overall impact on banks’ funding could be manageable in the presence of individual holding limits and in an environment characterized by ample liquidity and stable funding for credit institutions. The cost of covering the reduction of deposits would be relatively higher for intermediaries with low excess reserves and for those that may need to issue long-term liabilities to maintain stable funding levels above regulatory requirements.
{"title":"CBDC and the Banking System","authors":"Simone Auer, Nicola Branzoli, Giuseppe Ferrero, Antonio Ilari, Francesco Palazzo, Edoardo Rainone","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4849677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4849677","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper examines the potential impact a central bank digital currency (CBDC) on banks’ balance sheets. We first analyze the possible implications of the introduction of a CBDC for the banking system and the economy as a whole. Our analysis indicates that the impact of a CBDC depends on a number of design choices and on how credit institutions re-optimize their balance sheets in response to the outflow of deposits caused by the substitution of private money with public digital money. We then present a series of illustrative simulations on the impact of a CBDC on the funding structure and profitability of credit institutions using data on Italian banks between June 2021 and March 2023. The analysis suggests that the overall impact on banks’ funding could be manageable in the presence of individual holding limits and in an environment characterized by ample liquidity and stable funding for credit institutions. The cost of covering the reduction of deposits would be relatively higher for intermediaries with low excess reserves and for those that may need to issue long-term liabilities to maintain stable funding levels above regulatory requirements.","PeriodicalId":21855,"journal":{"name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Area- and Population-Based Geographic Crosswalks for U.S. Counties and Congressional Districts, 1790–2020","authors":"Andreas Ferrara, P. Testa, Liyang Zhou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4746816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4746816","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21855,"journal":{"name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Does online fundraising increase charitable giving? Using the Facebook advertising tool, we implemented a natural field experiment across Germany, randomly assigning almost 8,000 postal codes to Save the Children fundraising videos or to a pure control. We studied changes in the donation revenue and frequency for Save the Children and other charities by postal code. Our geo-randomized design circumvented many difficulties inherent in studies based on click-through data, especially substitution and measurement issues. We found that (i) video fundraising increased donation revenue and frequency to Save the Children during the campaign and in the subsequent five weeks, that (ii) the campaign was profitable for the fundraiser, and that (iii) the effects were similar independent of video content and impression assignment strategy. However, we also found some crowding out of donations to other similar charities or projects. Finally, we demonstrated that click data may be an inappropriate proxy for donations and recommend that managers use careful experimental designs that can plausibly evaluate the effects of advertising on relevant outcomes. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: M. Adena acknowledges financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Grants 417014946 and CRC TRR 190 (Project 280092119)]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.00596 .
{"title":"Does Online Fundraising Increase Charitable Giving? A Nationwide Field Experiment on Facebook","authors":"M. Adena, Anselm Hager","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4739903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4739903","url":null,"abstract":"Does online fundraising increase charitable giving? Using the Facebook advertising tool, we implemented a natural field experiment across Germany, randomly assigning almost 8,000 postal codes to Save the Children fundraising videos or to a pure control. We studied changes in the donation revenue and frequency for Save the Children and other charities by postal code. Our geo-randomized design circumvented many difficulties inherent in studies based on click-through data, especially substitution and measurement issues. We found that (i) video fundraising increased donation revenue and frequency to Save the Children during the campaign and in the subsequent five weeks, that (ii) the campaign was profitable for the fundraiser, and that (iii) the effects were similar independent of video content and impression assignment strategy. However, we also found some crowding out of donations to other similar charities or projects. Finally, we demonstrated that click data may be an inappropriate proxy for donations and recommend that managers use careful experimental designs that can plausibly evaluate the effects of advertising on relevant outcomes. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: M. Adena acknowledges financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Grants 417014946 and CRC TRR 190 (Project 280092119)]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.00596 .","PeriodicalId":21855,"journal":{"name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing use of internet in Nepal provides a developing prospect for online shopping. This study focuses the variables or the factors on which graduate students keep in mind while shopping through online. This research deals with the perception of graduate students towards online shopping in Nepalese context. The theoretical model of this research was based on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived risk and attitude of graduate students towards online shopping respectively. The theoretical model is also related to the online related lifestyle of graduate students. The study adopted the quantitative research design where data were collected through the distributed questionnaire. 300 samples of data were collected using electronic form (Google form). IBM SPSS (International Business Machine Statistical Package for Social Sciences) statistics 24 was used for the analysis of collected data. Descriptive analysis was conducted to describe and understand the feature specific data set where inferential statistics was employed to establish the relationship among the variables and to test the proposed hypothesis. The findings of the study showed that perception and attitude of graduate students towards online shopping is positive. There was also a significant relationship between perceived usefulness and attitude. There was significant relationship between perceived ease of use and attitude. Likewise there was significant relationship between perceived risk and attitude towards online shopping. Finally, the study provides insight for online related businessman and investors for the further development of online business.
互联网在尼泊尔的使用日益普及，为网上购物提供了广阔的发展前景。本研究的重点是研究生在网上购物时所考虑的变量或因素。本研究涉及尼泊尔研究生对网上购物的看法。本研究的理论模型分别基于研究生对网上购物的感知有用性、感知易用性、感知风险和态度。该理论模型还与研究生与网络相关的生活方式有关。本研究采用定量研究设计，通过发放问卷收集数据。使用电子表格（谷歌表格）收集了 300 份样本数据。收集到的数据使用 IBM SPSS（国际商业机器社会科学统计软件包）统计 24 进行分析。描述性分析用于描述和理解特定特征的数据集，推断性统计用于确定变量之间的关系和检验提出的假设。研究结果表明，研究生对网上购物的看法和态度是积极的。感知有用性与态度之间也存在重要关系。感知到的易用性与态度之间存在重要关系。同样，感知到的风险与对网上购物的态度之间也有重要关系。最后，本研究为与网上业务相关的商人和投资者提供了进一步发展网上业务的启示。
{"title":"Perception of Graduate Students of Nepal towards Online Shopping","authors":"Riyaz Poudel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4717944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4717944","url":null,"abstract":"The growing use of internet in Nepal provides a developing prospect for online shopping. This study focuses the variables or the factors on which graduate students keep in mind while shopping through online. This research deals with the perception of graduate students towards online shopping in Nepalese context. The theoretical model of this research was based on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived risk and attitude of graduate students towards online shopping respectively. The theoretical model is also related to the online related lifestyle of graduate students. The study adopted the quantitative research design where data were collected through the distributed questionnaire. 300 samples of data were collected using electronic form (Google form). IBM SPSS (International Business Machine Statistical Package for Social Sciences) statistics 24 was used for the analysis of collected data. Descriptive analysis was conducted to describe and understand the feature specific data set where inferential statistics was employed to establish the relationship among the variables and to test the proposed hypothesis. The findings of the study showed that perception and attitude of graduate students towards online shopping is positive. There was also a significant relationship between perceived usefulness and attitude. There was significant relationship between perceived ease of use and attitude. Likewise there was significant relationship between perceived risk and attitude towards online shopping. Finally, the study provides insight for online related businessman and investors for the further development of online business.","PeriodicalId":21855,"journal":{"name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141647241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) money markets have seen explosive growth in recent years, with billions of dollars borrowed in various cryptocurrency assets. Key to the safety of money markets is the implementation of interest rates that determine the cost of borrowing, and govern counterparty exposure and return. In traditional markets, interest rates are set by risk managers, portfolio managers, the Federal Reserve, and a myriad of other sources depending on the market function. DeFi enables an algorithmic approach that typically relies on interest rates being directly dependent on market utilization. The benefit of algorithmic interest rate management is the system's continual response to market behaviors in real time, and thus an inherent ability to mitigate risks on behalf of protocols and users. These interest rate strategies target an optimal utilization based on the protocol's risk threshold, but historically lack the ability to compensate for excessive or diminished utilization over time. This research investigates contemporary DeFi interest rate management strategies and their limitations. Furthermore, this paper introduces a time-weighted approach to interest rate management that implements a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control system to constantly adapt to market utilization patterns, addressing observed limitations.
{"title":"Adaptive Money Market Interest Rate Strategy Utilizing Control Theory","authors":"Yuval Boneh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4810469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4810469","url":null,"abstract":"Decentralized Finance (DeFi) money markets have seen explosive growth in recent years, with billions of dollars borrowed in various cryptocurrency assets. Key to the safety of money markets is the implementation of interest rates that determine the cost of borrowing, and govern counterparty exposure and return. In traditional markets, interest rates are set by risk managers, portfolio managers, the Federal Reserve, and a myriad of other sources depending on the market function. DeFi enables an algorithmic approach that typically relies on interest rates being directly dependent on market utilization. The benefit of algorithmic interest rate management is the system's continual response to market behaviors in real time, and thus an inherent ability to mitigate risks on behalf of protocols and users. These interest rate strategies target an optimal utilization based on the protocol's risk threshold, but historically lack the ability to compensate for excessive or diminished utilization over time. This research investigates contemporary DeFi interest rate management strategies and their limitations. Furthermore, this paper introduces a time-weighted approach to interest rate management that implements a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control system to constantly adapt to market utilization patterns, addressing observed limitations.","PeriodicalId":21855,"journal":{"name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141644423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The tendency to display transgression for individuals we consider close is higher than those we consider distant. And not always there is a "forgive and forget" in such interpersonal dynamics. This revenge-seeking may emerge as spitefulness in romantic relationships, in subtle forms of humor, and is linked with self-esteem. The present research aims to study whether humor and self-esteem increases or de-creases spitefulness among couples. A total of 100 participants (73 female, 27 male) from Mumbai and Bengaluru were asked to fill out a Google form consisting of the Humor Styles Questionnaire, Collective Self-Esteem Scale, and Spitefulness Scale respectively. The statistical tools used were – Pearson's product-moment correlation, two-way ANOVA, and one-way ANOVA. Highlights of the results section revealed there is a significant correlation between aggressive humor and spitefulness, and humor and self-esteem. Spitefulness was unrelated to other humor styles as well as self-esteem. Additional one-way ANOVA revealed difference in humor due to gender and relationship status, while self-esteem and spitefulness have little impact due to gender and relationship status. The study also high-lights the need for a new scale for measuring spitefulness and suggests future studies for a deeper understanding of the underplaying factors associated with spitefulness among couples. The study concludes by suggesting current romantic partners to develop higher self-esteem and benign humor styles to enhance romantic relationship.
{"title":"Humor, Self-Esteem, and Spite: Unraveling the Dynamics in Romantic Relationships","authors":"Hetika Kirti Dhakkan, Naila P","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4871148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4871148","url":null,"abstract":"The tendency to display transgression for individuals we consider close is higher than those we consider distant. And not always there is a \"forgive and forget\" in such interpersonal dynamics. This revenge-seeking may emerge as spitefulness in romantic relationships, in subtle forms of humor, and is linked with self-esteem. The present research aims to study whether humor and self-esteem increases or de-creases spitefulness among couples. A total of 100 participants (73 female, 27 male) from Mumbai and Bengaluru were asked to fill out a Google form consisting of the Humor Styles Questionnaire, Collective Self-Esteem Scale, and Spitefulness Scale respectively. The statistical tools used were – Pearson's product-moment correlation, two-way ANOVA, and one-way ANOVA. Highlights of the results section revealed there is a significant correlation between aggressive humor and spitefulness, and humor and self-esteem. Spitefulness was unrelated to other humor styles as well as self-esteem. Additional one-way ANOVA revealed difference in humor due to gender and relationship status, while self-esteem and spitefulness have little impact due to gender and relationship status. The study also high-lights the need for a new scale for measuring spitefulness and suggests future studies for a deeper understanding of the underplaying factors associated with spitefulness among couples. The study concludes by suggesting current romantic partners to develop higher self-esteem and benign humor styles to enhance romantic relationship.","PeriodicalId":21855,"journal":{"name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141645990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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