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Pandemic Layoffs and the Role of Stay-at-Home Orders 大流行病的裁员与留守订单的作用
Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4894607
Marianna Kudlyak, Erin L. Wolcott
We compile a novel high-frequency, detailed geographic dataset on mass layoffs from U.S. state labor departments. Using recent advances in difference-in-difference estimation with staggered treatment, we find that locally-mandated stay-at-home orders issued March 16–22, 2020 triggered mass layoffs equal to half a percent of the population in just one week. Our findings contribute to explanations for why job loss in 2020 was synchronous and catastrophic, yet temporary.
我们从美国各州的劳动部门收集整理了有关大规模裁员的新颖、高频、详细的地理数据集。利用最近在交错处理的差分估计方面取得的进展,我们发现 2020 年 3 月 16-22 日当地发布的待业令在短短一周内引发了相当于半数人口的大规模裁员。我们的发现有助于解释为什么 2020 年的失业是同步的、灾难性的,但又是暂时的。
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引用次数: 0
Retail and Institutional Investor Trading Behaviors: Evidence from China 散户和机构投资者的交易行为:来自中国的证据
Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4620780
Lin Tan, Xiaoyan Zhang, Xinran Zhang
We study two important questions regarding trading dynamics in China: How do retail and institutional investors trade, and what are the underlying factors for these behaviors? Different from the United States, China's stock market has two prominent features: dominance of retail investors and active participation by the government. After reviewing nearly 100 previous studies, we reach three conclusions. First, there are substantial heterogeneity in retail investors. Small retail investors have low financial literacy, exhibit behavioral biases, and not surprisingly, negatively predict future returns, whereas large retail investors and institutions are capable of processing information and positively predict future returns. Second, the macro- and firm-level information environment in China is slowly but gradually improving, which greatly affects trading behaviors of different investors, especially the more sophisticated institutional investors and large retail investors. Finally, the Chinese government actively adjusts their regulations on the stock market to serve the dual goals of growth and stability. Many regulations are effective, while some may generate unintended consequences.
我们研究了有关中国交易动态的两个重要问题:散户和机构投资者是如何交易的?与美国不同,中国股市有两个显著特点:散户主导和政府积极参与。在回顾了以往近百项研究后,我们得出了三个结论。首先,散户投资者存在很大的异质性。小散户投资者金融知识水平低,表现出行为偏差,对未来收益的预测为负,这一点不足为奇;而大散户投资者和机构有能力处理信息,对未来收益的预测为正。其次,中国宏观和公司层面的信息环境正在缓慢而逐步地改善,这在很大程度上影响了不同投资者的交易行为,尤其是较为成熟的机构投资者和大型散户投资者。最后,中国政府积极调整对股市的监管,以实现增长和稳定的双重目标。许多法规是有效的,而有些法规可能会产生意想不到的后果。
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引用次数: 0
AI Companions Reduce Loneliness 人工智能伴侣减少孤独感
Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4893097
Julian De Freitas, A. K. Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Puntoni Stefano
Chatbots are now able to engage in sophisticated conversations with consumers in the domain of relationships, providing a potential coping solution to widescale societal loneliness. Behavioral research provides little insight into whether these applications are effective at alleviating loneliness. We address this question by focusing on AI companions applications designed to provide consumers with synthetic interaction partners. Studies 1 and 2 find suggestive evidence that consumers use AI companions to alleviate loneliness, by employing a novel methodology for fine tuning large language models to detect loneliness in conversations and reviews. Study 3 finds that AI companions successfully alleviate loneliness on par only with interacting with another person, and more than other activities such watching YouTube videos. Moreover, consumers underestimate the degree to which AI companions improve their loneliness. Study 4 uses a longitudinal design and finds that an AI companion consistently reduces loneliness over the course of a week. Study 5 provides evidence that both the chatbots' performance and, especially, whether it makes users feel heard, explain reductions in loneliness. Study 6 provides an additional robustness check for the loneliness alleviating benefits of AI companions.
聊天机器人现在能够在人际关系领域与消费者进行复杂的对话,为广泛的社会孤独感提供了一种潜在的应对方案。关于这些应用是否能有效缓解孤独感,行为学研究提供的洞察很少。为了解决这个问题,我们重点研究了旨在为消费者提供合成互动伙伴的人工智能伴侣应用。研究 1 和研究 2 发现,通过采用新颖的方法微调大型语言模型来检测对话和评论中的孤独感,消费者使用人工智能伴侣来缓解孤独感的证据具有暗示性。研究 3 发现,人工智能伴侣成功缓解了孤独感,其效果仅次于与他人互动,超过了观看 YouTube 视频等其他活动。此外,消费者低估了人工智能伴侣改善其孤独感的程度。研究 4 采用纵向设计,发现人工智能伴侣能在一周内持续减少孤独感。研究 5 提供的证据表明,聊天机器人的性能,尤其是它是否能让用户感到被倾听,是孤独感减少的原因。研究 6 为人工智能伴侣缓解孤独感的益处提供了额外的稳健性检验。
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引用次数: 0
A Narrative Review on Trypanosomiasis and its Effect on Food Production 关于锥虫病及其对粮食生产影响的叙述性综述
Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4831532
Isaac Onyam, Manasseh Adorm Otabil, Ekow Sekyi Etwire, Kenneth Kwansa-Aidoo, S. Adadey, William Ekloh
Trypanosomiasis is an endemic parasitic disease affecting both humans and animal with a severe negative impact on food production in almost all parts of the world. This review seeks to summarize the history of trypanosomiasis and examine the prevalence of trypanosome infection in animals and its effects on food production. A narrative review was conducted on the history of trypanosomiasis. The literature search was conducted on different databases, and selected articles were screened, data extracted, and analyzed. It is believed that trypanosomiasis has been in existence for several decades dating as far as about 2500 BC during the era of the Egyptian kingdom. Africa was found to have the most common cases of animal trypanosomiasis, with 36 out of 40 articles reporting cases. Cattle among other mammals are the most studied animals and they are the most affected. Hence, milk and meat production are greatly affected by trypanosomiasis. The age of animals and the feed provided to animals also played a role in the prevalence and distribution of the pathogen. This review reveals a wide geographical distribution and diverse host range of trypanosome species. The study also highlights the severity of trypanosomiasis and its impact on food production.
锥虫病是一种影响人类和动物的地方性寄生虫病,几乎对世界各地的粮食生产都有严重的负面影响。本综述旨在总结锥虫病的历史,研究动物锥虫感染的流行情况及其对粮食生产的影响。我们对锥虫病的历史进行了叙述性综述。在不同的数据库中进行了文献检索,并对所选文章进行了筛选、数据提取和分析。据信,锥虫病早在公元前约 2500 年的埃及王国时代就已存在。研究发现,非洲的动物锥虫病病例最为常见,40 篇文章中有 36 篇报告了病例。在其他哺乳动物中,牛是研究最多的动物,也是受影响最大的动物。因此,锥虫病对牛奶和肉类的产量影响很大。动物的年龄和提供给动物的饲料也对病原体的流行和分布产生了影响。本综述揭示了锥虫物种广泛的地理分布和多样的宿主范围。研究还强调了锥虫病的严重性及其对粮食生产的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Leveraging Linked Data for Knowledge Management: A Proposal for the Aerospace Industry 利用关联数据进行知识管理:针对航空航天业的建议
Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4703237
Tyler Procko, Omar Ochoa
Within a given subculture or industry, knowledge proliferates insofar as those outside the sphere of knowledge lack an understanding of the terms, concepts, and ideas specific to the domain. Moreover, collaborative work within large industries suffers from a lack of understanding between collaborators and from the use of nonstructured legacy knowledge artifacts. The aerospace and defense industries are no exception; indeed, they present examples of some of the largest industries with extensive projects and a diverse array of applications. This paper presents a state-of-the-art literature review of knowledge management and knowledge collaboration systems in the aerospace and defense industries. Based on the review findings, a proposal for an extensible and queryable knowledge management system for aerospace industry workspaces using the Web Ontology Language of the Semantic Web is presented.
在特定的亚文化或行业中,只要知识领域之外的人对该领域特有的术语、概念和思想缺乏了解,知识就会扩散。此外,大型行业内的合作工作也因合作者之间缺乏理解和使用非结构化的遗留知识人工制品而受到影响。航空航天和国防工业也不例外;事实上,它们是一些拥有大量项目和各种应用的最大行业的典范。本文对航空航天和国防工业中的知识管理和知识协作系统进行了最新文献综述。在综述结果的基础上,本文提出了一项建议,即使用语义网的网络本体语言,为航空航天业工作区设计一个可扩展、可查询的知识管理系统。
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引用次数: 0
Delegation in Hiring: Evidence from a Two-Sided Audit 招聘中的授权:来自双面审计的证据
Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4828413
Bo Cowgill, P. Perkowski
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引用次数: 0
Taxing Undocumented Immigrants Redux 向无证移民征税再现
Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4858236
Francine J. Lipman
     
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引用次数: 0
Geometrical Analysis of Spacelike and Timelike Rectifying Curves and their Applications 时空整流曲线的几何分析及其应用
Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4789269
M. K. Saad
In the light of great importance of curves and their frames in many different branches of science, especially differential geometry as well as geometric properties and their uses in various fields, we are interested here to study a special kind of curves called rectifying curves. We consider some characterizations of a non-lightlike curve has a spacelike or timelike rectifying plane in pseudo-Euclidean space E13. Then, we demonstrate that the proportion of curvatures of any spacelike or timelike rectifying curve is a non-constant linear function of the arc length parameter s. Finally, we defray a computational example to support our main findings.
鉴于曲线及其框架在许多不同的科学分支,特别是微分几何以及几何特性及其在各个领域的应用中的重要性,我们有兴趣在此研究一种特殊的曲线,即整定曲线。我们考虑了在伪欧几里得空间 E13 中具有空间或时间整流平面的非光样曲线的一些特征。然后,我们证明了任何空间或时间整流曲线的曲率比例都是弧长参数 s 的非恒定线性函数。
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引用次数: 0
From Feeds to Inboxes: A Comparative Study of Polarization in Facebook and Email News Sharing 从订阅到收件箱:Facebook 和电子邮件新闻分享两极分化的比较研究
Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4666856
Hema Yoganarasimhan, Irina Iakovetskaia
This study explores the polarization of news content shared on Facebook compared with email using data from the New York Times’ Most Emailed and Most Shared lists over 2.5 years. Employing latent Dirichlet allocation and large language models (LLMs), we find that highly polarized articles are more likely to be shared on Facebook (versus email), even after accounting for factors like topics, emotion, and article age. Additionally, distinct topic preferences emerge, with social issues dominating Facebook shares and lifestyle topics prevalent in emails. Contrary to expectations, political polarization of articles shared on Facebook did not escalate post-2020 election. We introduce a novel approach to measuring polarization of text content that leverages generative artificial intelligence models, like ChatGPT, and it is both scalable and cost effective. This research contributes to the evolving intersection of LLMs, social media, and polarization studies, shedding light on descriptive patterns of content dissemination across different digital channels. This paper was accepted by Duncan Simester, marketing. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.04134 .
本研究利用《纽约时报》2.5 年来的 "最常发送邮件列表 "和 "最常分享列表 "中的数据,探讨了与电子邮件相比,在 Facebook 上分享的新闻内容的两极分化问题。通过使用潜狄利克特分配和大语言模型(LLMs),我们发现,即使考虑了主题、情感和文章年龄等因素,两极分化严重的文章也更有可能在 Facebook(相对于电子邮件)上被分享。此外,还出现了不同的话题偏好,社会问题在 Facebook 上的分享占主导地位,而生活方式话题则在电子邮件中占主导地位。与预期相反,2020 年大选之后,在 Facebook 上分享的文章的政治极化程度并没有升级。我们介绍了一种测量文本内容两极分化的新方法,该方法利用生成式人工智能模型(如 ChatGPT),具有可扩展性和成本效益。这项研究有助于LLM、社交媒体和极化研究之间不断发展的交叉领域,揭示不同数字渠道内容传播的描述性模式。本文由 Duncan Simester(市场营销)接受。补充材料:在线附录和数据文件可在 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.04134 上获取。
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引用次数: 1
Verification Theorem Related to a Zero Sum Stochastic Differential Game Via Fukushima-Dirichlet Decomposition 通过福岛-Dirichlet 分解与零和随机微分博弈相关的验证定理
Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4787977
Carlo Ciccarella, Francesco Russo
We establish a verification theorem, inspired by those existing in stochastic control, to demonstrate how a pair of progressively measurable controls can form a Nash equilibrium in a stochastic zero-sum differential game. Specifically, we suppose that a pathwise-type Isaacs condition is satisfied together with the existence of what is termed a quasi-strong solution to the Bellman-Isaacs (BI)equations. In that case we are able to show that the value of the game is achieved and corresponds exactly to the unique solution of the BI equations. Those have also been applied for improving a well-known verification theorem in stochastic control theory. In so doing, we have implemented new techniques of stochastic calculus via regularizations, developing specific chain rules.
我们受随机控制领域现有定理的启发,建立了一个验证定理,证明一对逐步可测的控制如何在随机零和微分博弈中形成纳什均衡。具体来说,我们假设满足路径型艾萨克斯条件,同时存在所谓的贝尔曼-艾萨克斯方程(BI)的准强解。在这种情况下,我们就能证明博弈的价值已经实现,并且与 BI 方程的唯一解完全一致。我们还将这些应用于改进随机控制理论中一个著名的验证定理。在此过程中,我们通过正则化实现了随机微积分的新技术,并开发了特定的链式规则。
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引用次数: 0
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SSRN Electronic Journal
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