Pub Date : 2007-11-20DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2007.015805
J. Paden, P. K. Tewari, D. Venkatram, D. Barnabas
A new spray-type flash evaporator is suggested for the application of saline water desalination. The flash evaporator is 1000 mm in height and 1200 mm in diameter, with a water injection arrangement inside. The evaporator design is based on experiments conducted at vacuum pressures between 10 and 18 mm of Hg, and at saline feed water temperatures between 26?C and 32?C. The saline water is injected into a vapouriser through a pair of high-flow swirl injectors with a nominal flow rate of 1.5 litre/sec. per jet and the distance between the injectors is taken as 200 mm for design. The influence of the different thermal, hydrodynamic and geometric parameters on the evaporator performances was investigated. The results obtained are presented, which prove the validity of the proposed system.
{"title":"Spray flash evaporator for low-temperature saline water desalination application","authors":"J. Paden, P. K. Tewari, D. Venkatram, D. Barnabas","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2007.015805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2007.015805","url":null,"abstract":"A new spray-type flash evaporator is suggested for the application of saline water desalination. The flash evaporator is 1000 mm in height and 1200 mm in diameter, with a water injection arrangement inside. The evaporator design is based on experiments conducted at vacuum pressures between 10 and 18 mm of Hg, and at saline feed water temperatures between 26?C and 32?C. The saline water is injected into a vapouriser through a pair of high-flow swirl injectors with a nominal flow rate of 1.5 litre/sec. per jet and the distance between the injectors is taken as 200 mm for design. The influence of the different thermal, hydrodynamic and geometric parameters on the evaporator performances was investigated. The results obtained are presented, which prove the validity of the proposed system.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125331104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-20DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2007.015800
A. Raha, A. Srivastava, I. Rao, M. Majumdar, V. Srivastava, P. K. Tewari
Utilisation of waste heat is one of the ecofriendly ways to produce low-cost desalted water. Keeping this in mind, Low-Temperature Evaporation (LTE) desalination technology utilising low-quality waste heat in the form of hot water (as low as 50?C) or low-pressure steam (0.13 bar) has been developed to produce high-purity water (conductivity <2 ?S/cm) directly from seawater. LTE technology has found major applications in nuclear reactors to produce high-quality desalted water for make-up water requirements. Continuous and successful operation of a 30 Te/day LTE desalination plant utilising waste heat from the CIRUS nuclear research reactor has demonstrated the safety, reliability, exceptional plant availability and economics of nuclear desalination by LTE technology. Utilisation of waste heat from the Main Heat Transport (MHT) purification circuit of an Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) to produce about 250 Te/day of high-quality desalinated water is also proposed. Recently, we have commissioned a 50 Te/day two-effect low-temperature desalination plant with cooling tower where the specific energy and cooling water requirements are significantly reduced. This paper discusses the salient features of the LTE desalination plant, its applications and advantages.
{"title":"Seawater desalination utilising waste heat by low-temperature evaporation","authors":"A. Raha, A. Srivastava, I. Rao, M. Majumdar, V. Srivastava, P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2007.015800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2007.015800","url":null,"abstract":"Utilisation of waste heat is one of the ecofriendly ways to produce low-cost desalted water. Keeping this in mind, Low-Temperature Evaporation (LTE) desalination technology utilising low-quality waste heat in the form of hot water (as low as 50?C) or low-pressure steam (0.13 bar) has been developed to produce high-purity water (conductivity <2 ?S/cm) directly from seawater. LTE technology has found major applications in nuclear reactors to produce high-quality desalted water for make-up water requirements. Continuous and successful operation of a 30 Te/day LTE desalination plant utilising waste heat from the CIRUS nuclear research reactor has demonstrated the safety, reliability, exceptional plant availability and economics of nuclear desalination by LTE technology. Utilisation of waste heat from the Main Heat Transport (MHT) purification circuit of an Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) to produce about 250 Te/day of high-quality desalinated water is also proposed. Recently, we have commissioned a 50 Te/day two-effect low-temperature desalination plant with cooling tower where the specific energy and cooling water requirements are significantly reduced. This paper discusses the salient features of the LTE desalination plant, its applications and advantages.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125728778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-20DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2007.015803
B. Misra
This paper deals with the role of nuclear energy for large-scale economic production of fresh potable water from seawater. It also deals with the environmental and sustainability aspects of different desalination processes using various energy sources. Water cost-reduction strategies in nuclear desalination plants are particularly discussed in the paper.
{"title":"Alternative energy sources for seawater desalination","authors":"B. Misra","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2007.015803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2007.015803","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the role of nuclear energy for large-scale economic production of fresh potable water from seawater. It also deals with the environmental and sustainability aspects of different desalination processes using various energy sources. Water cost-reduction strategies in nuclear desalination plants are particularly discussed in the paper.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121758152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-20DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2007.015801
A. Adak, G. Kishore, V. Srivastava, P. K. Tewari
Desalination plants based on Mechanical Vapour Compression (MVC) technology are inherently the most thermodynamically efficient. The thermodynamic efficiency of the MVC process is derived from the application of the heat pump principle. A single unit of a two-effect MVC desalination pilot plant of 50 m 3 /day capacity has recently been commissioned at Trombay, Mumbai. The desalination unit is very compact and unique in the seawater desalination technologies and is being operated by using electricity only. Horizontal tube thin-film spray desalination evaporators are used for efficient heat transfer. It is suitable for a site where feed water is highly saline and condenser cooling water is absent, and where a thermal heat source is not available. The unit produces high-quality water, nearly demineralised (DM) quality directly from seawater. There is no need for a polishing unit and product water can be used directly as make-up of boiler feed and for other high-quality process water requirements in industry. This paper includes the design and highlights the technical features of this unit.
{"title":"Mechanical vapour compression desalination plant at Trombay","authors":"A. Adak, G. Kishore, V. Srivastava, P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2007.015801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2007.015801","url":null,"abstract":"Desalination plants based on Mechanical Vapour Compression (MVC) technology are inherently the most thermodynamically efficient. The thermodynamic efficiency of the MVC process is derived from the application of the heat pump principle. A single unit of a two-effect MVC desalination pilot plant of 50 m 3 /day capacity has recently been commissioned at Trombay, Mumbai. The desalination unit is very compact and unique in the seawater desalination technologies and is being operated by using electricity only. Horizontal tube thin-film spray desalination evaporators are used for efficient heat transfer. It is suitable for a site where feed water is highly saline and condenser cooling water is absent, and where a thermal heat source is not available. The unit produces high-quality water, nearly demineralised (DM) quality directly from seawater. There is no need for a polishing unit and product water can be used directly as make-up of boiler feed and for other high-quality process water requirements in industry. This paper includes the design and highlights the technical features of this unit.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122822478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-20DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2007.015804
R. Abraham
A desalination plant of 100 m? per day capacity utilising the thermocline across the ocean depth was commissioned in Kavaratti Island, India during May 2005 and it is operational till date. The flash evaporation of warm surface seawater is followed by the condensation of vapour utilising deep-sea cold water. The plant draws water from 330 m depth at 12?C. A 1 MLD capacity floating plant was demonstrated during April?May 2006 off Chennai. Deep sea cold water was drawn to the barge from a depth of 620 m at 10.2?C using a High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) pipe of 1000 mm diameter suspended vertically. The surface seawater at 30?C was flash-evaporated inside the flash chamber positioned at about 10.5 m from the sea level for gravity flow. The generated vapour from the flash chamber was admitted to a shell and tube condenser in which the cooling medium is cold water. Aluminium tubes were used in the condenser at an inclination of 5? to prevent the tube inundation during the condensation. A booster-assisted water ring vacuum pump was used to generate the vacuum of 22?30 mbar. The floating plant was in operation for about 22 days and several parametric studies were carried out. Heat transfer and hydraulic characteristics of the system were studied. The paper discusses the technical studies on the desalination plant.
一个100米的海水淡化厂?2005年5月在印度Kavaratti岛启用了利用跨越海洋深度的温跃层的每日能力，并一直运行至今。暖表面海水的瞬间蒸发之后，是利用深海冷水的蒸汽凝结。该工厂从330米深、12摄氏度的地方取水。一个容量为1 MLD的浮式装置在4月份进行了演示。2006年5月在金奈附近。深海冷水从620米深处以10.2?C采用直径1000mm的HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene)管材垂直悬挂。表层海水的温度是30?C在距离海平面约10.5 m的闪蒸室中进行闪蒸，用于重力流。从闪蒸室产生的蒸汽进入壳管式冷凝器，其中冷却介质为冷水。冷凝器采用铝管，倾斜为5?防止冷凝过程中管道被水淹没。采用增压器辅助水环真空泵产生22?30 mbar。浮动装置运行了大约22天，并进行了几项参数研究。对系统的传热特性和水力特性进行了研究。本文对海水淡化装置的技术研究进行了探讨。
{"title":"Experimental studies on a desalination plant using ocean temperature difference","authors":"R. Abraham","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2007.015804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2007.015804","url":null,"abstract":"A desalination plant of 100 m? per day capacity utilising the thermocline across the ocean depth was commissioned in Kavaratti Island, India during May 2005 and it is operational till date. The flash evaporation of warm surface seawater is followed by the condensation of vapour utilising deep-sea cold water. The plant draws water from 330 m depth at 12?C. A 1 MLD capacity floating plant was demonstrated during April?May 2006 off Chennai. Deep sea cold water was drawn to the barge from a depth of 620 m at 10.2?C using a High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) pipe of 1000 mm diameter suspended vertically. The surface seawater at 30?C was flash-evaporated inside the flash chamber positioned at about 10.5 m from the sea level for gravity flow. The generated vapour from the flash chamber was admitted to a shell and tube condenser in which the cooling medium is cold water. Aluminium tubes were used in the condenser at an inclination of 5? to prevent the tube inundation during the condensation. A booster-assisted water ring vacuum pump was used to generate the vacuum of 22?30 mbar. The floating plant was in operation for about 22 days and several parametric studies were carried out. Heat transfer and hydraulic characteristics of the system were studied. The paper discusses the technical studies on the desalination plant.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114351409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-20DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2007.015797
P. K. Tewari
The demand for water in India is increasing rapidly owing to progressive increase in the use of water for irrigation, rapid industrialisation, population growth and improving life standards. A holistic approach is therefore required to cope with the freshwater needs of the country. It includes: seawater desalination in coastal areas; brackish water desalination; water purification; water reuse; rainwater harvesting; water supply schemes. The contribution of seawater and brackish water desalination would play an important role in augmenting the freshwater needs of the country.
{"title":"The potential for desalination in India","authors":"P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2007.015797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2007.015797","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for water in India is increasing rapidly owing to progressive increase in the use of water for irrigation, rapid industrialisation, population growth and improving life standards. A holistic approach is therefore required to cope with the freshwater needs of the country. It includes: seawater desalination in coastal areas; brackish water desalination; water purification; water reuse; rainwater harvesting; water supply schemes. The contribution of seawater and brackish water desalination would play an important role in augmenting the freshwater needs of the country.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128392565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-20DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2007.015799
Meenakshi Jain
This paper presents an overview of the impacts of climate variability and the expected consequences of climate change in India, and discusses possible solutions for coping with those changes within the context of integrated water resource management.
{"title":"Climate change: a critical challenge for the water sector","authors":"Meenakshi Jain","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2007.015799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2007.015799","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an overview of the impacts of climate variability and the expected consequences of climate change in India, and discusses possible solutions for coping with those changes within the context of integrated water resource management.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129188858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2007.013546
A. Karameldin, M. M. Shamloul, M. R. Shaalan, M. Esawy
The present study considers the dynamic behaviour of the pressurised water reactor safety features, represented by the integrity of the fuel cladding, under some transient cases. A cosine-shaped heating through the fuel is taken with the corresponding coolant lumps, to simulate realistic cases encountered in nuclear reactors. A mathematical model was developed for the Westinghouse 3411 MWth pressurised water reactor, as an example of a familiar design with predominantly published data design. The model consists of two parts. The first part is concerned with the dynamics of the primary side of the reactor, which is described in this paper. The second part is concerned with the secondary side of the plant, which is described elsewhere in this issue. To study the dynamics of the reactor, a model of 17 lumped parameters was used, consisting of first-order differential equations deduced from the first principles considering six groups of delayed neutrons. A computer program was developed using the Runge-Kutta method to solve these equations and to predict the behaviour of the state variables with time. Two case studies were considered as examples for normal transients. The first case study, which represents Part 1 of this study, considers the effect of primary side transient on the system as the reactivity changes. Reactor reactivity changes, including movements of the reactor control rods, which are taken as an example for the effect of the reactor primary side conditions. These reactivity changes vary from 0.0005 up to 0.003, both for positive and negative reactivity. The results of the developed model, which describe the dynamic response of the reactor primary circuit, have been analysed and verified with the relevant models. These results indicate that the reactor components and the integrity of the fuel cladding were attained during different step changes of reactivity.
{"title":"Dynamics of reverse osmosis in a standalone cogenerative nuclear reactor (Part I: reactivity changes)","authors":"A. Karameldin, M. M. Shamloul, M. R. Shaalan, M. Esawy","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2007.013546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2007.013546","url":null,"abstract":"The present study considers the dynamic behaviour of the pressurised water reactor safety features, represented by the integrity of the fuel cladding, under some transient cases. A cosine-shaped heating through the fuel is taken with the corresponding coolant lumps, to simulate realistic cases encountered in nuclear reactors. A mathematical model was developed for the Westinghouse 3411 MWth pressurised water reactor, as an example of a familiar design with predominantly published data design. The model consists of two parts. The first part is concerned with the dynamics of the primary side of the reactor, which is described in this paper. The second part is concerned with the secondary side of the plant, which is described elsewhere in this issue. To study the dynamics of the reactor, a model of 17 lumped parameters was used, consisting of first-order differential equations deduced from the first principles considering six groups of delayed neutrons. A computer program was developed using the Runge-Kutta method to solve these equations and to predict the behaviour of the state variables with time. Two case studies were considered as examples for normal transients. The first case study, which represents Part 1 of this study, considers the effect of primary side transient on the system as the reactivity changes. Reactor reactivity changes, including movements of the reactor control rods, which are taken as an example for the effect of the reactor primary side conditions. These reactivity changes vary from 0.0005 up to 0.003, both for positive and negative reactivity. The results of the developed model, which describe the dynamic response of the reactor primary circuit, have been analysed and verified with the relevant models. These results indicate that the reactor components and the integrity of the fuel cladding were attained during different step changes of reactivity.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127136784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2007.013551
S. Joshi, C. V. Devmurari, J. Trivedi, A. Rao, V. Shah, P. Ghosh
The improvements in flux and membrane designs have enabled us to install smaller and economical two-stage reverse osmosis systems suitable for small village communities situated near coastal areas to provide safe drinking water. In addition, the advent of higher productivity and better salt rejection membranes has allowed us to operate the systems at low pressure in both stages. Our two-stage sequential reverse osmosis system has been field tested, and proved economically feasible. The product water quality obtained from this system is 500 ppm to 700 ppm from highly saline (equivalent to seawater, 35,000 ppm) water. The two-stage reverse osmosis design permits the system to operate for much longer periods using the same membrane modules and to produce better-quality product water. Reported herein are the results of the application of the high-flux thin-film composite membrane in a two-stage desalination plant to treat highly saline groundwater at village Nelmadur in Ramnathpuram district in Tamil Nadu.
{"title":"Application of high flux brackish water thin film composite membranes in the desalination of highly saline ground water","authors":"S. Joshi, C. V. Devmurari, J. Trivedi, A. Rao, V. Shah, P. Ghosh","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2007.013551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2007.013551","url":null,"abstract":"The improvements in flux and membrane designs have enabled us to install smaller and economical two-stage reverse osmosis systems suitable for small village communities situated near coastal areas to provide safe drinking water. In addition, the advent of higher productivity and better salt rejection membranes has allowed us to operate the systems at low pressure in both stages. Our two-stage sequential reverse osmosis system has been field tested, and proved economically feasible. The product water quality obtained from this system is 500 ppm to 700 ppm from highly saline (equivalent to seawater, 35,000 ppm) water. The two-stage reverse osmosis design permits the system to operate for much longer periods using the same membrane modules and to produce better-quality product water. Reported herein are the results of the application of the high-flux thin-film composite membrane in a two-stage desalination plant to treat highly saline groundwater at village Nelmadur in Ramnathpuram district in Tamil Nadu.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128764582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-05-07DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2007.013545
Abderrahim Abbas
The performance of Reverse Osmosis (RO) water desalination processes was investigated using a simulated brackish water plant based on spiral-wound membranes. A semi-rigorous mathematical model was employed in the simulation to calculate the water and salt fluxes at any point along the filtration channel. The effects of two key parameters, namely the transmembrane pressure and membrane surface area, on the performance of the process were investigated. Some insights into the performance limitation of RO processes were obtained. The rapid increase in the osmotic pressure of the brine was found to be the main factor which limits the performance of the plant. The study has also revealed that any attempts to develop new membranes for brackish water desalination which withstand higher operating pressures than 4.5 MPa will not result in significant gains in the plant performance. For seawaters having high salinity, the development of membranes, which operate at a pressure of up to 10 MPa, will significantly improve the membrane's productivity.
{"title":"On the performance limitation of reverse osmosis water desalination systems","authors":"Abderrahim Abbas","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2007.013545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2007.013545","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of Reverse Osmosis (RO) water desalination processes was investigated using a simulated brackish water plant based on spiral-wound membranes. A semi-rigorous mathematical model was employed in the simulation to calculate the water and salt fluxes at any point along the filtration channel. The effects of two key parameters, namely the transmembrane pressure and membrane surface area, on the performance of the process were investigated. Some insights into the performance limitation of RO processes were obtained. The rapid increase in the osmotic pressure of the brine was found to be the main factor which limits the performance of the plant. The study has also revealed that any attempts to develop new membranes for brackish water desalination which withstand higher operating pressures than 4.5 MPa will not result in significant gains in the plant performance. For seawaters having high salinity, the development of membranes, which operate at a pressure of up to 10 MPa, will significantly improve the membrane's productivity.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"17 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132871450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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