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Research of the Annealing Process of Capillary Tubes for the Manufacture of Medical Syringes 医用注射器毛细管退火工艺研究
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223700055
B. P. Yurev, V. A. Dudko

Abstract

At the Pervouralsk New Pipe Plant, in collaboration with the staff of the Ural Federal University, a technological scheme for the production of capillary tubes used for manufacturing disposable medical syringes was developed and implemented. To achieve the desired tube size, the tubes undergo drawing, followed by annealing in a continuous electric furnace with a protective atmosphere to relieve stress. To optimize the annealing process of the tubes, thermal losses were determined based on heat engineering calculations, which allowed for the optimization of furnace power. A calculation of heating elements was performed, determining the diameter and total length of the wire heaters. A method for calculating the heating time of thin bodies for capillary tubes of a given size was substantiated. Based on the constancy of the temperature in the furnace’s working space and heat transfer primarily by radiation, the heating time for capillary tubes of different diameters was determined. When blowing tubes with various gases, pressure losses were calculated for tubes of different diameters and lengths. Temperature fields inside the muffles, through which the capillary tubes move, were investigated. The obtained results are of interest to technologists and can be useful in developing technological schemes for the production of capillary tubes for manufacturing medical needles.

摘要在佩尔乌拉尔斯克新钢管厂,与乌拉尔联邦大学的员工合作开发并实施了用于生产一次性医用注射器的毛细管生产技术方案。为了达到所需的管材尺寸,管材需要经过拉拔,然后在带有保护气氛的连续电炉中进行退火,以消除应力。为优化管材退火工艺,根据热工程计算确定了热损失,从而优化了电炉功率。对加热元件进行了计算,确定了金属丝加热器的直径和总长度。对给定尺寸的毛细管的薄体加热时间的计算方法进行了论证。根据炉内工作空间温度的恒定性和主要通过辐射进行的热传递,确定了不同直径毛细管的加热时间。在用各种气体吹管时,对不同直径和长度的管子的压力损失进行了计算。还研究了毛细管运动时穿过的马弗炉内的温度场。所得结果对技术人员很有意义,有助于制定生产医用针头用毛细管的技术方案。
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引用次数: 0
Increase in Process Mode Stability by Determining Hot Areas of Steel Ladle 通过确定钢包的热区提高工艺模式的稳定性
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223700018
S. S. Belonozhko, D. V. Dmitriev, I. S. Murzin, V. V. Emelyanov, A. A. Meshcheryachenko

Abstract

This article considers suggestions about strengthening the resistance of refractory facing of steel-teeming ladles by applying magnesia fluxes and optimizing the temperature mode control of steel ladle casing with the help of specialized equipment. An algorithm of determining the tentative content of main oxides in slag at secondary steelmaking is developed. A possibility of using the equipment for determining hot areas of steel ladles is considered.

摘要 本文探讨了通过使用镁熔剂和借助专用设备优化钢包外壳温度模式控制来增强钢水包耐火面耐受性的建议。开发了确定二次炼钢炉渣中主要氧化物含量的算法。考虑了使用该设备确定钢包热区的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Reduction of Active Resistance in the Bath of a Ferroalloy Electric Furnace and Energy-Technological Parameters of Smelting 降低铁合金电炉熔池中的活性电阻和冶炼的能源技术参数
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223700043
A. P. Shkirmontov

Abstract

An analysis of the energy-technological parameters of ferroalloy smelting is presented in the context of enlarging furnaces and increasing the power of furnace transformers with the aim of identifying factors that enhance operational efficiency. The increase in furnace power is characterized by a rise in the ratio of electrode current to working voltage, which consequently leads to a decrease in the active resistance of the bath in a ferroalloy electric furnace. This results in an increase in the electrical losses of the furnace. Consequently, the gap between the power of the transformers and the active power in the furnace bath widens, adversely affecting productivity. Options for technical solutions to improve the efficiency of ferroalloy electric furnaces are considered.

摘要 在扩大电炉和增加电炉变压器功率的背景下,对铁合金冶炼的能源技术参数进行了分析,目的是找出提高运行效率的因素。电炉功率增加的特点是电极电流与工作电压的比率上升,从而导致铁合金电炉中熔池的有功电阻下降。这导致电炉的电损耗增加。因此,变压器功率与炉槽有功功率之间的差距扩大,对生产率产生不利影响。本文考虑了提高铁合金电炉效率的技术解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Study of Anticorrosive Action of Alkylphosphonic Acid Solutions in Monoethanolamine Based on the Formation of Chelate Complexes With Iron Ions 基于与铁离子形成螯合物的单乙醇胺中烷基膦酸溶液的防腐作用研究
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3103/s0967091224700116
V. S. Zimovets, I. N. Kravchenko, N. V. Danyakin, S. N. Solovykh, N. N. Bogdashev, M. A. Smagin

Abstract

A study was carried out of the anti-corrosion effect of two acids on St3 steel: nitrilotrimethylenephosphonic (NTP) and oxyethylidenediphosphonic (OEDPA), in combination with monoethanolamine. The dependence of the inhibitory effect of NTP and OEDPA complexes with monoethanolamine on their concentration in solution was studied. The possibility of their use as corrosion inhibitors of low-carbon steel has been shown.

摘要 研究了两种酸与单乙醇胺复配对 St3 钢的防腐蚀作用:硝基三亚甲基膦酸 (NTP) 和氧亚乙基二膦酸 (OEDPA)。研究了 NTP 和 OEDPA 与单乙醇胺的复合物的抑制作用取决于它们在溶液中的浓度。结果表明,它们可以用作低碳钢的缓蚀剂。
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引用次数: 0
Inhibitors: Classification and Mechanism of Corrosion Protection (Literature Review) 抑制剂:腐蚀防护的分类和机理(文献综述)
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3103/s0967091224700128
I. S. Makushchenko, D. N. Smirnov, I. A. Kozlov

Abstract

This work considers corrosion processes as one of the main causes of destruction of materials and structures. Anti-corrosion protection is of great importance in ensuring the maximum service life of structural elements. Today, various methods of anti-corrosion protection are used, including coating with materials containing corrosion inhibitors. The article provides information about corrosion inhibitors. A classification is given by the inhibition mechanism: passivation (anodic protection) and cathodic protection; classification by the inhibitor nature, and the main groups of inhibitors are described. The conditions for the adsorption of inhibitory components onto a metal surface are indicated.

摘要:腐蚀过程是造成材料和结构破坏的主要原因之一。防腐蚀保护对于确保结构元件的最长使用寿命至关重要。如今,人们使用了各种防腐蚀保护方法,包括使用含有缓蚀剂的材料涂层。本文提供了有关缓蚀剂的信息。按抑制机制进行了分类:钝化(阳极保护)和阴极保护;按抑制剂性质进行了分类,并介绍了抑制剂的主要类别。说明了金属表面吸附缓蚀成分的条件。
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引用次数: 0
Simulations of the Drawing Process in a System of Pressure Dies and Work Dies 压模和工模系统中的拉拔过程模拟
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223700067
S. A. Kuznetsov

Abstract

It is suggested to improve the drawing process in terms of reducing the energy costs for drawing and increasing the process speed and productivity. A general picture of the hydrodynamic modes of lubricant flow in the pressure gaps with their dependences on the main design parameters of the prefabricated drawing tool has been presented. Based on this, the task is to develop the designs of prefabricated drawing tools, where the conditions of hydrodynamic friction and lubricant injection into the deformation zone are guaranteed to be met. The design should be universal, i.e., satisfy the conditions for the exact and specific sizes of draw dies, dies, and the whole drawing unit as well as for the expected dimensions of a finished product and a deviation in the workpiece diameter including the wire and cylindrical workpieces. The task was to develop a simplified method to select a set of draw dies of the pressure section and dies of the working group for the subsequent production of a drawing tool using a hydrodynamic mechanism for capturing and injecting technological lubricant into the deformation zone.

摘要 建议改进拉拔工艺,以降低拉拔能源成本,提高工艺速度和生产率。本文介绍了压力间隙中润滑剂流动的流体力学模式及其与预制拉拔工具主要设计参数的关系。在此基础上,我们的任务是开发预制拉拔工具的设计,保证满足流体动力摩擦和润滑剂注入变形区的条件。设计应具有通用性,即满足拉丝模具、模具和整个拉丝装置的精确和特定尺寸,以及成品的预期尺寸和工件直径偏差(包括线材和圆柱形工件)的条件。我们的任务是开发一种简化方法,用于选择一套压力部分的拉丝模具和工作组的模具,以便随后生产使用流体动力机构捕捉技术润滑剂并将其注入变形区的拉丝模具。
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引用次数: 0
Porosity of Iron-Ore Pellets at Different Stages of Roasting and Reduction 不同焙烧和还原阶段铁矿石颗粒的孔隙率
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3103/s096709122370002x
I. S. Bersenev, I. S. Vokhmyakova, N. K. Ozornin, S. I. Pokolenko, E. R. Sabirov, N. A. Spirin

Abstract

Metallurgical properties are determined by the structure of pellets at the macrolevel as well as at the level of minerals and elements. The goal of this work is to analyze changes in the porosity of iron-ore pellets during their lifecycle, from pelletizer to full reduced state. The model used in this work relies on several assumptions: (1) the primary porosity of pellets is built in at crude nodulizing in which case the porous space is partially filled with water and partially with air (when the water evaporates, the space remains air-filled and the dimensions of pellets remain unchanged); (2) at high-temperature firing and baking the porous space volume changes due to the removal of gaseous products of chemical decarbonization, dewatering, oxidation, and baking (as a rule, the volume contraction at baking does not exceed 2–5%); (3) the reduction of pellets makes them more porous as a result of an increase in volume, so-called swelling, which occurs in parallel with the contraction in the volume of the mineral part of pellets at the reduction of iron oxides. Eventually, the reduced pellets are more porous than the oxidized pellets by 100–200% (the porosity of the former is 46–60%). A test data analysis has confirmed the performability of this model. The model can be used for calculating pellet porosity. It is proven that, during their lifecycle, the porosity of pellets undergoes predictable transformation in which case oxidative roasting can either increase or decrease porosity, depending on the furnace charge composition. The reduction of pellets always results in a two-to-threefold increase in porosity.

摘要冶金特性取决于球团在宏观层面以及矿物和元素层面的结构。这项工作的目的是分析铁矿球团在从球团到完全还原状态的生命周期中孔隙率的变化。这项工作中使用的模型依赖于几个假设:(1) 球团的主要孔隙度是在粗球团化时形成的,在这种情况下,多孔空间部分由水填充,部分由空气填充(当水蒸发时,空间仍由空气填充,球团的尺寸保持不变);(2) 在高温烧制和焙烧过程中,由于化学脱碳、脱水、氧化和焙烧过程中气态产物的去除,多孔空间体积发生变化(一般来说,焙烧时的体积收缩不超过 2-5%); (3) 在氧化铁还原过程中,球团矿矿物部分的体积收缩的同时,球团矿的还原体积增加,即所谓的膨胀,从而使球团矿更加多孔。最终,还原球团比氧化球团多孔 100-200%(前者的孔隙率为 46-60%)。试验数据分析证实了该模型的可执行性。该模型可用于计算颗粒孔隙率。事实证明,在球团的生命周期内,其孔隙率会发生可预测的变化,在这种情况下,氧化焙烧会增加或减少孔隙率,具体取决于炉料成分。颗粒减少总是会导致孔隙率增加两到三倍。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of Phase Composition and Aging on Hydrogen Brittleness of High-Pressure Pipelines 相组成和老化对高压管道氢脆性的影响
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223700080
S. V. Kuberskii, S. A. Sbitnev, R. E. Velikotskii, V. V. Dolzhkov

Abstract

It is shown on the basis of developing hydrogen brittleness ideas that this parameter is influenced mainly by flawed cavities formed at the ferrite-cementite phase boundary and not by crystal lattice defects and other discontinuities of metal. The influence of antiflaking heat treatment (AFHT) on hydrogen flawed cavity formation is established as well as nonlinear changes in cold resistance at the aging of metal not exposed to AFHT. The influence of microstructural and phase composition and phase formation pattern on the cold resistance of steel is considered. The most pronounced negative effect on cold resistance is produced by all the phases formed by shearing. The influence of the final temperature of the finishing rolling stage on cold resistance is substantiated depending on the critical temperature interval.

摘要 根据氢脆的发展思想,氢脆参数主要受铁素体-方解石相界形成的缺陷空穴影响,而不受金属晶格缺陷和其他不连续性的影响。研究确定了抗剥落热处理(AFHT)对氢缺陷空穴形成的影响,以及未暴露于 AFHT 的金属在老化过程中耐寒性的非线性变化。研究还考虑了微结构和相组成以及相形成模式对钢耐寒性的影响。剪切形成的所有相对耐寒性的负面影响最为明显。精轧阶段的最终温度对耐寒性的影响取决于临界温度区间。
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引用次数: 0
Development of an Automatic Anode Production Line 开发自动阳极生产线
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223700079
K. V. Litsin, D. V. Belykh

Abstract

To modernize the existing manual control copper powder workshop anode production line and achieve superior technological outcomes, researchers designed an operational algorithm for an automated complex within the copper powder project workshop. The team selected equipment for an effective anode production line automation system. They wrote the software code in TIA Portal 16v and implemented a system to visualize the technological process at each stage of the line’s operation. The developed automation system simplifies the control process of the anode production line and enhances its operational reliability.

摘要 为使现有的人工控制铜粉车间阳极生产线现代化,并取得优异的技术成果,研究人员设计了铜粉项目车间内自动化综合体的操作算法。研究小组为有效的阳极生产线自动化系统选择了设备。他们在 TIA Portal 16v 中编写了软件代码,并实施了一个系统来可视化生产线运行各阶段的技术流程。开发的自动化系统简化了阳极生产线的控制过程,提高了其运行可靠性。
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引用次数: 0
Reconditioning of Engine Crankshafts 发动机曲轴翻新
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.3103/s096709122311030x
V. A. Skryabin

Abstract

The article presents technology and equipment for repairing engine crankshafts. Various options for repairing crankshafts are considered. Typical shaft malfunctions, causes and methods for eliminating them are provided.

摘要文章介绍了发动机曲轴的维修技术和设备。文章考虑了修理曲轴的各种选择。文章提供了典型的轴故障、原因和排除方法。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Steel in Translation
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