Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223110323
M. A. Tovmasyan, S. V. Samsuev, T. Yu. Sidorova, V. T. Nguen
Abstract
Applications and large diameter pipe production facilities around the world are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of pipe production using the JCOE scheme in comparison with the UOE and RBE methods are highlighted. The results of studies of the shape change of a pipe blank during step molding according to the JCO scheme are presented. During the experimental study, a camera was used for photography with further processing in CAD and a photogrammetry system. Based on the results of the experimental study, the coordinates of the points for each step and after final molding, radii along the perimeter of the workpiece, contact and non-contact areas were determined. Modeling of the step molding process was carried out in the DEFORM software package in a flat coordinate system. Based on the results of mathematical modeling, the features of the contact interaction of the workpiece with the deforming tool in the deformation zone were determined and a method for calculating geometric parameters was developed.
{"title":"Study of Changes in the Shape of a Pipe Blank Taking into Account the Peculiarities of Contact Interaction with a Deforming Tool during JCOE Molding in the TESA 1420 Line","authors":"M. A. Tovmasyan, S. V. Samsuev, T. Yu. Sidorova, V. T. Nguen","doi":"10.3103/s0967091223110323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0967091223110323","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Applications and large diameter pipe production facilities around the world are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of pipe production using the JCOE scheme in comparison with the UOE and RBE methods are highlighted. The results of studies of the shape change of a pipe blank during step molding according to the JCO scheme are presented. During the experimental study, a camera was used for photography with further processing in CAD and a photogrammetry system. Based on the results of the experimental study, the coordinates of the points for each step and after final molding, radii along the perimeter of the workpiece, contact and non-contact areas were determined. Modeling of the step molding process was carried out in the DEFORM software package in a flat coordinate system. Based on the results of mathematical modeling, the features of the contact interaction of the workpiece with the deforming tool in the deformation zone were determined and a method for calculating geometric parameters was developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21903,"journal":{"name":"Steel in Translation","volume":"149 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223110104
M. F. Gafarov, K. Yu. Okishev, A. N. Makovetskiy, K. P. Pavlova, E. A. Gafarova
Abstract
Process of building machine learning models to predict microstructures of pipe steels after continuous cooling involves the collection and preparation of data, the source of which is thermokinetic diagrams of supercooled austenite decomposition. Statistics of intermediate and final data, as well as algorithms for their transformation are given. Evaluations of machine learning models for selected microstructures are considered. A method for generating data under small sample conditions and introducing an evaluative feature of grain size are proposed. Models were validated and the significance of features was interpreted. The practical use of models for constructing thermokinetic diagrams of austenite decomposition and analysis of modeling results is shown.
{"title":"Construction of Models for Predicting the Microstructure of Steels after Heat Treatment Using Machine Learning Methods","authors":"M. F. Gafarov, K. Yu. Okishev, A. N. Makovetskiy, K. P. Pavlova, E. A. Gafarova","doi":"10.3103/s0967091223110104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0967091223110104","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Process of building machine learning models to predict microstructures of pipe steels after continuous cooling involves the collection and preparation of data, the source of which is thermokinetic diagrams of supercooled austenite decomposition. Statistics of intermediate and final data, as well as algorithms for their transformation are given. Evaluations of machine learning models for selected microstructures are considered. A method for generating data under small sample conditions and introducing an evaluative feature of grain size are proposed. Models were validated and the significance of features was interpreted. The practical use of models for constructing thermokinetic diagrams of austenite decomposition and analysis of modeling results is shown.</p>","PeriodicalId":21903,"journal":{"name":"Steel in Translation","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140887439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223110359
V. A. Voitovich, I. N. Khryapchenkova
Abstract
The main characteristics of the new primer, which allows transforming rust, are presented, its advantages and disadvantages are considered, and the main areas of application are given. The primer is made on the basis of plasticized polyvinyl acetate dispersion, ethyl silicate, surfactants and phosphoric acid salts. The technology of its application is described.
{"title":"Rust Modifier Primers—Recognized Means of Corrosion Protection","authors":"V. A. Voitovich, I. N. Khryapchenkova","doi":"10.3103/s0967091223110359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0967091223110359","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The main characteristics of the new primer, which allows transforming rust, are presented, its advantages and disadvantages are considered, and the main areas of application are given. The primer is made on the basis of plasticized polyvinyl acetate dispersion, ethyl silicate, surfactants and phosphoric acid salts. The technology of its application is described.</p>","PeriodicalId":21903,"journal":{"name":"Steel in Translation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140002496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223110086
N. A. Chichenev, S. M. Gorbatyuk, V. A. Nagovitsyn, O. N. Chicheneva
Abstract
The features of thermal processes in steels during laser heating without surface melting have been considered. A formula has been proposed for determining the temperature along the depth of a metal in the case of heating by a surface heat source with constant intensity. Expressions have been given for threshold values of laser radiation power density: the minimum, at which stationary temperature on the metal surface reaches the hardening temperature, and the maximum, at which the surface temperature in the center of the beam reaches the melting point of the metal. It is shown that for engineering applications, the change in thermal conductivity coefficient with temperature can be neglected and taken as constant.
{"title":"Analysis of Thermal Processes in Steels during Laser Heating","authors":"N. A. Chichenev, S. M. Gorbatyuk, V. A. Nagovitsyn, O. N. Chicheneva","doi":"10.3103/s0967091223110086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0967091223110086","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The features of thermal processes in steels during laser heating without surface melting have been considered. A formula has been proposed for determining the temperature along the depth of a metal in the case of heating by a surface heat source with constant intensity. Expressions have been given for threshold values of laser radiation power density: the minimum, at which stationary temperature on the metal surface reaches the hardening temperature, and the maximum, at which the surface temperature in the center of the beam reaches the melting point of the metal. It is shown that for engineering applications, the change in thermal conductivity coefficient with temperature can be neglected and taken as constant.</p>","PeriodicalId":21903,"journal":{"name":"Steel in Translation","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140002672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s096709122311027x
D. V. Rutskii, N. A. Zyuban, M. V. Kirilichev, M. S. Nikitin, M. Yu. Chubukov
Abstract
The features of the distribution of nonmetallic inclusions (NIs) along the cross-section of the 360 × 360-mm continuous cast billet (CCB) made of C45E steel are considered. Due to the high sulfur content in C45E steel, the proportion of sulfide inclusions is 54% and of oxysulfide inclusions, 35%. NIs are nonuniformly distributed along the CCB cross-section. High content of refractory oxide (refractory calcium aluminates CaO⋅Al2O3 and spinels MgO⋅Al2O3) and oxysulfide NIs has been found in the surface layer of small differently oriented crystals, which is associated with the formation of oxide inclusions at the stage of melting, in the shell of which CaS/MnS sulfides are formed. Further solidification of the CCB leads to a decrease in the content of oxysulfide inclusions along the cross-section of the billet due to their movement to the axial zone, where the number of sulfide inclusions increases.
{"title":"Features of the Distribution of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Continuously Cast Billets Made of Sulfur-Containing Steel C45E","authors":"D. V. Rutskii, N. A. Zyuban, M. V. Kirilichev, M. S. Nikitin, M. Yu. Chubukov","doi":"10.3103/s096709122311027x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s096709122311027x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The features of the distribution of nonmetallic inclusions (NIs) along the cross-section of the 360 × 360-mm continuous cast billet (CCB) made of C45E steel are considered. Due to the high sulfur content in C45E steel, the proportion of sulfide inclusions is 54% and of oxysulfide inclusions, 35%. NIs are nonuniformly distributed along the CCB cross-section. High content of refractory oxide (refractory calcium aluminates CaO⋅Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and spinels MgO⋅Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and oxysulfide NIs has been found in the surface layer of small differently oriented crystals, which is associated with the formation of oxide inclusions at the stage of melting, in the shell of which CaS/MnS sulfides are formed. Further solidification of the CCB leads to a decrease in the content of oxysulfide inclusions along the cross-section of the billet due to their movement to the axial zone, where the number of sulfide inclusions increases.</p>","PeriodicalId":21903,"journal":{"name":"Steel in Translation","volume":"171 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140002684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223110098
S. V. Davydov
Abstract
The model of the metal bond structure based on an electrostatic coordination sphere as a basic element of the metal crystal lattice is proposed. It is shown that the coordination sphere (CS) is not just a geometric parameter of the atom distribution in a crystal lattice, but a form of joint, cooperative existence of a group of atoms. An electrostatic CS consists of an outer spherical valence electron shell, shell atoms (cations), an inner electron shell and a central atom (anion) of the CS. Due to the multiple mutual overlap of valence orbitals, the valence electrons of each CS atom, both in the outer and inner spherical electron shells, are effected by all atoms simultaneously and, as a result, freely move (exchange) in the field of a single valence orbital. In this case, the behavior of bonding electrons in the CS during their dynamic resonant interaction is indistinguishable from their behavior in a perfect electron gas (Fermi liquid). The main bond between the shell cations and the central anion is ionic. The connection between CS’s is carried out electrostatically, during the interaction of orbitals through the CS valence shells with any atom in the volume of the crystal lattice. The entire volume of the metal, like a web, is penetrated by interacting valence spheres of coordination shells. The “electrostatic CS” model shows that the iron polymorphic transformation is a phase transformation based on high-temperature solid-state volume photon ionization. During the ionization process, the CS is stretched and the iron crystal lattice is destroyed with the formation of crystallite nanofragments and amorphization of part of the structure. The proposed model explains the experimental data obtained recently when studying the polymorphism of pure iron under equilibrium conditions.
{"title":"Iron Polymorphism. Part 3. Iron Polymorphic Transformation as a Phase Transformation Based on High-Temperature Solid-State Volume Photon Ionization","authors":"S. V. Davydov","doi":"10.3103/s0967091223110098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0967091223110098","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The model of the metal bond structure based on an electrostatic coordination sphere as a basic element of the metal crystal lattice is proposed. It is shown that the coordination sphere (CS) is not just a geometric parameter of the atom distribution in a crystal lattice, but a form of joint, cooperative existence of a group of atoms. An electrostatic CS consists of an outer spherical valence electron shell, shell atoms (cations), an inner electron shell and a central atom (anion) of the CS. Due to the multiple mutual overlap of valence orbitals, the valence electrons of each CS atom, both in the outer and inner spherical electron shells, are effected by all atoms simultaneously and, as a result, freely move (exchange) in the field of a single valence orbital. In this case, the behavior of bonding electrons in the CS during their dynamic resonant interaction is indistinguishable from their behavior in a perfect electron gas (Fermi liquid). The main bond between the shell cations and the central anion is ionic. The connection between CS’s is carried out electrostatically, during the interaction of orbitals through the CS valence shells with any atom in the volume of the crystal lattice. The entire volume of the metal, like a web, is penetrated by interacting valence spheres of coordination shells. The “electrostatic CS” model shows that the iron polymorphic transformation is a phase transformation based on high-temperature solid-state volume photon ionization. During the ionization process, the CS is stretched and the iron crystal lattice is destroyed with the formation of crystallite nanofragments and amorphization of part of the structure. The proposed model explains the experimental data obtained recently when studying the polymorphism of pure iron under equilibrium conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21903,"journal":{"name":"Steel in Translation","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140011286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223110128
D. V. Konstantinov, A. G. Korchunov, E. M. Ogneva, A. Yu. Stolyarov, M. V. Zaytseva
Abstract
The uniqueness and simplicity of the stretching–bending–rebending (SBR, cold stretching) process significantly reduces production costs, since due to low strain degree, friction is reduced, what leads to energy savings. Also, the heating temperature is reduced, which eliminates the use of complex and expensive cooling systems. The dissemination of SBR technology is hampered by the lack of uniform calculation patterns for selecting process parameters and the low stability of the properties of the final product. Results of the SBR process FE-simulation by SIMULIA Abaqus are presented in the article. The SBR process modes for cold-deformed reinforcement were simulated in relation to the DEM equipment in the production conditions of OJSC MMK-Metiz. Based on an assessment of the uniform strain distribution in the bar section, rational deformation modes were selected from the point of view of a favorable stress-strain state.
{"title":"Finite-Element Analysis of Stress-Strain State of Steel Reinforcement in Stretching–Bending–Rebending (Cold Stretching)","authors":"D. V. Konstantinov, A. G. Korchunov, E. M. Ogneva, A. Yu. Stolyarov, M. V. Zaytseva","doi":"10.3103/s0967091223110128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0967091223110128","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The uniqueness and simplicity of the stretching–bending–rebending (SBR, cold stretching) process significantly reduces production costs, since due to low strain degree, friction is reduced, what leads to energy savings. Also, the heating temperature is reduced, which eliminates the use of complex and expensive cooling systems. The dissemination of SBR technology is hampered by the lack of uniform calculation patterns for selecting process parameters and the low stability of the properties of the final product. Results of the SBR process FE-simulation by SIMULIA Abaqus are presented in the article. The SBR process modes for cold-deformed reinforcement were simulated in relation to the DEM equipment in the production conditions of OJSC MMK-Metiz. Based on an assessment of the uniform strain distribution in the bar section, rational deformation modes were selected from the point of view of a favorable stress-strain state.</p>","PeriodicalId":21903,"journal":{"name":"Steel in Translation","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140002562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223110220
S. D. Neulybin
Abstract
This work presents the results of testing the plasma hardfacing of bronze on steel with the help of a plasmatron used at positive and reverse polarities. Metallographic examinations of specific zones are made and their microhardness is measured. The possibility of using both, positive and reverse polarity for hardfacing aluminum and siliceous bronze is shown.
{"title":"Testing Variants of Plasma Hardfacing of Bronze on Grade 38H2N2MA Steel","authors":"S. D. Neulybin","doi":"10.3103/s0967091223110220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0967091223110220","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This work presents the results of testing the plasma hardfacing of bronze on steel with the help of a plasmatron used at positive and reverse polarities. Metallographic examinations of specific zones are made and their microhardness is measured. The possibility of using both, positive and reverse polarity for hardfacing aluminum and siliceous bronze is shown.</p>","PeriodicalId":21903,"journal":{"name":"Steel in Translation","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140002711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223110062
I. S. Bersenev, S. I. Pokolenko, E. R. Sabirov, N. A. Spirin, A. V. Borisenko, A. R. Kurochkin
Abstract
The quality of iron ore pellets significantly affects the efficiency of pig iron and HBI production. The purpose of the work is to assess the potential for increasing the strength of iron ore pellets based on their macrostructure control. As a result of the study, it is found that the compressive strength of the pellets decreases monotonically at 20 daN/pel for each percentage of porosity. The external manifestations of structural defects (small crack, large crack, pellet fragments, pellet adhesions) are studied. It is revealed that the bulk of industrial pellets have optically detectable structural defects. At the same time, there is a lower content of fractured pellets and a higher proportion of aggregations in samples from a rich in iron concentrate. The crack orientation also depends on the degree of concentrate enrichment: in pellets with a higher iron content, the cracks are predominantly concentric, and with a decrease in the mass fraction of iron in the pellets, radial cracks predominate. Controlling the macrostructure parameters and the pellet strength is possible by forming a given porosity by adding fluxes and using polymer binders, minimizing the number and height of raw pellet overloads, obtaining dense row pellets with minimal porosity, organization of heat treatment of pellets with limited conditions for the defect formation—drying and firing rate, uniform thermal field across the width and height of the layer; cooling rate.
{"title":"Influence of the Iron Ore Pellets Macrostructure on Their Strength","authors":"I. S. Bersenev, S. I. Pokolenko, E. R. Sabirov, N. A. Spirin, A. V. Borisenko, A. R. Kurochkin","doi":"10.3103/s0967091223110062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0967091223110062","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The quality of iron ore pellets significantly affects the efficiency of pig iron and HBI production. The purpose of the work is to assess the potential for increasing the strength of iron ore pellets based on their macrostructure control. As a result of the study, it is found that the compressive strength of the pellets decreases monotonically at 20 daN/pel for each percentage of porosity. The external manifestations of structural defects (small crack, large crack, pellet fragments, pellet adhesions) are studied. It is revealed that the bulk of industrial pellets have optically detectable structural defects. At the same time, there is a lower content of fractured pellets and a higher proportion of aggregations in samples from a rich in iron concentrate. The crack orientation also depends on the degree of concentrate enrichment: in pellets with a higher iron content, the cracks are predominantly concentric, and with a decrease in the mass fraction of iron in the pellets, radial cracks predominate. Controlling the macrostructure parameters and the pellet strength is possible by forming a given porosity by adding fluxes and using polymer binders, minimizing the number and height of raw pellet overloads, obtaining dense row pellets with minimal porosity, organization of heat treatment of pellets with limited conditions for the defect formation—drying and firing rate, uniform thermal field across the width and height of the layer; cooling rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":21903,"journal":{"name":"Steel in Translation","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0967091223110207
P. I. Malenko, O. B. Kryuchkov, A. E. Boldyrev
Abstract
The paper proposes a new technological process for anticorrosion steel nitriding, that consists in the saturation with the use of a catalytic atmosphere prepared based on ammonia at 540–550°C during 4–6 h and a nitrogen potential amounting to 6–6.5% of N followed by a 3-hour tempering at a temperature ranging from 300 to 400°C.
{"title":"Improving Corrosion-Resistant Properties of Heat-Resistant Structural Steel by a Low-Temperature Chemicothermal Treatment Based on Nitriding and Nicotriding Processes","authors":"P. I. Malenko, O. B. Kryuchkov, A. E. Boldyrev","doi":"10.3103/s0967091223110207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0967091223110207","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The paper proposes a new technological process for anticorrosion steel nitriding, that consists in the saturation with the use of a catalytic atmosphere prepared based on ammonia at 540–550°C during 4–6 h and a nitrogen potential amounting to 6–6.5% of N followed by a 3-hour tempering at a temperature ranging from 300 to 400°C.</p>","PeriodicalId":21903,"journal":{"name":"Steel in Translation","volume":"149 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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