Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1715
M. A. Syperreck, E. L. T. Peixoto, Matheus Gabriel Maidana Capelari, Débora Dias de Carvalho, A. R. Poveda-Parra, Fernando Luiz Massaro Junior, O. P. Prado-Calixto, I.Y. Mizubuti
The objective of this work was to evaluate the intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, ruminal and blood parameters in lambs fed diets containing of crude glycerin. Four castrated lambs of Santa Ines breed with an average weight of 25.0 kg were used. The evaluated diets contained four levels of crude glycerin (0.0, 50.0, 100.0 and 150.0 g kg DM-1). All diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of growing and finishing lambs. The ingredients were: Brachiaria dyctioneura hay as roughage, ground corn grain, soybean meal, urea, mineral salt and crude glycerin. The complete diet provided to the animals was composed of 500 g kg-1 roughage and 500 g kg-1 concentrate on DM basis. A 4 x 4 Latin square experimental design was used. The highest intake (P<0.05) of dry matter (129.08 g kg BW-0.75), neutral detergent fiber (62.91 g kg BW-0.75), acid detergent fiber (41.10 g kg BW-0.75), total carbohydrate (99.92 g kg BW-0.75) and organic matter (116.89 g kg BW-0.75) was achieved with diets varying from 39.2 to 44.7 g kg DM-1 crude glycerin. Crude protein (17.84 g kg BW-0.75) and ether extract (2,70 g kg BW-0.75) intake was higher (P<0.05) with diets containing 39.0 and 77.1 g kg DM-1 of crude glycerin, respectively. Consumed and absorbed N displayed a quadratic effect, whereas retained N displayed a linear decreasing effect in function of crude glycerin levels. Ruminal concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and blood glucose was influenced (P<0.05) by the postprandial hour vs. experimental diet interaction. Glycerin levels in the diet did not influence (P>0.05) the apparent digestibility and ruminal N-NH3, pH, ciliate protozoa and blood urea. Therefore, diets containing crude glycerin influenced dry matter intake, with the highest value being around 40 g kg DM-1. Likewise, diets containing crude glycerin influenced the N consumed and absorbed with maximum crude glycerin points of 36.9 and 28.4 g kg DM-1.
这项研究的目的是评估饲喂含粗甘油日粮的羔羊的采食量、表观消化率、氮平衡、瘤胃和血液参数。使用了四只平均体重为 25.0 千克的圣伊内斯品种阉割羔羊。所评估的日粮含有四个水平的粗甘油（0.0、50.0、100.0 和 150.0 g kg DM-1）。所有日粮的配方都是为了满足生长羔羊和育成羔羊的营养需要。原料为作为粗饲料的蕨类干草、磨碎的玉米粒、大豆粉、尿素、矿物盐和粗甘油。动物的全价日粮由 500 克/千克的粗饲料和 500 克/千克的精饲料（以 DM 计）组成。实验采用 4 x 4 拉丁正方形实验设计。实验结果表明，含粗甘油的日粮对动物的表观消化率、瘤胃 N-NH3、pH 值、纤毛虫原生动物和血尿素的影响最大（P0.05）。因此，含有粗甘油的日粮会影响干物质摄入量，最高值约为 40 g kg DM-1。同样，含有粗甘油的日粮也会影响氮的消耗和吸收，粗甘油的最高值分别为 36.9 和 28.4 g kg DM-1。
{"title":"Nutritional and metabolic parameters in lambs fed diets containing crude glycerine","authors":"M. A. Syperreck, E. L. T. Peixoto, Matheus Gabriel Maidana Capelari, Débora Dias de Carvalho, A. R. Poveda-Parra, Fernando Luiz Massaro Junior, O. P. Prado-Calixto, I.Y. Mizubuti","doi":"10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1715","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work was to evaluate the intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, ruminal and blood parameters in lambs fed diets containing of crude glycerin. Four castrated lambs of Santa Ines breed with an average weight of 25.0 kg were used. The evaluated diets contained four levels of crude glycerin (0.0, 50.0, 100.0 and 150.0 g kg DM-1). All diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of growing and finishing lambs. The ingredients were: Brachiaria dyctioneura hay as roughage, ground corn grain, soybean meal, urea, mineral salt and crude glycerin. The complete diet provided to the animals was composed of 500 g kg-1 roughage and 500 g kg-1 concentrate on DM basis. A 4 x 4 Latin square experimental design was used. The highest intake (P<0.05) of dry matter (129.08 g kg BW-0.75), neutral detergent fiber (62.91 g kg BW-0.75), acid detergent fiber (41.10 g kg BW-0.75), total carbohydrate (99.92 g kg BW-0.75) and organic matter (116.89 g kg BW-0.75) was achieved with diets varying from 39.2 to 44.7 g kg DM-1 crude glycerin. Crude protein (17.84 g kg BW-0.75) and ether extract (2,70 g kg BW-0.75) intake was higher (P<0.05) with diets containing 39.0 and 77.1 g kg DM-1 of crude glycerin, respectively. Consumed and absorbed N displayed a quadratic effect, whereas retained N displayed a linear decreasing effect in function of crude glycerin levels. Ruminal concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and blood glucose was influenced (P<0.05) by the postprandial hour vs. experimental diet interaction. Glycerin levels in the diet did not influence (P>0.05) the apparent digestibility and ruminal N-NH3, pH, ciliate protozoa and blood urea. Therefore, diets containing crude glycerin influenced dry matter intake, with the highest value being around 40 g kg DM-1. Likewise, diets containing crude glycerin influenced the N consumed and absorbed with maximum crude glycerin points of 36.9 and 28.4 g kg DM-1.","PeriodicalId":21921,"journal":{"name":"Semina: Ciências Agrárias","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139282598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1683
Flor Angela Niño Rodriguez, M. Lopes, A. L. R. Lima, Gercílio Alves de Almeida Júnior, André Luiz Monteiro Novo, Matteo Barbari, Sergio Corrêa Brito, Leandro Carvalho Bassotto, A. C. D. Camargo, Esteffany Francisca Reis Nascimento
Objetivou-se analisar a correlação entre características de ordenhabilidade e de comportamento de vacas ordenhadas em sistemas de ordenha automáticas. Os dados coletados, foram referentes ao período de setembro de 2019 a março de 2020, oriundos de dois rebanhos leiteiros comerciais localizados no Estado de Minas Gerais, nos quais utilizam sistema de ordenha automática (AMSTM, DeLaval, Tumba, Suécia), contêm 68.896 observações, de 542 vacas primíparas e multíparas da raça Holstein e mestiças (Holstein x Jersey). Os registros diários de características de ordenhabilidade como fluxo do leite (FL), tempo no box (TB) e eficiência na ordenha (EO); bem como características de comportamento: handling time na ordenha (HT), ordenhas incompletas (OIN) e coices (COI) foram avaliadas por análise de correlação bivariada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, utilizando-se o programa estatístico SPSS versão 22. As correlações foram negativas moderadas entre FL e TB; EO e HT; bem como TB e EO; e positiva e alta entre FL e EO. Correlação positiva e alta foi encontrada entre TB e HT; positiva e moderada entre EO e PL e positiva baixa entre HT e OIN (P<0.01). Não houve correlação entre a frequência de ordenha (FO) com COI e OIN.
{"title":"Correlações entre características de ordenhabilidade e comportamento de vacas ordenhadas em sistemas robotizados","authors":"Flor Angela Niño Rodriguez, M. Lopes, A. L. R. Lima, Gercílio Alves de Almeida Júnior, André Luiz Monteiro Novo, Matteo Barbari, Sergio Corrêa Brito, Leandro Carvalho Bassotto, A. C. D. Camargo, Esteffany Francisca Reis Nascimento","doi":"10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1683","url":null,"abstract":"Objetivou-se analisar a correlação entre características de ordenhabilidade e de comportamento de vacas ordenhadas em sistemas de ordenha automáticas. Os dados coletados, foram referentes ao período de setembro de 2019 a março de 2020, oriundos de dois rebanhos leiteiros comerciais localizados no Estado de Minas Gerais, nos quais utilizam sistema de ordenha automática (AMSTM, DeLaval, Tumba, Suécia), contêm 68.896 observações, de 542 vacas primíparas e multíparas da raça Holstein e mestiças (Holstein x Jersey). Os registros diários de características de ordenhabilidade como fluxo do leite (FL), tempo no box (TB) e eficiência na ordenha (EO); bem como características de comportamento: handling time na ordenha (HT), ordenhas incompletas (OIN) e coices (COI) foram avaliadas por análise de correlação bivariada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, utilizando-se o programa estatístico SPSS versão 22. As correlações foram negativas moderadas entre FL e TB; EO e HT; bem como TB e EO; e positiva e alta entre FL e EO. Correlação positiva e alta foi encontrada entre TB e HT; positiva e moderada entre EO e PL e positiva baixa entre HT e OIN (P<0.01). Não houve correlação entre a frequência de ordenha (FO) com COI e OIN.","PeriodicalId":21921,"journal":{"name":"Semina: Ciências Agrárias","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139286565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1637
Larissa Fernanda Souza Santos, G. S. D. Lima, V. Lima, André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva, L. A. D. Soares, Jackson Silva Nóbrega, J. D. Capitulino, Lucyelly Dâmela Araúj O Borborema, A. R. Souza, Edmilson Junior Medeiros Caetano
A salinidade é um dos principais estresses abióticos que restringe o crescimento das plantas e causa perdas significativas no rendimento. Os efeitos do estresse salino são mais severos em regiões semiáridas, devido as condições climáticas e a ocorrência de fontes hídricas com teores elevados de sais. Neste contexto, a busca por estratégias que viabilizem o uso de águas salinas na irrigação é fundamental para garantir a necessidade de produção de alimentos. Assim, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos das aplicações foliar de concentrações de prolina nos índices fisiológicos de maracujazeiro-azedo irrigados com águas salinas na fase de formação de mudas. A pesquisa foi conduzida em casa de vegetação pertencente à Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Campina Grande – PB, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 × 4, sendo cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação CEa - (0,6; 1,2; 1,8; 2,4 e 3,0 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de prolina (0, 5, 10 e 15 mM) com quatro repetições e cada parcela continha duas plantas, totalizando 160 unidades experimentais. A salinidade da água a partir de 0,6 dS m-1 reduziu o conteúdo relativo de água, trocas gasosas, e elevou o extravasamento de eletrólitos no limbo foliar das plantas de maracujazeiro-azedo. A irrigação com água de condutividade elétrica entre 1,3 e 1,8 dS m-1 estimulou a biossíntese de pigmentos fotossintéticos do maracujazeiro-azedo ‘BRS GA1’, aos 66 dias após a semeadura. A aplicação foliar de prolina nas concentrações variando de 4,5 e 6,5 mM aumentou a condutância estomática, a transpiração, a taxa de assimilação de CO2, a eficiência instantânea de carboxilação e os teores de clorofilas do maracujazeiro-azedo.
{"title":"Aplicação foliar de prolina na mitigação do estrese salino nos índices fisiológicos de maracujazeiro-azedo","authors":"Larissa Fernanda Souza Santos, G. S. D. Lima, V. Lima, André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva, L. A. D. Soares, Jackson Silva Nóbrega, J. D. Capitulino, Lucyelly Dâmela Araúj O Borborema, A. R. Souza, Edmilson Junior Medeiros Caetano","doi":"10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1637","url":null,"abstract":"A salinidade é um dos principais estresses abióticos que restringe o crescimento das plantas e causa perdas significativas no rendimento. Os efeitos do estresse salino são mais severos em regiões semiáridas, devido as condições climáticas e a ocorrência de fontes hídricas com teores elevados de sais. Neste contexto, a busca por estratégias que viabilizem o uso de águas salinas na irrigação é fundamental para garantir a necessidade de produção de alimentos. Assim, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos das aplicações foliar de concentrações de prolina nos índices fisiológicos de maracujazeiro-azedo irrigados com águas salinas na fase de formação de mudas. A pesquisa foi conduzida em casa de vegetação pertencente à Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Campina Grande – PB, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 × 4, sendo cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação CEa - (0,6; 1,2; 1,8; 2,4 e 3,0 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de prolina (0, 5, 10 e 15 mM) com quatro repetições e cada parcela continha duas plantas, totalizando 160 unidades experimentais. A salinidade da água a partir de 0,6 dS m-1 reduziu o conteúdo relativo de água, trocas gasosas, e elevou o extravasamento de eletrólitos no limbo foliar das plantas de maracujazeiro-azedo. A irrigação com água de condutividade elétrica entre 1,3 e 1,8 dS m-1 estimulou a biossíntese de pigmentos fotossintéticos do maracujazeiro-azedo ‘BRS GA1’, aos 66 dias após a semeadura. A aplicação foliar de prolina nas concentrações variando de 4,5 e 6,5 mM aumentou a condutância estomática, a transpiração, a taxa de assimilação de CO2, a eficiência instantânea de carboxilação e os teores de clorofilas do maracujazeiro-azedo.","PeriodicalId":21921,"journal":{"name":"Semina: Ciências Agrárias","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139288435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1661
Juarez Pires Tomaz, João Vitor Liachi Cobianchi, Luíza Sales Lima, Luciano Mendes de Oliveira, A. T. Hoshino, H. G. Androcioli
Whiteflies comprise a complex of cryptic species that are genetically distinct but morphologically indistinguishable. Among them, Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Tvap) are the most prominent species causing agricultural damage. In Brazil, three B. tabaci species have been identified: New World (NW), Middle East-Asia Minor (MEAM1), and Mediterranean (MED). Whiteflies establish symbiotic associations with endosymbiotic bacteria, conferring adaptive advantages to the insects. The objective of this study was to identify whitefly species in municipalities of the state of Paraná and investigate their interactions with endosymbiotic bacteria. Insects were collected in 14 municipalities across different edaphoclimatic regions of Paraná, either in agricultural crops or on weeds. Molecular analyses, based on previously published PCR-based methods, were used to identify the insects and their respective endosymbionts. The results revealed that B. tabaci MEAM1, MED, NW, and Tvap accounted for 39.8%, 27.0%, 6.3%, and 23.7% of the collected specimens, respectively. These insects exhibited interactions with endosymbiont genera such as Portiera, Arsenophonus, Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, and Wolbachia, either in isolation or through co-infection. In some instances, interactions with up to five endosymbionts were observed in specific locations. The occurrence of Tvap in open fields and the prevalence of MED, particularly in the southeast of the state, where temperatures are milder, along with their interactions with endosymbionts providing adaptive advantages to the insects, raise significant phytosanitary concerns for the agricultural security of Paraná.
{"title":"Whitefly distribution and interaction with endosymbionts in the state of Paraná","authors":"Juarez Pires Tomaz, João Vitor Liachi Cobianchi, Luíza Sales Lima, Luciano Mendes de Oliveira, A. T. Hoshino, H. G. Androcioli","doi":"10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1661","url":null,"abstract":"Whiteflies comprise a complex of cryptic species that are genetically distinct but morphologically indistinguishable. Among them, Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Tvap) are the most prominent species causing agricultural damage. In Brazil, three B. tabaci species have been identified: New World (NW), Middle East-Asia Minor (MEAM1), and Mediterranean (MED). Whiteflies establish symbiotic associations with endosymbiotic bacteria, conferring adaptive advantages to the insects. The objective of this study was to identify whitefly species in municipalities of the state of Paraná and investigate their interactions with endosymbiotic bacteria. Insects were collected in 14 municipalities across different edaphoclimatic regions of Paraná, either in agricultural crops or on weeds. Molecular analyses, based on previously published PCR-based methods, were used to identify the insects and their respective endosymbionts. The results revealed that B. tabaci MEAM1, MED, NW, and Tvap accounted for 39.8%, 27.0%, 6.3%, and 23.7% of the collected specimens, respectively. These insects exhibited interactions with endosymbiont genera such as Portiera, Arsenophonus, Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, and Wolbachia, either in isolation or through co-infection. In some instances, interactions with up to five endosymbionts were observed in specific locations. The occurrence of Tvap in open fields and the prevalence of MED, particularly in the southeast of the state, where temperatures are milder, along with their interactions with endosymbionts providing adaptive advantages to the insects, raise significant phytosanitary concerns for the agricultural security of Paraná.","PeriodicalId":21921,"journal":{"name":"Semina: Ciências Agrárias","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139287981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1621
J. Gerez, Gisele Augusta Amorim de Lemos, Thaynara Camacho, V. H. Marutani, L. Chuffa, Henrique Spaulonci Silveira, W. A. Verri, Eduardo Micotti da Gloria, Ana Paula Frederico Rodrigues Loureiro Bracarence
Puberty, governed by the endocrine system, marks the onset of reproductive functions in animals and humans through a series of physiological and biological transformations. Although the mycotoxin DON can disrupt hormonal balance and cause reproductive abnormalities, its impact on puberty-associated reproductive changes remains understudied. Considering the increased exposure of children and adolescents to DON, our study aimed to elucidate its influence on follicular integrity and the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (BAX and Caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic protein (BCL-2) in juvenile rat ovarian tissue. We divided ten 28-day-old prepubertal Wistar rats into two dietary groups for 28 days: a control group with a mycotoxin-free diet and a DON group with a diet containing 10 mg DON/Kg. After the experiment, ovaries and uterus weights were recorded, and the ovaries underwent morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis. DON exposure led to significant reductions in both ovarian and uterine weights. Although DON intake did not change the number of ovarian follicles across developmental stages, we observed an increased expression of BAX and Caspase-3 and a decreased BCL-2 expression in most follicular stages and corpora lutea. In summary, DON exposure during puberty can interfere with apoptotic processes in diverse ovarian cell populations during early adulthood.
青春期受内分泌系统支配，通过一系列生理和生物转化，标志着动物和人类生殖功能的开始。尽管霉菌毒素 DON 可破坏荷尔蒙平衡并导致生殖异常，但其对青春期相关生殖变化的影响仍未得到充分研究。考虑到儿童和青少年接触 DON 的机会增多，我们的研究旨在阐明 DON 对幼鼠卵巢组织中卵泡完整性以及促凋亡蛋白（BAX 和 Caspase-3）和抗凋亡蛋白（BCL-2）表达的影响。我们将 10 只 28 天大的青春期前 Wistar 大鼠分为两个饮食组，每组 28 天：对照组饮食不含霉菌毒素，DON 组饮食含 10 毫克 DON/Kg。实验结束后，记录卵巢和子宫的重量，并对卵巢进行形态计量和免疫组化分析。暴露于 DON 会导致卵巢和子宫重量明显下降。虽然摄入 DON 不会改变各发育阶段卵巢卵泡的数量，但我们观察到在大多数卵泡阶段和黄体中，BAX 和 Caspase-3 的表达增加，BCL-2 的表达减少。总之，在青春期接触 DON 会干扰成年早期不同卵巢细胞群的凋亡过程。
{"title":"Deoxynivalenol induces ovarian apoptosis in peripubertal rats","authors":"J. Gerez, Gisele Augusta Amorim de Lemos, Thaynara Camacho, V. H. Marutani, L. Chuffa, Henrique Spaulonci Silveira, W. A. Verri, Eduardo Micotti da Gloria, Ana Paula Frederico Rodrigues Loureiro Bracarence","doi":"10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1621","url":null,"abstract":"Puberty, governed by the endocrine system, marks the onset of reproductive functions in animals and humans through a series of physiological and biological transformations. Although the mycotoxin DON can disrupt hormonal balance and cause reproductive abnormalities, its impact on puberty-associated reproductive changes remains understudied. Considering the increased exposure of children and adolescents to DON, our study aimed to elucidate its influence on follicular integrity and the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (BAX and Caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic protein (BCL-2) in juvenile rat ovarian tissue. We divided ten 28-day-old prepubertal Wistar rats into two dietary groups for 28 days: a control group with a mycotoxin-free diet and a DON group with a diet containing 10 mg DON/Kg. After the experiment, ovaries and uterus weights were recorded, and the ovaries underwent morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis. DON exposure led to significant reductions in both ovarian and uterine weights. Although DON intake did not change the number of ovarian follicles across developmental stages, we observed an increased expression of BAX and Caspase-3 and a decreased BCL-2 expression in most follicular stages and corpora lutea. In summary, DON exposure during puberty can interfere with apoptotic processes in diverse ovarian cell populations during early adulthood.","PeriodicalId":21921,"journal":{"name":"Semina: Ciências Agrárias","volume":"14 2-3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139288593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1603
Julio Cesar Almeida, Adriano Thibes Hoshino, T. P. L. Pereira, Amarildo Pasini
As formigas-cortadeiras do gênero Atta são consideradas engenheiras de ecossistemas e fundamentais para o ambiente, por outro lado, são também prejudiciais aos sistemas produtivos pela severa desfolha que ocasionam em diversas espécies vegetais. Diversas moscas da família Phoridae são parasitóides de insetos sociais, e atuam no controle biológico das cortadeiras. O estudo objetivou verificar a ocorrência e riqueza de parasitóides que incidem sobre a saúva-limão, A. sexdens, em Londrina-PR, além de registrar a taxa de parasitismo e algumas características comportamentais e biológicas das espécies. Entre junho/2019 e maio/2020 coletas de formigas-operárias e forídeos associados às mesmas foram realizadas, em ninhos previamente selecionados, no Campus da Universidade Estadual de Londrina e na mata nativa do Jardim Botânico, em Londrina, PR. Os forídeos coletados foram preservados em álcool 70%, para posterior identificação das espécies e as saúvas foram mantidas em laboratório, para a verificação do parasitismo, conforme descrições na literatura. Formigas coletadas foram frequentemente inspecionadas, e uma vez constatada a sua morte, foram individualizadas em tubos plásticos. Foram capturados, nos dois ambientes, 216 forídeos adultos, sendo identificadas as seguintes espécies parasitóides: Apocephalus attophilus, Eibesfeldtphora declinata, Eibesfeldtphora elongata, Eibesfeldtphora tonhascai e Myrmosicarius grandicornis, sendo este último, predominante pelo método de coleta de parasitóides adultos ‘CPA’. Das saúvas coletadas, apenas 1,28% estavam parasitadas, sendo A. attophilus a espécie emergida mais abundante e ciclo reduzido de desenvolvimento. As taxas de parasitismo mantiveram-se abaixo dos 2% ao longo do ano, com maior taxa em setembro (1,81%). A ampliação da distribuição geográfica destas moscas para o Paraná contribui com relevantes informações sobre as características biológicas/comportamentais de algumas espécies parasitóides e a interferência que provocam nas atividades dos ninhos, ressaltando-se a importância destas como potenciais agentes de controle biológico da saúva-limão, em programas de manejo integrado.
{"title":"Parasitismo de Atta sexdens Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) por forídeos (Diptera: Phoridae) em Londrina-PR","authors":"Julio Cesar Almeida, Adriano Thibes Hoshino, T. P. L. Pereira, Amarildo Pasini","doi":"10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2023v44n5p1603","url":null,"abstract":"As formigas-cortadeiras do gênero Atta são consideradas engenheiras de ecossistemas e fundamentais para o ambiente, por outro lado, são também prejudiciais aos sistemas produtivos pela severa desfolha que ocasionam em diversas espécies vegetais. Diversas moscas da família Phoridae são parasitóides de insetos sociais, e atuam no controle biológico das cortadeiras. O estudo objetivou verificar a ocorrência e riqueza de parasitóides que incidem sobre a saúva-limão, A. sexdens, em Londrina-PR, além de registrar a taxa de parasitismo e algumas características comportamentais e biológicas das espécies. Entre junho/2019 e maio/2020 coletas de formigas-operárias e forídeos associados às mesmas foram realizadas, em ninhos previamente selecionados, no Campus da Universidade Estadual de Londrina e na mata nativa do Jardim Botânico, em Londrina, PR. Os forídeos coletados foram preservados em álcool 70%, para posterior identificação das espécies e as saúvas foram mantidas em laboratório, para a verificação do parasitismo, conforme descrições na literatura. Formigas coletadas foram frequentemente inspecionadas, e uma vez constatada a sua morte, foram individualizadas em tubos plásticos. Foram capturados, nos dois ambientes, 216 forídeos adultos, sendo identificadas as seguintes espécies parasitóides: Apocephalus attophilus, Eibesfeldtphora declinata, Eibesfeldtphora elongata, Eibesfeldtphora tonhascai e Myrmosicarius grandicornis, sendo este último, predominante pelo método de coleta de parasitóides adultos ‘CPA’. Das saúvas coletadas, apenas 1,28% estavam parasitadas, sendo A. attophilus a espécie emergida mais abundante e ciclo reduzido de desenvolvimento. As taxas de parasitismo mantiveram-se abaixo dos 2% ao longo do ano, com maior taxa em setembro (1,81%). A ampliação da distribuição geográfica destas moscas para o Paraná contribui com relevantes informações sobre as características biológicas/comportamentais de algumas espécies parasitóides e a interferência que provocam nas atividades dos ninhos, ressaltando-se a importância destas como potenciais agentes de controle biológico da saúva-limão, em programas de manejo integrado.","PeriodicalId":21921,"journal":{"name":"Semina: Ciências Agrárias","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139302582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-24DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2021V42N2P877
Fabiana Alves Demeu, M. A. Lopes, J. Palhares, A. Lima, Francisva lde Melo Carvalho, Marcos Aurélio Lopes Filho, Andréia Alves Demeu, Douglas Alves Vidal, Marina de Luca Lima, M. Barbari
his study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility of implementing and using the necessary infrastructure to collect rainwater from the roof of free-stall sheds in a dairy production system in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Specifically, the total cost (TC), total operating cost (TOC), and actual operating cost (AOC) of a cubic meter of rainwater and the break-even point in cubic meters were estimated. The research was conducted from January to December 2017 on a property located in the south of Minas Gerais. The following MOP scenarios were analyzed: most likely (Scenario 1), optimistic (scenario 2), and pessimistic (scenario 3). The grant value of the Das Velhas River basin was considered for the most likely scenario, as it has the most similar value with that of the basin surrounding the Furnas reservoir, in which the property is inserted. The grant value for water collection and consumption from the Paraíba River basin was considered in Scenario 2, as this Federal basin has the lowest grant value. The grant value for water collection and consumption from the Piracicaba, Jundiaí, and Capivari river basins was considered in Scenario 3, as these basins have the highest prices for the cubic meter of the collected and consumed water. The implementation of the infrastructure for collecting rainwater from the roof of free-stall sheds under the studied conditions was economically unfeasible for all scenarios, with negative net present values (NPV). Simple and discounted paybacks were longer than the proposed horizon. The internal rate of return (IRR) could not be estimated due to the negative values of the net cash flow. The benefit-cost ratios (BCR) were unsatisfactory (lower than 1). The TC values for rainwater collection from the roof of free-stall sheds were R$ 23,206.59 and R$ 20,489.25 for scenarios with interest rates of 8.50 and 6.99%, respectively, while the TOC value was R$ 7,850.30 for all analyzed scenarios. The unit values for TOC and AOC were R$ 9.9024/m3 and R$ 1.3060/m3 of collected water, respectively. The break-even point could not be estimated in the studied scenarios, as the variable cost per cubic meter of water collected from the roof of the free-stall shed was higher than the grant value charged by the water management committees of the different studied basins.
他的研究旨在分析在巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州南部的一个乳制品生产系统中，实施和使用必要的基础设施从自由畜棚屋顶收集雨水的经济可行性。具体来说，估算了每立方米雨水的总成本(TC)、总运行成本(TOC)和实际运行成本(AOC)以及以立方米为单位的盈亏平衡点。该研究于2017年1月至12月在米纳斯吉拉斯州南部的一处房产进行。分析了以下MOP情景:最可能(情景1)、最乐观(情景2)和最悲观(情景3)。Das Velhas河流域的授予价值被认为是最可能的情景，因为它与furas水库周围的盆地具有最相似的价值，该属性被插入其中。在方案2中考虑了Paraíba河流域收集和用水的赠款价值，因为该联邦流域的赠款价值最低。在方案3中考虑了皮拉西卡巴河、Jundiaí河和卡皮瓦里河流域收集和消耗水的赠款价值，因为这些流域收集和消耗的水的立方米价格最高。在所研究的条件下，从自由棚顶收集雨水的基础设施在经济上是不可行的，其净现值(NPV)为负。简单和贴现的回报期比提议的期限更长。由于净现金流为负值，内部收益率(IRR)无法估计。效益成本比(BCR)不理想(低于1)。在利率为8.50%和6.99%的情况下，自由棚顶雨水收集的TC值分别为23,206.59和20,489.25雷亚元，而TOC值为7,850.30雷亚元。TOC和AOC的单位值分别为9.9024 R /m3和1.3060 R /m3。在研究的情况下，无法估计盈亏平衡点，因为从自由棚顶收集的每立方米水的可变成本高于不同研究流域的水管理委员会收取的赠款价值。
{"title":"Economic feasibility of implementing an infrastructure for collecting rainwater from the roof of free-stall sheds","authors":"Fabiana Alves Demeu, M. A. Lopes, J. Palhares, A. Lima, Francisva lde Melo Carvalho, Marcos Aurélio Lopes Filho, Andréia Alves Demeu, Douglas Alves Vidal, Marina de Luca Lima, M. Barbari","doi":"10.5433/1679-0359.2021V42N2P877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021V42N2P877","url":null,"abstract":"his study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility of implementing and using the necessary infrastructure to collect rainwater from the roof of free-stall sheds in a dairy production system in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Specifically, the total cost (TC), total operating cost (TOC), and actual operating cost (AOC) of a cubic meter of rainwater and the break-even point in cubic meters were estimated. The research was conducted from January to December 2017 on a property located in the south of Minas Gerais. The following MOP scenarios were analyzed: most likely (Scenario 1), optimistic (scenario 2), and pessimistic (scenario 3). The grant value of the Das Velhas River basin was considered for the most likely scenario, as it has the most similar value with that of the basin surrounding the Furnas reservoir, in which the property is inserted. The grant value for water collection and consumption from the Paraíba River basin was considered in Scenario 2, as this Federal basin has the lowest grant value. The grant value for water collection and consumption from the Piracicaba, Jundiaí, and Capivari river basins was considered in Scenario 3, as these basins have the highest prices for the cubic meter of the collected and consumed water. The implementation of the infrastructure for collecting rainwater from the roof of free-stall sheds under the studied conditions was economically unfeasible for all scenarios, with negative net present values (NPV). Simple and discounted paybacks were longer than the proposed horizon. The internal rate of return (IRR) could not be estimated due to the negative values of the net cash flow. The benefit-cost ratios (BCR) were unsatisfactory (lower than 1). The TC values for rainwater collection from the roof of free-stall sheds were R$ 23,206.59 and R$ 20,489.25 for scenarios with interest rates of 8.50 and 6.99%, respectively, while the TOC value was R$ 7,850.30 for all analyzed scenarios. The unit values for TOC and AOC were R$ 9.9024/m3 and R$ 1.3060/m3 of collected water, respectively. The break-even point could not be estimated in the studied scenarios, as the variable cost per cubic meter of water collected from the roof of the free-stall shed was higher than the grant value charged by the water management committees of the different studied basins.","PeriodicalId":21921,"journal":{"name":"Semina: Ciências Agrárias","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86091315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-29DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6p2813
Robson Evaldo Gehlen Bohrer, E. Carissimi, D. A. R. Lopez, Delmira Beatriz Wolff, Danni Maísa da Silva, O. D. Prestes
The increasing need for animal protein has exerted pressures on the current animal production system. One of the alternatives found by producers to improve animal performance has been the use of veterinary drugs, especially antibiotics. However, its indiscriminate use can be a risk to the environmental balance of the producing locations since Brazil has approximately 42 million pigs. With this herd, pig farming represents a great potential for generating environmental impacts. As an alternative use of the large volume of liquid pig manure generated, many producers have been using this slurry in the soil as a bio fertilizer. Residues of veterinary drugs are capable of accumulation with environmental matrices and leach into water resources. In this sense, it is mandatory to dedicate more efforts on the study of techniques and processes for the treatment of organic effluents contaminated by veterinary drugs. Low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative treatment systems are necessary, in order to minimize the entry of these contaminants into the environment. Therefore, the composting process, defined as aerobic microbial decomposition process of organic matter, can be an alternative for treating the effluents contaminated by veterinary drugs. This review to aims to create awareness in the academic community regarding the veterinary drug residues and their contamination potential in different environmental matrices, as well as evaluating the composting process as a technique to minimize the impacts of the swine activity waste on the environment.
{"title":"Compostagem de efluente suíno no tratamento de resíduos de fármacos veterinários","authors":"Robson Evaldo Gehlen Bohrer, E. Carissimi, D. A. R. Lopez, Delmira Beatriz Wolff, Danni Maísa da Silva, O. D. Prestes","doi":"10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6p2813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6p2813","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing need for animal protein has exerted pressures on the current animal production system. One of the alternatives found by producers to improve animal performance has been the use of veterinary drugs, especially antibiotics. However, its indiscriminate use can be a risk to the environmental balance of the producing locations since Brazil has approximately 42 million pigs. With this herd, pig farming represents a great potential for generating environmental impacts. As an alternative use of the large volume of liquid pig manure generated, many producers have been using this slurry in the soil as a bio fertilizer. Residues of veterinary drugs are capable of accumulation with environmental matrices and leach into water resources. In this sense, it is mandatory to dedicate more efforts on the study of techniques and processes for the treatment of organic effluents contaminated by veterinary drugs. Low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative treatment systems are necessary, in order to minimize the entry of these contaminants into the environment. Therefore, the composting process, defined as aerobic microbial decomposition process of organic matter, can be an alternative for treating the effluents contaminated by veterinary drugs. This review to aims to create awareness in the academic community regarding the veterinary drug residues and their contamination potential in different environmental matrices, as well as evaluating the composting process as a technique to minimize the impacts of the swine activity waste on the environment.","PeriodicalId":21921,"journal":{"name":"Semina: Ciências Agrárias","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85186321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-30DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2875
A. Leite, Denize Monteiro dos Anjos, E. M. Simões, José Romero Alexandre Alves, A. Gomes, Inácio José Clemetino, S. S. Azevedo, C. J. Alves
The rabies virus propagates through several epidemiological cycles, which makes it difficult to control and predict. Thus, this study was structured with the aim of establishing the geospatial characterization of bat shelters in different semi-arid mesoregions of the state of Paraíba, Northeastern region of Brazil. Data provided by the Secretaria de Estado do Desenvolvimento da Agropecuária e da Pesca da Paraíba (SEDAP-PB), from 2007 to 2015 and data from digital platforms were used. The geographic representation was produced using the software QGIS 2.16.0 - Nodebo. To verify virus circulation sites, buffers were plotted within a 10-km radius from the registered shelters and rabies incidence sites in the state. A registry of 93 shelters in the period between 2007 and 2015 were distributed in 22 municipalities and 15 microregions. All mesoregions were represented, though 47.31% of the bat shelters were located in Agreste Paraibano. Of the total registered shelters, 66 (71%) are classified as artificial, and 27 (29%) as natural. The underreporting of rabies occurrences reveals the need to improve the registration of hematophagous bat shelters, specifically those for the D. rotundus species.
狂犬病毒通过几个流行病学周期进行传播，这使其难以控制和预测。因此，本研究旨在建立巴西东北部Paraíba州不同半干旱中区蝙蝠庇护所的地理空间特征。数据由国家环境保护秘书处Agropecuária和Pesca da Paraíba (SEDAP-PB)提供，从2007年到2015年，数据来自数字平台。地理表示使用QGIS 2.16.0 - Nodebo软件生成。为了核实病毒传播地点，在该州登记的庇护所和狂犬病发病地点方圆10公里范围内绘制了缓冲带。2007年至2015年期间，登记了93个庇护所，分布在22个城市和15个小区。尽管47.31%的蝙蝠庇护所位于Agreste Paraibano，但所有中部地区都有代表。在所有登记的庇护所中，66个(71%)被归类为人工庇护所，27个(29%)被归类为自然庇护所。狂犬病病例的少报表明，需要改进食血蝙蝠庇护所的登记，特别是那些圆形蝙蝠的庇护所。
{"title":"Caracterização espacial e identificação de abrigos de quirópteros e sua relação com os casos de raiva em animais de produção no semiárido, Brasil, de 2007 a 2015","authors":"A. Leite, Denize Monteiro dos Anjos, E. M. Simões, José Romero Alexandre Alves, A. Gomes, Inácio José Clemetino, S. S. Azevedo, C. J. Alves","doi":"10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2875","url":null,"abstract":"The rabies virus propagates through several epidemiological cycles, which makes it difficult to control and predict. Thus, this study was structured with the aim of establishing the geospatial characterization of bat shelters in different semi-arid mesoregions of the state of Paraíba, Northeastern region of Brazil. Data provided by the Secretaria de Estado do Desenvolvimento da Agropecuária e da Pesca da Paraíba (SEDAP-PB), from 2007 to 2015 and data from digital platforms were used. The geographic representation was produced using the software QGIS 2.16.0 - Nodebo. To verify virus circulation sites, buffers were plotted within a 10-km radius from the registered shelters and rabies incidence sites in the state. A registry of 93 shelters in the period between 2007 and 2015 were distributed in 22 municipalities and 15 microregions. All mesoregions were represented, though 47.31% of the bat shelters were located in Agreste Paraibano. Of the total registered shelters, 66 (71%) are classified as artificial, and 27 (29%) as natural. The underreporting of rabies occurrences reveals the need to improve the registration of hematophagous bat shelters, specifically those for the D. rotundus species.","PeriodicalId":21921,"journal":{"name":"Semina: Ciências Agrárias","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80802626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-30DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2555
G. L. Franco, Marcelo Vedovatto, Marcella Cândia D'Oliveira, I.M. Cortada Neto, M. G. Morais, J. M. D. S. Diogo
With the objective to evaluate different frequencies of supplementation on the performance and ingestive behavior of Nellore calves kept on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture, 56 animals with initial average body weight (BW) of 174.5 kg were submitted to the following treatments: no supplement and 1x, 3x, and 7x supplementation per week. The supplement was provided in the amount of 3.5 g kg-1 of BW day-1. BW and evaluation of behavior were assessed every 28 days. The randomized block's design with two repetitions was used. The analyses of variance were carried out by the GLM procedure in the SAS software, and the means were compared by the Tukey’s test at 5% significance. The supplementation increased the average daily gain (ADG; P ? 0.05); however, it did not differ between frequencies (0.005, 0.190, 0.183, and 0.177 kg head-1 day for the no supplement treatment and 1x, 3x, and 7x per week, respectively). The animals in the no supplement treatment showed longer grazing time (P ? 0.05) compared to those receiving the supplement. However, results did not differ between frequencies (10.44, 8.57, 8.32, and 8.59 hours day-1 for no supplement treatments and 1x, 3x, and 7x per week, respectively). Thus, the frequency of supplementation can be reduced to once a week without reducing animal performance.
目的探讨不同补饲频率对饲养黑斑尿藻犊牛生产性能和摄食行为的影响。选取马兰度牧场56头初始平均体重为174.5 kg的动物，分别进行不添加、每周添加1次、3次和7次处理。添加量为3.5 g kg-1 (BW day-1)。每28 d进行体重和行为评价。采用两次重复的随机区组设计。方差分析采用SAS软件中的GLM程序进行，均数比较采用Tukey检验，显著性为5%。饲粮添加量增加了平均日增重(ADG);P ?0.05);然而，频率之间没有差异(0.005、0.190、0.183和0.177 kg头-1天，无补充处理和每周1次、3次和7次)。不添加饲料的动物放牧时间较长(P ?0.05)。然而，结果在频率之间没有差异(10.44、8.57、8.32和8.59小时，无补充治疗，每周分别为1次、3次和7次)。因此，在不降低动物生产性能的情况下，可以将添加频率降低到每周一次。
{"title":"Frequência de suplementação proteico-energética sobre o desempenho e comportamento ingestivo de bezerros Nelore mantidos em pastagem tropical na estação seca","authors":"G. L. Franco, Marcelo Vedovatto, Marcella Cândia D'Oliveira, I.M. Cortada Neto, M. G. Morais, J. M. D. S. Diogo","doi":"10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2555","url":null,"abstract":"With the objective to evaluate different frequencies of supplementation on the performance and ingestive behavior of Nellore calves kept on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture, 56 animals with initial average body weight (BW) of 174.5 kg were submitted to the following treatments: no supplement and 1x, 3x, and 7x supplementation per week. The supplement was provided in the amount of 3.5 g kg-1 of BW day-1. BW and evaluation of behavior were assessed every 28 days. The randomized block's design with two repetitions was used. The analyses of variance were carried out by the GLM procedure in the SAS software, and the means were compared by the Tukey’s test at 5% significance. The supplementation increased the average daily gain (ADG; P ? 0.05); however, it did not differ between frequencies (0.005, 0.190, 0.183, and 0.177 kg head-1 day for the no supplement treatment and 1x, 3x, and 7x per week, respectively). The animals in the no supplement treatment showed longer grazing time (P ? 0.05) compared to those receiving the supplement. However, results did not differ between frequencies (10.44, 8.57, 8.32, and 8.59 hours day-1 for no supplement treatments and 1x, 3x, and 7x per week, respectively). Thus, the frequency of supplementation can be reduced to once a week without reducing animal performance.","PeriodicalId":21921,"journal":{"name":"Semina: Ciências Agrárias","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77428343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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