Halymenia durvillei water extract (HDWE) contains a dark-pink colored pigment of Rphycoerythrin (R-PE), which its stability is influenced by temperature and pH andpossesses biological activities. Microencapsulation could be the solution to preservingthe nature of R-PE. This study characterized the HDWE emulsion and analyzed the RPE content, antioxidants, and anti-tyrosinase activities before and after microencapsulation using sodium caseinate and maltodextrin (M-HDWE). Halymenia durvillei was extracted in distilled water (ratio 1:2, w/v) for 24 hours at 4 °C. Sodium caseinate to maltodextrin coating ratios were 1:2; 1:4; 1:6 and 1:12. Emulsion (viscosity, color, and R-PE content) and powder characteristics (surface morphology) were determined using Brookfield DV2T, ColorFlex EZ Hunterlab, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, and JeolSEM, respectively. The antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities were determined using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and mushroom tyrosinase assays. The Commision Internationale d’Éclairage (CIE) L* a* b* colorimetry result showed that the more maltodextrin and the lower viscosity, the more intense the emulsion color. Despite HDWE having roughly six-fold more R-PE content, all M-HDWE treatment samples exhibited equal R-PE contents (p 0.05). The M-HDWE 1:2; 1:4; 1:6; and 1:12 microcapsules had more wrinkled spheres and fewer cracks than MHDWE 0. The M-HDWE 1:2 had 33.10% lower antioxidant activity than the HDWE and was the highest compared to other M-HDWE compositions (17.15±1.27 µM/µg extract, p 0.05). Meanwhile, all M-HDWE had low anti-tyrosinase activity. It can be concluded that microencapsulation could be a solution for preserving HDWE’s antioxidant activity but not its anti-tyrosinase activity
{"title":"Antioxidant and Anti-tyrosinase Activities of Halymenia durvillei Water Extract Containing R-Phycoerythrin Before and After Microencapsulation","authors":"Tiara Silva Khatulistiani, Devi Ambarwaty Oktavia, Ifah Munifah, Endar Marraskuranto","doi":"10.15578/762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15578/762","url":null,"abstract":"Halymenia durvillei water extract (HDWE) contains a dark-pink colored pigment of Rphycoerythrin (R-PE), which its stability is influenced by temperature and pH andpossesses biological activities. Microencapsulation could be the solution to preservingthe nature of R-PE. This study characterized the HDWE emulsion and analyzed the RPE content, antioxidants, and anti-tyrosinase activities before and after microencapsulation using sodium caseinate and maltodextrin (M-HDWE). Halymenia durvillei was extracted in distilled water (ratio 1:2, w/v) for 24 hours at 4 °C. Sodium caseinate to maltodextrin coating ratios were 1:2; 1:4; 1:6 and 1:12. Emulsion (viscosity, color, and R-PE content) and powder characteristics (surface morphology) were determined using Brookfield DV2T, ColorFlex EZ Hunterlab, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, and JeolSEM, respectively. The antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities were determined using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and mushroom tyrosinase assays. The Commision Internationale d’Éclairage (CIE) L* a* b* colorimetry result showed that the more maltodextrin and the lower viscosity, the more intense the emulsion color. Despite HDWE having roughly six-fold more R-PE content, all M-HDWE treatment samples exhibited equal R-PE contents (p 0.05). The M-HDWE 1:2; 1:4; 1:6; and 1:12 microcapsules had more wrinkled spheres and fewer cracks than MHDWE 0. The M-HDWE 1:2 had 33.10% lower antioxidant activity than the HDWE and was the highest compared to other M-HDWE compositions (17.15±1.27 µM/µg extract, p 0.05). Meanwhile, all M-HDWE had low anti-tyrosinase activity. It can be concluded that microencapsulation could be a solution for preserving HDWE’s antioxidant activity but not its anti-tyrosinase activity","PeriodicalId":21935,"journal":{"name":"Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135394963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. S. Khatulistiani, D. Oktavia, I. Munifah, E. Marraskuranto
Halymenia durvillei water extract (HDWE) contains a dark-pink colored pigment of Rphycoerythrin (R-PE), which its stability is influenced by temperature and pH andpossesses biological activities. Microencapsulation could be the solution to preservingthe nature of R-PE. This study characterized the HDWE emulsion and analyzed the RPE content, antioxidants, and anti-tyrosinase activities before and after microencapsulation using sodium caseinate and maltodextrin (M-HDWE). Halymenia durvillei was extracted in distilled water (ratio 1:2, w/v) for 24 hours at 4 °C. Sodium caseinate to maltodextrin coating ratios were 1:2; 1:4; 1:6 and 1:12. Emulsion (viscosity, color, and R-PE content) and powder characteristics (surface morphology) were determined using Brookfield DV2T, ColorFlex EZ Hunterlab, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, and JeolSEM, respectively. The antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities were determined using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and mushroom tyrosinase assays. The Commision Internationale d’Éclairage (CIE) L* a* b* colorimetry result showed that the more maltodextrin and the lower viscosity, the more intense the emulsion color. Despite HDWE having roughly six-fold more R-PE content, all M-HDWE treatment samples exhibited equal R-PE contents (p 0.05). The M-HDWE 1:2; 1:4; 1:6; and 1:12 microcapsules had more wrinkled spheres and fewer cracks than MHDWE 0. The M-HDWE 1:2 had 33.10% lower antioxidant activity than the HDWE and was the highest compared to other M-HDWE compositions (17.15±1.27 µM/µg extract, p 0.05). Meanwhile, all M-HDWE had low anti-tyrosinase activity. It can be concluded that microencapsulation could be a solution for preserving HDWE’s antioxidant activity but not its anti-tyrosinase activity
{"title":"Antioxidant and Anti-tyrosinase Activities of Halymenia durvillei Water Extract Containing R-Phycoerythrin Before and After Microencapsulation","authors":"T. S. Khatulistiani, D. Oktavia, I. Munifah, E. Marraskuranto","doi":"10.15578/squalen.762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15578/squalen.762","url":null,"abstract":"Halymenia durvillei water extract (HDWE) contains a dark-pink colored pigment of Rphycoerythrin (R-PE), which its stability is influenced by temperature and pH andpossesses biological activities. Microencapsulation could be the solution to preservingthe nature of R-PE. This study characterized the HDWE emulsion and analyzed the RPE content, antioxidants, and anti-tyrosinase activities before and after microencapsulation using sodium caseinate and maltodextrin (M-HDWE). Halymenia durvillei was extracted in distilled water (ratio 1:2, w/v) for 24 hours at 4 °C. Sodium caseinate to maltodextrin coating ratios were 1:2; 1:4; 1:6 and 1:12. Emulsion (viscosity, color, and R-PE content) and powder characteristics (surface morphology) were determined using Brookfield DV2T, ColorFlex EZ Hunterlab, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, and JeolSEM, respectively. The antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities were determined using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and mushroom tyrosinase assays. The Commision Internationale d’Éclairage (CIE) L* a* b* colorimetry result showed that the more maltodextrin and the lower viscosity, the more intense the emulsion color. Despite HDWE having roughly six-fold more R-PE content, all M-HDWE treatment samples exhibited equal R-PE contents (p 0.05). The M-HDWE 1:2; 1:4; 1:6; and 1:12 microcapsules had more wrinkled spheres and fewer cracks than MHDWE 0. The M-HDWE 1:2 had 33.10% lower antioxidant activity than the HDWE and was the highest compared to other M-HDWE compositions (17.15±1.27 µM/µg extract, p 0.05). Meanwhile, all M-HDWE had low anti-tyrosinase activity. It can be concluded that microencapsulation could be a solution for preserving HDWE’s antioxidant activity but not its anti-tyrosinase activity","PeriodicalId":21935,"journal":{"name":"Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87911354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mada Triandala Sibero, Adella Maulina Savitri, Evan Hansel Frederick, Sri Sedjati
Gracilaria verrucosa is a red seaweed that has been widely utilized in the food andpharmaceutical industries due to its biological properties. The utilization of biologicalagents in obtaining certain bioactive compounds would confront unavoidable issues,particularly its bioactive sustainability. Hence, microbial fermentation has been reported as a practical approach to maintaining bioactive production and boosting its properties. Our study aimed to evaluate the potential of marine yeast Aureobasidium melanogenum MTGK.31 as a fermenting agent for G. verrucosa and characterize the seaweed metabolite profile and antioxidant activity after fermentation. The seaweed was fermented using A. melanogenum MTGK.31 in a medium consisting of yeast extract, peptone, and glucose. The fermentation was done for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Total plate count and pH were measured after each fermentation period. The primary and secondary metabolites of G. verrucosa in each fermentation were observed. Antioxidant assay using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) method was conducted, followed by total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. It was highlighted that yeast colony increased during the fermentation, while the pH level was decreasing. We found that the fermentation not only boosted some elements in primary metabolites, but also increased G. verrucosa bioactive groups. After 72 hours of fermentation, the G. verrucosa percent radical scavenging activity (%RSA) increased more than two times compared to the fresh G. verrucosa with a %RSA value of 16.09±6.57. Nevertheless, the highest total phenolic content of 5.62±0.00028 mg GAE/g extract was shown by G. verrucosa after 48 hours of fermentation.
{"title":"Metabolites Alteration and Antioxidant Activity of Gracilaria verrucosa After Fermentation Using Aureobasidium melanogenum MTGK.31","authors":"Mada Triandala Sibero, Adella Maulina Savitri, Evan Hansel Frederick, Sri Sedjati","doi":"10.15578/727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15578/727","url":null,"abstract":"Gracilaria verrucosa is a red seaweed that has been widely utilized in the food andpharmaceutical industries due to its biological properties. The utilization of biologicalagents in obtaining certain bioactive compounds would confront unavoidable issues,particularly its bioactive sustainability. Hence, microbial fermentation has been reported as a practical approach to maintaining bioactive production and boosting its properties. Our study aimed to evaluate the potential of marine yeast Aureobasidium melanogenum MTGK.31 as a fermenting agent for G. verrucosa and characterize the seaweed metabolite profile and antioxidant activity after fermentation. The seaweed was fermented using A. melanogenum MTGK.31 in a medium consisting of yeast extract, peptone, and glucose. The fermentation was done for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Total plate count and pH were measured after each fermentation period. The primary and secondary metabolites of G. verrucosa in each fermentation were observed. Antioxidant assay using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) method was conducted, followed by total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. It was highlighted that yeast colony increased during the fermentation, while the pH level was decreasing. We found that the fermentation not only boosted some elements in primary metabolites, but also increased G. verrucosa bioactive groups. After 72 hours of fermentation, the G. verrucosa percent radical scavenging activity (%RSA) increased more than two times compared to the fresh G. verrucosa with a %RSA value of 16.09±6.57. Nevertheless, the highest total phenolic content of 5.62±0.00028 mg GAE/g extract was shown by G. verrucosa after 48 hours of fermentation.","PeriodicalId":21935,"journal":{"name":"Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135394612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catfish is one of the freshwater aquaculture commodities with a high level of consumption and production in Indonesia. Disease outbreaks could occur in catfish farming activities caused by pathogenic bacteria. Several species of pathogenic bacteria can cause disease in catfish, resulting in mass death. This can lead to decrease in the food quality of freshwater fishery products, especially catfish. In cultured system, aquaculture occurrence of diseases can cause severe financial losses. Catfish samples were obtained from catfish farming with clinical symptoms of reddish spots on the outside of the body. Bacteria were isolated from the kidney and liver under aseptic conditions. These bacteria isolates were identified through their colony morphology, Gram staining, biochemical tests, molecular test, and antibacterial test of Bacillus spp. using spot and disc diffusion test. Identification based on 16S rRNA gene showed that GL1 was 99.92% closely related to Aeromonas widowei, HL1 was 100% closely to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and GL2 and HL2 was closely related to Bacillus cereus. The antibacterial test results of APD10 isolates of Bacillus velenzensis species inhibited GL2 pathogenic bacteria with an inhibition zone of 22.15 mm in the very strong inhibition zone and HL2 pathogenic bacteria with an inhibition zone of 8.5 mm in the moderate inhibition zone. Bacillus velezensis was isolated from the sponge Aplysina sp. could be further utilized as a biocontrol agent for the pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus cereus, that infects catfish.
{"title":"The Potential of Sponge-Associated Bacillus spp. as A Biocontrol Agent to Inhibit Several Bacteria from Infected Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burch)","authors":"Della Indah Medani","doi":"10.15578/724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15578/724","url":null,"abstract":"Catfish is one of the freshwater aquaculture commodities with a high level of consumption and production in Indonesia. Disease outbreaks could occur in catfish farming activities caused by pathogenic bacteria. Several species of pathogenic bacteria can cause disease in catfish, resulting in mass death. This can lead to decrease in the food quality of freshwater fishery products, especially catfish. In cultured system, aquaculture occurrence of diseases can cause severe financial losses. Catfish samples were obtained from catfish farming with clinical symptoms of reddish spots on the outside of the body. Bacteria were isolated from the kidney and liver under aseptic conditions. These bacteria isolates were identified through their colony morphology, Gram staining, biochemical tests, molecular test, and antibacterial test of Bacillus spp. using spot and disc diffusion test. Identification based on 16S rRNA gene showed that GL1 was 99.92% closely related to Aeromonas widowei, HL1 was 100% closely to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and GL2 and HL2 was closely related to Bacillus cereus. The antibacterial test results of APD10 isolates of Bacillus velenzensis species inhibited GL2 pathogenic bacteria with an inhibition zone of 22.15 mm in the very strong inhibition zone and HL2 pathogenic bacteria with an inhibition zone of 8.5 mm in the moderate inhibition zone. Bacillus velezensis was isolated from the sponge Aplysina sp. could be further utilized as a biocontrol agent for the pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus cereus, that infects catfish.","PeriodicalId":21935,"journal":{"name":"Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135394945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Nurjanah, A. Jacoeb, A. Abdullah, Joko Ahadi Priyanto, N. M. Nurdin, A. V. Seulalae
Healthy seaweed salt is low sodium salt from seaweed that offers health benefits for hypertension patients. Indonesian seaweed has the potential to produce healthy seaweed salt. Research to date still focuses on green and brownseaweed but there is still no report for red seaweed. Actinotrichia fragilis isone of red seaweed species that has been discovered in Indonesia’s seawaterand has not yet been utilized. Thus, this study aimed to determine the chemicalcomposition and antioxidant activity of A. fragilis flour and the optimum ratiofor producing seaweed salt with a high yield, optimum %NaCl, Na/K ratio, andantioxidant activity. Seaweed salt production treatment was the ratio of seaweed flour and distilled water 1:3, 1:5, and 1:10 (w/v), extracted at 40°C for 10minutes. The mixture was filtered, then dried at 60°C for 30 hours. Data analysiswas performed by analysis of variance. The raw material for dried A. fragilisseaweed has a high ash and low-lipid content. Then the ethanol extract had atotal phenolic content value of 84.34 mg GAE/g and an antioxidant activityvalue of 98.22 mg/L. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of the ethanol extract was 60.15 nmol ascorbic acid/g and 552.21 n mol Fe2+/g. The best treatmentfor producing A. fragilis salt is 1:10 with yield of 12.76±0.13%, %NaCl47.22±1.38%, Na/K ratio 3.32±0.18, IC50 with DPPH and ABTS method 113 mg/Land 87.27 mg/L, total antioxidant capacity 38.21 n g/mL ascorbic acid/g, and304.32 n mol Fe2+/g. Furthermore, A. fragilis can be used for the production ofhealthy seaweed salt.
健康海藻盐是从海藻中提取的低钠盐，对高血压患者的健康有益。印度尼西亚的海藻具有生产健康海藻盐的潜力。迄今为止的研究仍然集中在绿海藻和褐海藻上，但仍然没有关于红海藻的报道。脆弱放线菌是在印度尼西亚海水中发现的一种红海藻，尚未被利用。因此，本研究旨在确定脆皮藻粉的化学成分和抗氧化活性，以及生产高产海藻盐的最佳配比、最佳NaCl %、Na/K比和抗氧化活性。海藻盐生产处理为海藻粉与蒸馏水的比例分别为1:3、1:5和1:10 (w/v)，在40℃下提取10min。将混合物过滤，然后在60°C下干燥30小时。数据分析采用方差分析。干燥软藻原料灰分高，脂质含量低。乙醇提取物的总酚含量为84.34 mg GAE/g，抗氧化活性为98.22 mg/L。乙醇提取物的抗氧化能力分别为60.15 nmol抗坏血酸/g和552.21 nmol Fe2+/g。最佳产盐条件为1:10，产率为12.76±0.13%，% nacl为47.22±1.38%，Na/K比为3.32±0.18,DPPH和ABTS法IC50为113 mg/Land 87.27 mg/L，总抗氧化能力为38.21 ng /mL抗坏血酸/g, Fe2+为304.32 n mol /g。此外，脆弱芽孢杆菌可用于生产健康的海藻盐。
{"title":"Study of Actinotrichia fragilis Indonesian Red Seaweed as Raw Material for Healthy Salt","authors":"N. Nurjanah, A. Jacoeb, A. Abdullah, Joko Ahadi Priyanto, N. M. Nurdin, A. V. Seulalae","doi":"10.15578/squalen.753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15578/squalen.753","url":null,"abstract":"Healthy seaweed salt is low sodium salt from seaweed that offers health benefits for hypertension patients. Indonesian seaweed has the potential to produce healthy seaweed salt. Research to date still focuses on green and brownseaweed but there is still no report for red seaweed. Actinotrichia fragilis isone of red seaweed species that has been discovered in Indonesia’s seawaterand has not yet been utilized. Thus, this study aimed to determine the chemicalcomposition and antioxidant activity of A. fragilis flour and the optimum ratiofor producing seaweed salt with a high yield, optimum %NaCl, Na/K ratio, andantioxidant activity. Seaweed salt production treatment was the ratio of seaweed flour and distilled water 1:3, 1:5, and 1:10 (w/v), extracted at 40°C for 10minutes. The mixture was filtered, then dried at 60°C for 30 hours. Data analysiswas performed by analysis of variance. The raw material for dried A. fragilisseaweed has a high ash and low-lipid content. Then the ethanol extract had atotal phenolic content value of 84.34 mg GAE/g and an antioxidant activityvalue of 98.22 mg/L. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of the ethanol extract was 60.15 nmol ascorbic acid/g and 552.21 n mol Fe2+/g. The best treatmentfor producing A. fragilis salt is 1:10 with yield of 12.76±0.13%, %NaCl47.22±1.38%, Na/K ratio 3.32±0.18, IC50 with DPPH and ABTS method 113 mg/Land 87.27 mg/L, total antioxidant capacity 38.21 n g/mL ascorbic acid/g, and304.32 n mol Fe2+/g. Furthermore, A. fragilis can be used for the production ofhealthy seaweed salt. ","PeriodicalId":21935,"journal":{"name":"Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85683096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green mussel chitin can be converted by H2O2 into water-soluble chitosan (WSC). This can subsequently be utilized for a variety of different purposes, such as a fat binder. This study examines how different H2O2 concentrations (13, 21.5, and 30%) affected the properties of WSC (yield, moisture content, ash content, degree of deacetylation, and solubility in water and acid). Moreover as well as how WSC (8%, 9%, and 10%) affected the hedonic scores, proximate composition, and fat binding capacity of weight-loss cookies. A single factor Completely Randomized Design and single-factor ANOVA were used to analyze the data, followed by Duncan’s additional testing as necessary. The results showed that water-soluble chitosan was impacted by H2O2 concentration in that its yield and ash content decreased, its color changed to a brownish, and its solubility in acid and moisture content all increased. According to De Garmo’s Effectiveness Index Test, 30% H2O2 concentration resulted in the best WSC. The addition of WSC did not affect the hedonic quality, protein, moisture, or carbohydrate contents of the cookies, but it did have an impact on the ash and fat contents. The ability of all cookie samples in all treatments to bind fat in liquified butter and peanut oil validates the use of cookies containing WSC in body weight loss research.
{"title":"Water Soluble Chitosan from Green Mussel (Perna viridis) Shells and Its Use As Fat-Absorber In Cookies","authors":"Aef Permadi, Rufnia Ayu Afifah, Dita Ambar Kartika Apriani, Farida Ariyani","doi":"10.15578/squalen.731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15578/squalen.731","url":null,"abstract":"Green mussel chitin can be converted by H2O2 into water-soluble chitosan (WSC). This can subsequently be utilized for a variety of different purposes, such as a fat binder. This study examines how different H2O2 concentrations (13, 21.5, and 30%) affected the properties of WSC (yield, moisture content, ash content, degree of deacetylation, and solubility in water and acid). Moreover as well as how WSC (8%, 9%, and 10%) affected the hedonic scores, proximate composition, and fat binding capacity of weight-loss cookies. A single factor Completely Randomized Design and single-factor ANOVA were used to analyze the data, followed by Duncan’s additional testing as necessary. The results showed that water-soluble chitosan was impacted by H2O2 concentration in that its yield and ash content decreased, its color changed to a brownish, and its solubility in acid and moisture content all increased. According to De Garmo’s Effectiveness Index Test, 30% H2O2 concentration resulted in the best WSC. The addition of WSC did not affect the hedonic quality, protein, moisture, or carbohydrate contents of the cookies, but it did have an impact on the ash and fat contents. The ability of all cookie samples in all treatments to bind fat in liquified butter and peanut oil validates the use of cookies containing WSC in body weight loss research.","PeriodicalId":21935,"journal":{"name":"Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73670774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siti Athirah Mohamad Jamali, Kamalrul Azlan Azizan, S. Baharum, M. Taib
The mangrove fungus Trichoderma atroviride was found to be tolerant to the heavy metal cadmium and it is of high interest to profile its metabolites to gain insight into its response to cadmium toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of derivatization agents on the number and types of metabolites present in the cadmium-tolerant T. atroviride, detected using GC-MS analysis. The intracellular and extracellular metabolites of T. atroviride treated with cadmium for ten days were derivatized using silylation and alkylation reactions. The results showed that a higher number of metabolites were identified when the three different derivatization agents were used: BSTFA, TBDMSTFA, and MCF. More types of metabolites were identified by silylation, making it suitable for non-targeted metabolites profiling study. Silylation is efficient for the analysis of sugars and their derivatives while alkylation is suitable for a targeted study involving amino acids and organic acids. Statistical analysis for the data set of identified metabolites was performed using Metaboanalyst 3.0 followed by visualization using Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis. The plots showed clear separations of metabolites between the different types of derivatization agents and between control and cadmium-treated samples. A more comprehensive metabolite profile of T. atroviride obtained using different derivatization agents in this study, followed by distinct metabolites detected between control and treated samples, will provide good baseline information for future investigations including the pathways and biomarkers responsible for the fungal tolerance to cadmium toxicity.
{"title":"Effects of Derivatization on the Metabolite Profiling of the Cadmium-Tolerant Mangrove Fungus Trichoderma atroviride Using GC-MS Analysis","authors":"Siti Athirah Mohamad Jamali, Kamalrul Azlan Azizan, S. Baharum, M. Taib","doi":"10.15578/squalen.714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15578/squalen.714","url":null,"abstract":"The mangrove fungus Trichoderma atroviride was found to be tolerant to the heavy metal cadmium and it is of high interest to profile its metabolites to gain insight into its response to cadmium toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of derivatization agents on the number and types of metabolites present in the cadmium-tolerant T. atroviride, detected using GC-MS analysis. The intracellular and extracellular metabolites of T. atroviride treated with cadmium for ten days were derivatized using silylation and alkylation reactions. The results showed that a higher number of metabolites were identified when the three different derivatization agents were used: BSTFA, TBDMSTFA, and MCF. More types of metabolites were identified by silylation, making it suitable for non-targeted metabolites profiling study. Silylation is efficient for the analysis of sugars and their derivatives while alkylation is suitable for a targeted study involving amino acids and organic acids. Statistical analysis for the data set of identified metabolites was performed using Metaboanalyst 3.0 followed by visualization using Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis. The plots showed clear separations of metabolites between the different types of derivatization agents and between control and cadmium-treated samples. A more comprehensive metabolite profile of T. atroviride obtained using different derivatization agents in this study, followed by distinct metabolites detected between control and treated samples, will provide good baseline information for future investigations including the pathways and biomarkers responsible for the fungal tolerance to cadmium toxicity.","PeriodicalId":21935,"journal":{"name":"Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84522555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an uprising bio-polymer produced by various bacterial strains, which is infamous for its prominent biological properties and applications. Receiving ample attention due to those unique properties, various genus and bacterial strains have been used for BC biosynthesis and the studies of its production have been recorded throughout the years. Although a lot of research and implementation has been done on BC, studies in the search for low-cost, effective medium contributing to higher BC yields were still in continuation to this day. This review article overviews the employed bacterial strains and their recent advance, modified, and low-cost medium in the development of BC composites. Special emphasis is placed on the new-novel strains for BC production and BC applications. Compilations of literature were compiled to outline the sources and also findings by previous and recent researchers. It was found that numerous studies have attempted to enhance BC production, which includes the utilization of various bacterial strains to fulfill industrial needs. Hence, this review comprises bacterial genera and species, which are mainly used in the production of BC such as Komagataeibacter, Gluconobacter, Gluconacetobacter, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas.The recent studies enforced on BC focusing on higher production and the application of BC on an industrial scale will also be reviewed.
{"title":"Employed Bacterial Species and Bacterial Cellulose (BC) Applications: The State of Play","authors":"Wan Syahiidah Wan Abd Aziz, A. Adnan","doi":"10.15578/squalen.672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15578/squalen.672","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an uprising bio-polymer produced by various bacterial strains, which is infamous for its prominent biological properties and applications. Receiving ample attention due to those unique properties, various genus and bacterial strains have been used for BC biosynthesis and the studies of its production have been recorded throughout the years. Although a lot of research and implementation has been done on BC, studies in the search for low-cost, effective medium contributing to higher BC yields were still in continuation to this day. This review article overviews the employed bacterial strains and their recent advance, modified, and low-cost medium in the development of BC composites. Special emphasis is placed on the new-novel strains for BC production and BC applications. Compilations of literature were compiled to outline the sources and also findings by previous and recent researchers. It was found that numerous studies have attempted to enhance BC production, which includes the utilization of various bacterial strains to fulfill industrial needs. Hence, this review comprises bacterial genera and species, which are mainly used in the production of BC such as Komagataeibacter, Gluconobacter, Gluconacetobacter, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas.The recent studies enforced on BC focusing on higher production and the application of BC on an industrial scale will also be reviewed. ","PeriodicalId":21935,"journal":{"name":"Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79202113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chlorella vulqaris is a unicellular microorganism that offers health benefits due to its concentrated antioxidant production. This microalga has received huge attention due to its natural antioxidative property as an alternative antioxidant source because of its rapid growth, easy and flexible culture. Research to date only focuses on the growth and antioxidant production in a selected growth phase, especially exponential and stationary phases; however, so far, limited reports on the production of antioxidants in all growth phases of C. vulgaris. Thus, this study determines the growth, the enzymatic (Catalase, CAT; Ascorbate Peroxidase, APX; and guaiacol peroxidase, gPOD) specific activities and the amount of the non-enzymatic antioxidants (a-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and carotenoids) of C. vulgaris in five growth phases. Chlorella vulgaris was cultured in F/2 medium at 25±2 °C under laboratory conditions. CAT specific activities were the highest at the exponential phase (1.50±0.08 units/mg protein), whereas APX and gPOD were induced at the lag phases of 37.13±4.93 units/mg protein and 1.31±0.03 units/mg protein, respectively. The amount of a-tocopherol was accumulated at the stationary phase (97.3±4.18 µg/g.fwt), whereas the highest amount of ascorbic acid (266.67±22.22 µg/g.fwt) and carotenoids (8.16±2.52 µg/g.fwt) were at the decline phase. Production of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the microalgae cells indicated that they efficiently scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) and converted them into less harmful substances. In addition, the production of these antioxidants in different growth phases can be used as a guideline to produce massive antioxidants, which can be commercialized in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
{"title":"Antioxidative Responses of Chlorella vulgaris Under Different Growth Phases","authors":"N. Yusuf, Nur Maisarah Athirah, Suhaila A","doi":"10.15578/squalen.692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15578/squalen.692","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorella vulqaris is a unicellular microorganism that offers health benefits due to its concentrated antioxidant production. This microalga has received huge attention due to its natural antioxidative property as an alternative antioxidant source because of its rapid growth, easy and flexible culture. Research to date only focuses on the growth and antioxidant production in a selected growth phase, especially exponential and stationary phases; however, so far, limited reports on the production of antioxidants in all growth phases of C. vulgaris. Thus, this study determines the growth, the enzymatic (Catalase, CAT; Ascorbate Peroxidase, APX; and guaiacol peroxidase, gPOD) specific activities and the amount of the non-enzymatic antioxidants (a-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and carotenoids) of C. vulgaris in five growth phases. Chlorella vulgaris was cultured in F/2 medium at 25±2 °C under laboratory conditions. CAT specific activities were the highest at the exponential phase (1.50±0.08 units/mg protein), whereas APX and gPOD were induced at the lag phases of 37.13±4.93 units/mg protein and 1.31±0.03 units/mg protein, respectively. The amount of a-tocopherol was accumulated at the stationary phase (97.3±4.18 µg/g.fwt), whereas the highest amount of ascorbic acid (266.67±22.22 µg/g.fwt) and carotenoids (8.16±2.52 µg/g.fwt) were at the decline phase. Production of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the microalgae cells indicated that they efficiently scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) and converted them into less harmful substances. In addition, the production of these antioxidants in different growth phases can be used as a guideline to produce massive antioxidants, which can be commercialized in the food and pharmaceutical industries.","PeriodicalId":21935,"journal":{"name":"Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80193022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are key components of an innate immune response which represent immediate action of the defence mechanism of an organism. It is considered a novel therapeutic agent due to its abundance in nature and a broad range of defence activity against microbial. Preceding research has shown that scygonadin AMPs isolated from seminal plasma of mud crab had the potential as a novel antimicrobial agent. However, its cytotoxicity properties on cultured cells have never been experimentally addressed. In this study, the scygonadin protein was expressed in vitro, followed by cytotoxicity assessment via MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. A full-length sequence of the scygonadin gene of 387 bp was cloned into pBAD/Myc-His A vector and expressed in TOP10 cells. The protein expression was induced, purified and quantified before being subjected to cytotoxicity analysis. Next, an African green monkey kidney (Vero) cell was chosen to evaluate the cytotoxicity level of scygonadin in vitro. A total of 1x104 cells/mL were seeded into a 96-well plate before being treated to various concentrations of scygonadin protein and hydrogen peroxide as a positive control for the toxicity test. The cells’ viability treated with scygonadin AMP and hydrogen peroxide was also verified with fluorescent analysis. The result demonstrated that the scygonadin did not cause any cytotoxicity effects while hydrogen peroxide showed an IC50 value at 0.003mM and this was further confirmed by fluorescent staining analysis. The absence of scygonadin toxicity in cells indicates its potential for biopharmaceutical use.
{"title":"Biosynthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of In Vitro Expressed Scygonadin Protein","authors":"Nurfarhana Rosli, S. C. Zainathan, S. N. K. Addis","doi":"10.15578/squalen.699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15578/squalen.699","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are key components of an innate immune response which represent immediate action of the defence mechanism of an organism. It is considered a novel therapeutic agent due to its abundance in nature and a broad range of defence activity against microbial. Preceding research has shown that scygonadin AMPs isolated from seminal plasma of mud crab had the potential as a novel antimicrobial agent. However, its cytotoxicity properties on cultured cells have never been experimentally addressed. In this study, the scygonadin protein was expressed in vitro, followed by cytotoxicity assessment via MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. A full-length sequence of the scygonadin gene of 387 bp was cloned into pBAD/Myc-His A vector and expressed in TOP10 cells. The protein expression was induced, purified and quantified before being subjected to cytotoxicity analysis. Next, an African green monkey kidney (Vero) cell was chosen to evaluate the cytotoxicity level of scygonadin in vitro. A total of 1x104 cells/mL were seeded into a 96-well plate before being treated to various concentrations of scygonadin protein and hydrogen peroxide as a positive control for the toxicity test. The cells’ viability treated with scygonadin AMP and hydrogen peroxide was also verified with fluorescent analysis. The result demonstrated that the scygonadin did not cause any cytotoxicity effects while hydrogen peroxide showed an IC50 value at 0.003mM and this was further confirmed by fluorescent staining analysis. The absence of scygonadin toxicity in cells indicates its potential for biopharmaceutical use. ","PeriodicalId":21935,"journal":{"name":"Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78809071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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