Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000568
A. Singh, A. MasoodSiddiqui
Electronic devices, machines, home appliances, gadgets, accessories, related components, integrated parts, electronic systems create electromagnetic fields in the surroundings [1]. In these electronics, the electrons have very important and fundamental roles. Digital electronics, analogue electronics, microelectronics, circuit design, integrated circuits, optoelectronics, semiconductors, embedded systems generate the electromagnetic waves. The electrical circuits involve active and passive components like resistors, transistors, capacitors, microcontrollers, inductors, transformers, relays, circuit breakers, switches, motors, batteries, fuses, diodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), vacuum tubes, integrated circuits, printed circuit board (PCB), amplifiers, radio receiver, oscillators, logic gates, adders, flip-flops, counters, multiplexers, Schmitt triggers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), digital signal processor (DSP), field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and many other associated passive electrical components including the interconnection technologies and these also generates electromagnetic fields [2].
{"title":"Effects of Electronics on Human Health","authors":"A. Singh, A. MasoodSiddiqui","doi":"10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000568","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic devices, machines, home appliances, gadgets, accessories, related components, integrated parts, electronic systems create electromagnetic fields in the surroundings [1]. In these electronics, the electrons have very important and fundamental roles. Digital electronics, analogue electronics, microelectronics, circuit design, integrated circuits, optoelectronics, semiconductors, embedded systems generate the electromagnetic waves. The electrical circuits involve active and passive components like resistors, transistors, capacitors, microcontrollers, inductors, transformers, relays, circuit breakers, switches, motors, batteries, fuses, diodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), vacuum tubes, integrated circuits, printed circuit board (PCB), amplifiers, radio receiver, oscillators, logic gates, adders, flip-flops, counters, multiplexers, Schmitt triggers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), digital signal processor (DSP), field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and many other associated passive electrical components including the interconnection technologies and these also generates electromagnetic fields [2].","PeriodicalId":21951,"journal":{"name":"Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84676061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-22DOI: 10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000567
Fahad Al Mathkhury Hj
The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an issue of great importance. Antibiotic-resistant strains are continuously emerging, and, currently, bacterial and viral infections are responsible for approximately 5-10% of deaths in industrialized world; more than 30% of deaths in Southeast Asia, and 60% in Africa [1].
{"title":"The Role of DNA Methylation in Epigenetic Control of Antibiotic Resistance Genes","authors":"Fahad Al Mathkhury Hj","doi":"10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000567","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an issue of great importance. Antibiotic-resistant strains are continuously emerging, and, currently, bacterial and viral infections are responsible for approximately 5-10% of deaths in industrialized world; more than 30% of deaths in Southeast Asia, and 60% in Africa [1].","PeriodicalId":21951,"journal":{"name":"Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79135208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-12DOI: 10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000566
Kulvinder Kochar K
{"title":"Vitamin D-A Possible Natural Origin Agent for Medical Treatment of Uterine Leiomyomas in View of Safety, Cost Effectiveness Over SPRM’s-A Short Communication","authors":"Kulvinder Kochar K","doi":"10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000566","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21951,"journal":{"name":"Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91001788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.31031/SBB.2019.03.000565
N. Vinod
{"title":"The Novel Dimensions of Cardio-Metabolic Health: Gut Microbiota, Dysbiosis and its Fallouts","authors":"N. Vinod","doi":"10.31031/SBB.2019.03.000565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/SBB.2019.03.000565","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21951,"journal":{"name":"Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82529298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-24DOI: 10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000564
Frank E Stary
Derivation of the Alternate Form Radioactive processes and many chemical processes follow first order kinetics. The usual equations found in general chemistry textbooks are: a. ln / Ao A kt = , Where, Ao is the original amount of the sample, A is the amount at time t and k is the rate constant. b. Changing the rate constant to half-life, 1/2 2 ln kt = , where t1/2 is the half-life. c. Solving equation 2 for k and substituting into equation 1 the result is ( ) 1/2 / 2 / lnAo A ln t t = . d. Rearranging equation 3 gives ( ) 1/2 2 / / ln t t o A A e = as indicated in [1]. e. Since 2 2 ln e = , substitution into equation 4 yields 1/2 / / 2 t o A A = the Alternate Form of the Integrated first-order rate equation Our students have found equation 5 to be relatively easier to use than equations 1 and 2. In equation 5, by dividing the time by the half-life, they get a number. On their calculators, they enter the number 2, yx, the number and press=The result is divided into Ao, giving the value for A. For radioactive processes, the values of Ao and A may be in mass, such as grams, or activity in Becquerel’s (counts/second). For chemical processes, units for Ao and A may be written as rates, such as molarity/second. References 1. Kenneth AC (1991) Chemical kinetics, the study of reaction rates in solution. VCH Publishers, USA, p. 496. Crimson Publishers Wings to the Research Opinion
替代形式的推导放射性过程和许多化学过程遵循一级动力学。一般化学教科书中常见的方程为:A . ln / Ao . A . kt =，其中，Ao为样品的原始量，A为t时刻的量，k为速率常数。b.把速率常数变成半衰期，1/2 2 ln kt =，其中t1/2是半衰期。c.解出方程2中的k，代入方程1，得到()1/2 /2 / lnAo A ln t =。d.重新排列方程3得到()1/2 2 / / ln t t o A A e =如[1]所示。e.由于2 2 ln e =，代入方程4得到1/2 / /2 to A =积分一阶速率方程的替代形式我们的学生发现方程5比方程1和2相对容易使用。在方程5中，用时间除以半衰期，得到一个数字。在他们的计算器上，他们输入数字2,x，数字，然后按=，结果被分成Ao，给出A的值。对于放射性过程，Ao和A的值可以用质量表示，比如克，或者用贝克勒尔的活度表示(计数/秒)。对于化学过程，Ao和A的单位可以写成速率，如摩尔浓度/秒。引用1。(1991)化学动力学，溶液中反应速率的研究。VCH出版社，美国，第496页。深红出版社的研究意见之翼
{"title":"An Alternate Form of the Integrated First-Order Rate Equation","authors":"Frank E Stary","doi":"10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000564","url":null,"abstract":"Derivation of the Alternate Form Radioactive processes and many chemical processes follow first order kinetics. The usual equations found in general chemistry textbooks are: a. ln / Ao A kt = , Where, Ao is the original amount of the sample, A is the amount at time t and k is the rate constant. b. Changing the rate constant to half-life, 1/2 2 ln kt = , where t1/2 is the half-life. c. Solving equation 2 for k and substituting into equation 1 the result is ( ) 1/2 / 2 / lnAo A ln t t = . d. Rearranging equation 3 gives ( ) 1/2 2 / / ln t t o A A e = as indicated in [1]. e. Since 2 2 ln e = , substitution into equation 4 yields 1/2 / / 2 t o A A = the Alternate Form of the Integrated first-order rate equation Our students have found equation 5 to be relatively easier to use than equations 1 and 2. In equation 5, by dividing the time by the half-life, they get a number. On their calculators, they enter the number 2, yx, the number and press=The result is divided into Ao, giving the value for A. For radioactive processes, the values of Ao and A may be in mass, such as grams, or activity in Becquerel’s (counts/second). For chemical processes, units for Ao and A may be written as rates, such as molarity/second. References 1. Kenneth AC (1991) Chemical kinetics, the study of reaction rates in solution. VCH Publishers, USA, p. 496. Crimson Publishers Wings to the Research Opinion","PeriodicalId":21951,"journal":{"name":"Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84644366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-24DOI: 10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000563
H. Shirzadfar, Alireza Gordoghli
Secondary brain tumors are actually caused by cancer in other parts of the body and are completely different from primary brain tumors. The concept of spreading cancer cells in the body is called metastasis. When cancer cells move to the brain tissue from other parts of the body and spread there, the cancer is called with the same name from that organ of the body. For example, if one person is diagnosed with lung cancer and these cancer cells spread throughout the brain, the brain cancer is called metastatic lung cancer. This is because the cancer cells in the brain resemble the ones in the lung. There are different kinds of treatments for secondary brain tumors which depend on the factors below [2-4]:
{"title":"Detection and Classification of Brain Tumors by Analyzing Images from MRI Using the Support Vector Machines (SVM) Algorithm","authors":"H. Shirzadfar, Alireza Gordoghli","doi":"10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000563","url":null,"abstract":"Secondary brain tumors are actually caused by cancer in other parts of the body and are completely different from primary brain tumors. The concept of spreading cancer cells in the body is called metastasis. When cancer cells move to the brain tissue from other parts of the body and spread there, the cancer is called with the same name from that organ of the body. For example, if one person is diagnosed with lung cancer and these cancer cells spread throughout the brain, the brain cancer is called metastatic lung cancer. This is because the cancer cells in the brain resemble the ones in the lung. There are different kinds of treatments for secondary brain tumors which depend on the factors below [2-4]:","PeriodicalId":21951,"journal":{"name":"Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88914751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-21DOI: 10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000562
Angelina Np, I Tamvakis
Imagine being able to shrink and grow at will and operate as a human being across different scales. Then take this old movie idea and combine it with the emerging technology of telepresence. What you get is the ability of being present, and interact with your surroundings, in a distant location, in a different spatial scale. Realising a telepresence robot in the 1-meter scale is within our grasp, with many such machines being built around the world. What we want to propose here is that Telenanopresence technology, i.e. the ability to make telepresence robots in all different spatial scales, with a focus in the milli-micro scale, will be crucial for the miniaturisation of many industrial processes, and surely a fantastic way for exploring our creativity in the microcosmos. Feynman, in his seminal talk “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” [1] exposed the world to the reality of the vast difference in scale between the atoms and us, and how much space for innovation exists in between. He proposed the beautiful idea of recursively exploring this scale-space, by designing and operating a set of tools that is able to make the same set of tools but all somewhat smaller. By this process he wanted to make humanity able, in the end, to manipulate individual atoms, and by combining our fabrication ability across all scales in between, make us master fabricators. It is our contention that his dream was not followed in earnest in the decades since. Marvelous microfabrication techniques like photolithography are changing the world around us but have made shortcuts to the microcosmos that do not allow for the creativity of everyday humans to unfold in each scale in between.
{"title":"The Telenanopresence Manifesto","authors":"Angelina Np, I Tamvakis","doi":"10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000562","url":null,"abstract":"Imagine being able to shrink and grow at will and operate as a human being across different scales. Then take this old movie idea and combine it with the emerging technology of telepresence. What you get is the ability of being present, and interact with your surroundings, in a distant location, in a different spatial scale. Realising a telepresence robot in the 1-meter scale is within our grasp, with many such machines being built around the world. What we want to propose here is that Telenanopresence technology, i.e. the ability to make telepresence robots in all different spatial scales, with a focus in the milli-micro scale, will be crucial for the miniaturisation of many industrial processes, and surely a fantastic way for exploring our creativity in the microcosmos. Feynman, in his seminal talk “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” [1] exposed the world to the reality of the vast difference in scale between the atoms and us, and how much space for innovation exists in between. He proposed the beautiful idea of recursively exploring this scale-space, by designing and operating a set of tools that is able to make the same set of tools but all somewhat smaller. By this process he wanted to make humanity able, in the end, to manipulate individual atoms, and by combining our fabrication ability across all scales in between, make us master fabricators. It is our contention that his dream was not followed in earnest in the decades since. Marvelous microfabrication techniques like photolithography are changing the world around us but have made shortcuts to the microcosmos that do not allow for the creativity of everyday humans to unfold in each scale in between.","PeriodicalId":21951,"journal":{"name":"Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89789380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.31031/SBB.2019.03.000561
O. Halidullin
{"title":"Climate and Water Cycle in Toilets","authors":"O. Halidullin","doi":"10.31031/SBB.2019.03.000561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/SBB.2019.03.000561","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21951,"journal":{"name":"Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79097851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-30DOI: 10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000560
V. Ball
Plants and fruits contain many antioxidant molecules among them polyphenols [1]. Such natural antioxidants can find applications in food science [2] and in particular for food packaging when the molecules of interest are integrated in a film or a membrane. Many polyphenols, among them tannic acid (Figure 1) deposit spontaneously at solid liquid interfaces in a versatile manner. The deposition of TA and other polyphenols occurring spontaneously on glasses from wine or from tea has been exploited recently in materials science [3,4]. Polyphenols contain redox active groups which can also act as coordination centers for metal cations like Fe3+. This chemical modality allows the deposition from polyphenol-metal cation mixtures to yield conformal coatings [5] or to obtain films by alternating adsorption steps of the polyphenol and metal cations according to a Layer-by-Layer (LBL) deposition method [6]. The same deposition strategy can be used to deposit polyphenol containing films by alternating their adsorption with that of a polymer [7], a polyelectrolyte [8] or proteins [9]. In these cases, the interactions responsible for the cohesion of the films are due to hydrogen bonding or to electrostatic interactions (polyphenols containing also weakly acidic groups able to become anionic at high enough pH). The deposition of films made from proteins and polyphenols is due to the interplay of many kinds of interactions among them some specific interactions with amino acids like L-proline [10]. Films containing TA and other polyphenols display some antioxidant activity [11]. The advantage of the LBL deposition method of a material with respect to direct functionalization by contact with a polyphenol containing solution, leading mostly to a deposited monolayer, is an increased stability and durability of the coating. Herein, it will be shown, that LBL films made from a polycation and TA are characterized by an amount of TA which is proportional to the number of deposition steps. The antioxidant activity of those (PAH-TA)n films (where n denotes the number of deposition cycles of the polycation and the polyphenol) scales also proportionally with the number of the deposition steps, as in other studies [11]. This means that all the polyphenol molecules in the film are accessible to the used probe, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (Figure 1). The antioxidant properties of the films can be suppressed by depositing two capping bilayers made from poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly (sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS). This new finding will be discussed in terms of possible applications in food packaging.
{"title":"Modulating the Antioxidant Activity of Thin Layer-by-Layer Films with Polyphenols","authors":"V. Ball","doi":"10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/sbb.2019.03.000560","url":null,"abstract":"Plants and fruits contain many antioxidant molecules among them polyphenols [1]. Such natural antioxidants can find applications in food science [2] and in particular for food packaging when the molecules of interest are integrated in a film or a membrane. Many polyphenols, among them tannic acid (Figure 1) deposit spontaneously at solid liquid interfaces in a versatile manner. The deposition of TA and other polyphenols occurring spontaneously on glasses from wine or from tea has been exploited recently in materials science [3,4]. Polyphenols contain redox active groups which can also act as coordination centers for metal cations like Fe3+. This chemical modality allows the deposition from polyphenol-metal cation mixtures to yield conformal coatings [5] or to obtain films by alternating adsorption steps of the polyphenol and metal cations according to a Layer-by-Layer (LBL) deposition method [6]. The same deposition strategy can be used to deposit polyphenol containing films by alternating their adsorption with that of a polymer [7], a polyelectrolyte [8] or proteins [9]. In these cases, the interactions responsible for the cohesion of the films are due to hydrogen bonding or to electrostatic interactions (polyphenols containing also weakly acidic groups able to become anionic at high enough pH). The deposition of films made from proteins and polyphenols is due to the interplay of many kinds of interactions among them some specific interactions with amino acids like L-proline [10]. Films containing TA and other polyphenols display some antioxidant activity [11]. The advantage of the LBL deposition method of a material with respect to direct functionalization by contact with a polyphenol containing solution, leading mostly to a deposited monolayer, is an increased stability and durability of the coating. Herein, it will be shown, that LBL films made from a polycation and TA are characterized by an amount of TA which is proportional to the number of deposition steps. The antioxidant activity of those (PAH-TA)n films (where n denotes the number of deposition cycles of the polycation and the polyphenol) scales also proportionally with the number of the deposition steps, as in other studies [11]. This means that all the polyphenol molecules in the film are accessible to the used probe, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (Figure 1). The antioxidant properties of the films can be suppressed by depositing two capping bilayers made from poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly (sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS). This new finding will be discussed in terms of possible applications in food packaging.","PeriodicalId":21951,"journal":{"name":"Significances of Bioengineering & Biosciences","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74287657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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