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Effect of Head Shape on the Penetration Capability of Fragment Simulation Projectile 弹头形状对碎片模拟弹丸穿透能力的影响
IF 0.7 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11223-023-00589-2
Y. J. Xu, H. Wang, N. N. Zheng, F. D. Dong

To explore the effect of head shape on the penetration capability of a fragment simulation projectile (FSP), single-stage kinetic energy penetration FSP with different head shapes was taken as the research object. The ballistic limit velocity (BLV) is used as the evaluation index in the study of experiments and numerical simulations. The nonlinear dynamic analysis finite element software LS-DYNA with the Lagrange algorithm is used in the simulation for FSP from 35CrMnSi steel penetrating target plates from 10CrNi3MoV (921A) steel of various thicknesses (3, 5, 8, and 10 mm). The ballistic experiment corresponding to the numerical simulation has been designed and carried out to verify the effectiveness of the numerical results. The results show that the values of BLV obtained through numerical simulation and ballistic experiment coincide well, and the average relative error in both is 7.14%. The research results provide a reference for designing FSPs and engineering applications of fragmentation kill warheads.

为探索弹头形状对破片模拟弹丸(FSP)穿透能力的影响,以不同弹头形状的单级动能穿透 FSP 为研究对象。在实验和数值模拟研究中,采用弹道极限速度(BLV)作为评价指标。在模拟 35CrMnSi 钢击穿不同厚度(3、5、8 和 10 毫米)10CrNi3MoV(921A)钢靶板的 FSP 时,使用了带有拉格朗日算法的非线性动态分析有限元软件 LS-DYNA。为了验证数值模拟结果的有效性,设计并进行了与数值模拟相对应的弹道实验。结果表明,数值模拟和弹道实验所获得的 BLV 值吻合良好,两者的平均相对误差为 7.14%。研究成果为破片杀伤弹头的FSP设计和工程应用提供了参考。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical-and-Analytical Method for Solving Geometrically Nonlinear Bending Problems of Complex-Shaped Plates from Functionally Graded Materials 解决功能分级材料复杂形状板材几何非线性弯曲问题的数值和分析方法
IF 0.7 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11223-023-00583-8
S. M. Sklepus

This study proposes a new numerical-and-analytical method for solving geometrically nonlinear problems of bending of complex-shaped plates made of functionally graded materials developed. The problem was formulated within the framework of a refined higher-order theory considering the quadratic law of distribution of transverse tangential stresses along the plate thickness. To linearize the nonlinear problem, we used the method of continuous continuation in the parameter associated with the external load. For the variational formulation of the linearized problem, a Lagrange functional was constructed, defined at kinematically possible displacement velocities. To find the main unknowns of the problem of nonlinear plate bending (displacements, strains, and stresses), the Cauchy problem for a system of ordinary differential equations is formulated. The Cauchy problem was solved by the Runge-Kutta–Merson method with automatic step selection. The initial conditions are found from the solution of the problem of geometrically linear deformation. The right-hand sides of the differential equations, at fixed values of the load parameter corresponding to the Runge-Kutta–Merson scheme, were obtained from the solution of the variational problem for the Lagrange functional. The variational problems were solved by the Ritz method in combination with the R-function method. The latter makes it possible to present an approximate solution as a formula. This solution structure exactly satisfies all (general structure) or part (partial structure) of the boundary conditions. Test problems are solved for a homogeneous rigidly fixed and functionally graded hinged square plate subjected to a uniformly distributed load of varying intensity. The results for deflections and stresses obtained by the developed method are compared with the solutions obtained by radial basis functions. The problem of bending of a functionally graded plate of complex shape is solved. The influence of the gradient properties of the material and geometric shape on the stress-strain state is investigated.

本研究提出了一种新的数值-分析方法,用于解决由功能分级材料制成的复杂形状板材弯曲的几何非线性问题。该问题是在考虑到横向切向应力沿板厚分布的二次定律的精炼高阶理论框架内提出的。为了使非线性问题线性化,我们使用了与外部载荷相关的参数连续延续法。为了对线性化问题进行变分计算,我们构建了一个拉格朗日函数,该函数定义于运动学上可能的位移速度。为了找到非线性板弯曲问题的主要未知数(位移、应变和应力),提出了常微分方程系统的 Cauchy 问题。Cauchy 问题采用自动选择步长的 Runge-Kutta-Merson 方法求解。初始条件是从几何线性变形问题的解法中找到的。在与 Runge-Kutta-Merson 方案相对应的载荷参数固定值下,微分方程的右边是从拉格朗日函数的变分问题求解中得到的。变分问题是通过里兹法结合 R 函数法求解的。后者使得以公式形式给出近似解成为可能。这种解结构完全满足边界条件的全部(一般结构)或部分(部分结构)。对承受不同强度的均匀分布载荷的同质刚性固定和功能分级铰链方板的测试问题进行了求解。将所开发方法得到的挠度和应力结果与径向基函数求解结果进行了比较。解决了形状复杂的功能梯度板的弯曲问题。研究了材料的梯度特性和几何形状对应力-应变状态的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Galvanic Corrosion Behavior of 7B04 Aluminum/TC16 Titanium Alloy Joints After Anodized Oxidation and Its Effect on Fatigue Life 阳极氧化后 7B04 铝/TC16 钛合金接头的电化学腐蚀行为及其对疲劳寿命的影响
IF 0.7 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11223-023-00591-8
T. Zhang, T. Zhang, Y. He, Y. Bi, B. Hou, C. F. Li

The galvanic corrosion behavior of anodized 7B04 aluminum/TC16 titanium alloy joints in different corrosion time and its effect on fatigue life were studied, providing a basis for structural corrosion and protection of typical joints of aircraft. The results show that corrosion begins near the coupling parts in the early stages of corrosion. A high concentration of Cl can damage the anodic oxide film on the surface of the 7B04 aluminum alloy, resulting cracking and pitting corrosion. The fatigue life of joints with corrosion was longest for 40 h, after which the fatigue life shortened rapidly. And sulfuric acid anodizing treatment of the 7B04 aluminum alloy plate was not conducive to the corrosion fatigue life of the specimen at the later stages of corrosion. The crack initiation of the specimen was located at the edge of the bolt hole.

研究了阳极氧化 7B04 铝/TC16 钛合金接头在不同腐蚀时间内的电化学腐蚀行为及其对疲劳寿命的影响,为飞机典型接头的结构腐蚀和防护提供了依据。结果表明,在腐蚀的早期阶段,耦合部件附近开始腐蚀。高浓度的 Cl- 会破坏 7B04 铝合金表面的阳极氧化膜,导致开裂和点腐蚀。带腐蚀接头的疲劳寿命在 40 小时内最长,之后疲劳寿命迅速缩短。而对 7B04 铝合金板进行硫酸阳极氧化处理不利于试样在腐蚀后期的腐蚀疲劳寿命。试样的裂纹起始点位于螺栓孔的边缘。
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引用次数: 0
Phenomenological Model of Scattered Fracture for Anisotropic Materials 各向异性材料的散裂现象学模型
IF 0.7 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11223-023-00585-6
M. I. Bobyr, O. A. Bondarets

Calculation methods for assessing the strength and durability of critical structural elements for various purposes generally assume the isotropy hypothesis of structural materials. At the same time, their technological and operational anisotropy significantly affects the bearing capacity of the entire product. Introducing damageability parameters into the system of governing equations makes it possible to increase the reliability of stress-strain state calculations and assess the durability of structural bearing elements. The use of anisotropic structural materials requires specification of the damageability tensor. The laws governing the influence of anisotropy of mechanical characteristics of metal materials on the kinetics of damage accumulation (scattered fractures) have been established. The results of experimental studies and kinetic damageability diagrams for anisotropic metallic structural materials are presented. A generalized damage accumulation model with consideration of anisotropy parameters has been developed. It allows determining the components of the damageability tensor based on the results of a single basic experiment to measure the degradation of the elastic modulus of a material. The dependence of the limit values of scattered fracture on anisotropy coefficients is shown.

用于评估各种用途的关键结构件的强度和耐久性的计算方法通常假定结构材料是各向同性的。与此同时,其技术和运行各向异性会对整个产品的承载能力产生重大影响。将可破坏性参数引入控制方程系统可以提高应力-应变状态计算的可靠性,并评估结构支承元件的耐久性。使用各向异性结构材料需要指定破坏性张量。金属材料机械特性的各向异性对损伤积累(分散断裂)动力学的影响规律已经建立。本文介绍了各向异性金属结构材料的实验研究结果和动力学损伤性图表。开发了一个考虑各向异性参数的广义损伤累积模型。该模型可以根据测量材料弹性模量退化的单一基本实验结果确定损伤性张量的组成部分。分散断裂的极限值与各向异性系数的关系也得到了证明。
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引用次数: 0
Laser Cleaning Optimization of Absorbing Coatings on the Surface of Aircraft Metal Structures 飞机金属结构表面吸收涂层的激光清洁优化
IF 0.7 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11223-023-00592-7
H. D. Liu, J. T. Dai, Z. Y. Hu, Y. H. Li, Z. W. Duan

Radar stealth was a remarkable technical feature of the fourth-generation fighter aircraft, the damage of the stealth coating would seriously affect the stealth performance of the aircraft. This paper focuses on the membrane treatment of coating in the process of stealth coating damage repair, the effect of laser cleaning process on the cleaning effect of stealth coating on the surface of aircraft metal construction was studied. The results show that laser pulse width has the greatest influence on the laser cleaning of stealth coating, so pulse width should be prioritized when selecting the process parameters. And during the process experiment, the relationship between the effect of laser cleaning and process parameters were respectively negative correlation with scanning speed, positive correlated first and then weakly correlation with laser power, weakly correlated first and then positive correlation with pulse width, positive correlation with scan number. Finally, the optimal laser cleaning process parameters for the stealth coating of 500 μm on the surface of the metal structures were obtained by comparing the experiments between the preferred and the solution groups.

雷达隐身是第四代战斗机的显著技术特征,隐身涂层的损伤将严重影响飞机的隐身性能。本文主要针对隐身涂层损伤修复过程中的涂层膜处理问题,研究了激光清洗工艺对飞机金属结构表面隐身涂层清洗效果的影响。结果表明,激光脉冲宽度对隐身涂层的激光清洗影响最大,因此在选择工艺参数时应优先考虑脉冲宽度。而在工艺实验过程中,激光清洗效果与工艺参数的关系分别为与扫描速度负相关,与激光功率先正后弱相关,与脉宽先弱后正相关,与扫描次数正相关。最后,通过对比优选组和溶液组的实验结果,得到了金属结构表面 500 μm 隐形涂层的最佳激光清洗工艺参数。
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引用次数: 0
Digital Material Surface Image Analysis for Evaluating Geometric Fatigue Crack Parameters 用于评估几何疲劳裂纹参数的数字材料表面图像分析
IF 0.7 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11223-023-00587-4
A. V. Byalonovych

A procedure for acquiring and analyzing digital fatigue crack propagation images is advanced, which provides automatic crack size detection and the deviation from the axis perpendicular to the loading direction. The procedure is based on comparing the original image with the subsequent ones and eliminating all elements present, only getting the changes in the fatigue crack extension. A slight shift of the images concerning each other was fixed with their cross-correlation. Choosing an optimum image segmentation level permits rejecting the elements that appear due to the digital matrix noise. The four-dimensional pixel assembly was used to get the geometric elements. As a result, a set of geometric figures characterizing the fatigue crack propagation was obtained. For analyzing the length and direction of crack components, the ellipses were applied whose second moments coincide with those of the components. The total change in the crack propagation direction and length is determined from the parameters of the vector connecting the centers of mass of the first and last components. The advanced procedure can be employed in crack resistance tests.

本文提出了一种获取和分析数字疲劳裂纹扩展图像的程序,可自动检测裂纹尺寸以及与垂直于加载方向的轴线的偏差。该程序基于原始图像与后续图像的比较,并消除所有存在的元素,只获取疲劳裂纹扩展的变化。图像之间的轻微偏移是通过它们之间的交叉相关性固定的。选择最佳的图像分割级别,可以剔除因数字矩阵噪声而出现的元素。四维像素组合用于获取几何元素。因此,获得了一组表征疲劳裂纹扩展的几何图形。为了分析裂纹分量的长度和方向,应用了椭圆,其次矩与分量的次矩相吻合。裂纹扩展方向和长度的总变化是由连接第一个和最后一个分量质心的矢量参数确定的。这种先进的程序可用于抗裂试验。
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引用次数: 0
Research on Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of NbC and TiC on WC-12Co WC-12Co 上 NbC 和 TiC 的微观结构和机械性能研究
IF 0.7 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11223-023-00595-4
X. Q. Xia, M. S. Li, M. F. Gong

Three cemented carbide samples, WC-12Co, WC-12Co-0.5NbC and WC-12Co-0.5NbC-0.5TiC were prepared by vacuum liquid phase sintering. Combining SEM (scanning electron microscope), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and mechanical property testing, the effects of different combinations of grain growth inhibitors on the properties and microstructure of cemented carbide were analyzed and studied. The results show that there are significant differences in the microstructure and mechanical properties of cemented carbide samples with the addition of NbC and TiC. Both NbC and TiC can effectively suppress the abnormal growth of WC grains in the alloy, resulting in a uniformly distributed and fine grained hard alloy. Further comparative analysis shows that adding appropriate amount of NbC can effectively improve the fracture toughness of the sample; adding an appropriate amount of NbC and TiC simultaneously can further improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of the sample. Compared to the alloy sample without any inhibitor, the Vickers hardness value of the sample with NbC and TiC added simultaneously reached 1952.4HV30, increasing by about 10%, and the wear loss decreased by about 30%, compared to the alloy with single addition of NbC, the wear loss of the sample with both NbC and TiC decreased by about 27.5%. In general, when NbC and TiC are added simultaneously, the comprehensive properties of the sample alloy are more excellent.

通过真空液相烧结制备了三种硬质合金样品:WC-12Co、WC-12Co-0.5NbC 和 WC-12Co-0.5NbC-0.5TiC。结合 SEM(扫描电子显微镜)、XRD(X 射线衍射)和力学性能测试,分析研究了不同晶粒生长抑制剂组合对硬质合金性能和微观结构的影响。结果表明,添加 NbC 和 TiC 后,硬质合金样品的微观结构和机械性能存在显著差异。NbC 和 TiC 都能有效抑制合金中 WC 晶粒的异常生长,从而获得均匀分布的细晶粒硬质合金。进一步的对比分析表明,添加适量的 NbC 可以有效提高试样的断裂韧性;同时添加适量的 NbC 和 TiC 可以进一步提高试样的表面硬度和耐磨性。与不添加任何抑制剂的合金试样相比,同时添加 NbC 和 TiC 的试样的维氏硬度值达到 1952.4HV30,提高了约 10%,磨损失效降低了约 30%;与单一添加 NbC 的合金相比,同时添加 NbC 和 TiC 的试样的磨损失效降低了约 27.5%。总的来说,同时添加 NbC 和 TiC 时,合金样品的综合性能更为优异。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Study of Analytical Methods for Buckling Behavior of Cold-Formed Purlins 冷弯檩条屈曲行为分析方法比较研究
IF 0.7 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11223-023-00593-6
J. H. You, Q. L. Wu

The direct strength method (DSM) has become an alternative to the effective width method (EWM) to compute the bending moment capacity of cold-formed channel sections. The traditional EWM examines the nominal moment capacity by the PURLIN program. DSM uses a signature curve from tests on many Australian channel sections to obtain design moment capacity for local and distortional buckling modes. Moreover, the non-linear analysis performed by Strand7 will be compared with the current DSM curve. In general, these comparisons of results are in good agreement: the THIN-WALL program results and the linear static analysis results in Strand7; the moment capacity calculated by the PURLIN program (EWM) and the DSM curve in the local buckling mode; the non-linear analysis results in Strand7 and the DSM curve for each buckling mode. The outcome of this study will benefit structural engineers by providing them with design methods analysis.

直接强度法(DSM)已成为有效宽度法(EWM)的替代方法,用于计算冷弯槽钢截面的弯矩承载力。传统的有效宽度法是通过 PURLIN 程序来检查名义弯矩承载力。DSM 使用对许多澳大利亚槽钢截面进行测试后得出的特征曲线,以获得局部和扭曲屈曲模式的设计弯矩承载力。此外,Strand7 进行的非线性分析也将与当前的 DSM 曲线进行比较。总体而言,这些比较结果非常一致:THIN-WALL 程序的结果和 Strand7 的线性静态分析结果;PURLIN 程序 (EWM) 计算的局部屈曲模式下的弯矩承载力和 DSM 曲线;Strand7 的非线性分析结果和每种屈曲模式下的 DSM 曲线。这项研究的成果将为结构工程师提供设计方法分析,使他们受益匪浅。
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引用次数: 0
Strength Assessment of Elastic Fuel Reservoirs During Accelerated Refueling of Combat Vehicles 战车加速加油过程中弹性油箱强度评估
IF 0.7 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11223-023-00588-3
A. V. Kovtun, R. O. Kaidalov, V. O. Tabunenko, S. I. Nesterenko

The possibility of increasing the survivability of the system of refueling combat vehicles during combat operations through the development of a new method that reduces refueling time and the use of new technical means to implement it is substantiated. The essence of the method of accelerated refueling of combat vehicles is to place an elastic fuel reservoir (EFR)under the combat vehicle wheel and run it over at low motion velocity, resulting in the fuel displacement from EFR to the fuel tank of the vehicle being refueled. The study results indicate the feasibility of accelerated refueling of combat vehicles by this method. A mathematical model for determining the pressure in the EFR run over a vehicle wheel was refined in this study. A mathematical model for determining the stress-strain state of an EFR loaded with internal excessive alternating pressure was proposed, allowing one to assess stresses arising in the EFR wall when refueling combat vehicles and optimize the EFR design. Experimental results on the of accelerated refueling of vehicles confirmed the efficiency of the proposed refueling method and the EFR design.

通过研制一种减少加油时间的新方法和采用新的技术手段来实现,提高战斗作战车辆加油系统生存能力的可能性得到了证实。战车加速加油方法的实质是在战车车轮下放置弹性油箱,并以低运动速度碾过,使燃油从弹性油箱排入被加油车辆的油箱。研究结果表明,用该方法实现作战车辆加速加油是可行的。在本研究中,对确定车辆车轮上EFR运行压力的数学模型进行了改进。提出了一种确定内部交变过大压力下EFR应力-应变状态的数学模型,可用于评估战车加油时EFR壁面产生的应力,并对EFR设计进行优化。车辆加速加注的实验结果验证了所提出的加注方法和EFR设计的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Three-Dimensional Stress-Strain State Analysis of the Bimetallic Launch Vehicle Propellant Tank Shell 双金属运载火箭推进剂罐壳三维应力-应变状态分析
IF 0.7 4区 材料科学 Q4 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11223-023-00582-9
P. P. Gontarovskyi, N. V. Smetankina, N. G. Garmash, I. I. Melezhyk, T. V. Protasova

A high competition level in modern space-rocket technology requires continuous improvement of structural elements and enhancement of their reliability, on the other hand, reduction in production costs and lead times. One of the pressing problems of national rocket engineering is to hold down the number of physical tests (especially destructive) of the samples and replace them with computational methods. The first consideration in efficiently designing space-rocket power structures, such as propellant tanks, high-pressure cylinders, etc., is to increase the net volume of the structure and cut down its materials consumption without losing strength properties. Various engineering designs are employed to enhance the reliability and strength of such structures: end and intermediate rib stiffening, variable shell thickness, etc. The new model of a bimetallic waffle-skin shell of a launch vehicle propellant tank, made of an aluminum alloy and strengthened with a titanium skin, is advanced. The finite element method-based software was used to perform its 3D stress-strain state computations. The results for bimetallic shell computations showed that a titanium skin was liable to elastic strains that do not exceed 0.54 %, and maximum equivalent strains of an aluminum alloy reached about 0.7 %, while equivalent elastic strains were approximately half as much. Computational studies confirmed that the bimetallic shell of a lower weight exhibited insignificant plastic strains compared to the conventional waffle-skin design. Moreover, the thickness of an aluminum alloy sheet for shell fabrication is reduced by more than half; thus, the shell alternative as a double-layer structure can be employed to advantage. The computational results can be used to design new space-rocket structural elements and assess their stress-strain state.

现代空间火箭技术的高竞争水平要求不断改进结构部件并提高其可靠性,另一方面要求减少生产成本和交货时间。如何减少样品的物理试验(特别是破坏性试验),用计算方法代替,是国家火箭工程面临的紧迫问题之一。航天火箭推进剂储罐、高压气瓶等动力结构的高效设计首先要考虑的是在不损失强度性能的前提下,增加结构的净体积,减少材料消耗。采用各种工程设计来提高这种结构的可靠性和强度:端肋和中间肋加强,变壳厚度等。提出了一种新型的运载火箭推进剂燃料箱双金属华夫皮外壳,该外壳由铝合金制成,用钛皮加固。采用基于有限元法的软件对其进行三维应力-应变状态计算。双金属壳计算结果表明,钛皮的弹性应变不超过0.54%,铝合金皮的最大等效应变约为0.7%,而等效弹性应变约为其一半。计算研究证实,与传统的华夫皮设计相比,重量较低的双金属壳表现出微不足道的塑性应变。此外,用于制造外壳的铝合金板的厚度减少了一半以上;因此,可以利用作为双层结构的壳体替代方案。计算结果可用于新型航天火箭结构元件的设计和应力应变状态评估。
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引用次数: 0
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Strength of Materials
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