Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.53063/synsint.2023.32153
Mohammad Reza Foroughi, Zahra Khakpour, Amir Maghsoudipour
Solid oxide fuel cells with their advantages such as high efficiency are now considered as efficient power generation equipment. Because of its proton conductivity, perovskite is used in ceramic fuel cell electrolyte, and the addition of dopant can improve its proton conductivity. In this research, BaZr0.8-xSrxY0.2O3 (x=0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15) perovskites were synthesized by gel-combustion method. Barium nitrate, zirconium nitrate, yttrium nitrate and strontium nitrate were used as raw materials. Based on DTA and TGA analyses, the required temperature for calcination was determined to be around 1000 °C. XRD and FTIR analyses were used to identify the phases. The synthesis was carried out under different conditions and the effects of pH and dopant percentage on the morphology and size of the particles were investigated by FESEM. The sintering process was completed at different temperatures and a relative density of 94% was obtained at 1470 °C.
{"title":"Effects of pH and calcination temperature on gel-combustion synthesizability of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3 perovskite","authors":"Mohammad Reza Foroughi, Zahra Khakpour, Amir Maghsoudipour","doi":"10.53063/synsint.2023.32153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2023.32153","url":null,"abstract":"Solid oxide fuel cells with their advantages such as high efficiency are now considered as efficient power generation equipment. Because of its proton conductivity, perovskite is used in ceramic fuel cell electrolyte, and the addition of dopant can improve its proton conductivity. In this research, BaZr0.8-xSrxY0.2O3 (x=0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15) perovskites were synthesized by gel-combustion method. Barium nitrate, zirconium nitrate, yttrium nitrate and strontium nitrate were used as raw materials. Based on DTA and TGA analyses, the required temperature for calcination was determined to be around 1000 °C. XRD and FTIR analyses were used to identify the phases. The synthesis was carried out under different conditions and the effects of pH and dopant percentage on the morphology and size of the particles were investigated by FESEM. The sintering process was completed at different temperatures and a relative density of 94% was obtained at 1470 °C.","PeriodicalId":22113,"journal":{"name":"Synthesis and Sintering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135155911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.53063/synsint.2023.32152
Mehran Jaberi Zamharir, Mohammad Zakeri, Zahra Jahangiri, Ahad Mohammadzadeh
The aim of this research was to apply a protective composite coating made of ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) on the graphite substrates. The spark plasma sintering (SPS) method was used to apply this coating on the graphite substrate. First, efforts were made to choose the right chemical composition for the composite material of the coating and the sintering conditions (temperature, pressure, and holding time) for applying the coating. Then, single-layer coatings with the basic composition of ZrB2–SiC–Si with WC and MoSi2 additives in equal amounts of 1.25 and 3.75 vol% of each were successfully applied on the graphite substrates under sintering conditions of 1875±25 °C final temperature, 10 MPa initial pressure, 25 MPa final pressure and 5 min holding time. The presence of the Si element in the basic composition of these coatings, in addition to helping to form an intermediate diffusion layer at the interface between the composite coating and the graphite substrate, caused the strengthening of the joining despite the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the graphite and the composite coating.
{"title":"Microstructural characterization of ZrB2–SiC–Si–MoSi2–WC coatings applied by SPS on graphite substrate","authors":"Mehran Jaberi Zamharir, Mohammad Zakeri, Zahra Jahangiri, Ahad Mohammadzadeh","doi":"10.53063/synsint.2023.32152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2023.32152","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to apply a protective composite coating made of ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) on the graphite substrates. The spark plasma sintering (SPS) method was used to apply this coating on the graphite substrate. First, efforts were made to choose the right chemical composition for the composite material of the coating and the sintering conditions (temperature, pressure, and holding time) for applying the coating. Then, single-layer coatings with the basic composition of ZrB2–SiC–Si with WC and MoSi2 additives in equal amounts of 1.25 and 3.75 vol% of each were successfully applied on the graphite substrates under sintering conditions of 1875±25 °C final temperature, 10 MPa initial pressure, 25 MPa final pressure and 5 min holding time. The presence of the Si element in the basic composition of these coatings, in addition to helping to form an intermediate diffusion layer at the interface between the composite coating and the graphite substrate, caused the strengthening of the joining despite the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the graphite and the composite coating.","PeriodicalId":22113,"journal":{"name":"Synthesis and Sintering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135359802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.53063/synsint.2023.32150
Asieh Akhoondi, Mitra Ebrahimi Nejad, Mohammad Yusuf, Tejraj M. Aminabhavi, Khalid Mujasam Batoo, Sami Rtimi
MXenes are known as a new type of two-dimensional layered materials that are composed of carbide, nitride, or carbonitride of transition metals. In the recent discovery of a new class of MXenes, two transition metals occupy the metal site, called double transition metal MXenes (DTM). These multilayer composites are of interest due to their attractive features such as high ion transport, extensive surface area, and biocompatibility. Some computational methods are used to predict the properties and performance of bimetallic carbonitrides. The most important feature of this category of materials is the stability and amount of formation energy, which directly affects the choice of material in various applications. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are very beneficial to estimate the thermodynamic stability of DTM MXenes. Of course, proper surface modification with stable terminals is needed to overcome the limitations of DTM MXenes. In this review, the electrochemical, metallic, and magnetic properties of DTM MXene have been presented first. In the following, preparation methods are summarized according to the latest published findings. Then, various applications including hydrogen evolution reactions, anode materials in lithium and sodium batteries, nanomagnetic materials, and special applications have been investigated. Finally, more challenges, prospects, and suggestions for the development of two-dimensional DTM MXenes have been presented.
{"title":"Synthesis and applications of double metal MXenes: A review","authors":"Asieh Akhoondi, Mitra Ebrahimi Nejad, Mohammad Yusuf, Tejraj M. Aminabhavi, Khalid Mujasam Batoo, Sami Rtimi","doi":"10.53063/synsint.2023.32150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2023.32150","url":null,"abstract":"MXenes are known as a new type of two-dimensional layered materials that are composed of carbide, nitride, or carbonitride of transition metals. In the recent discovery of a new class of MXenes, two transition metals occupy the metal site, called double transition metal MXenes (DTM). These multilayer composites are of interest due to their attractive features such as high ion transport, extensive surface area, and biocompatibility. Some computational methods are used to predict the properties and performance of bimetallic carbonitrides. The most important feature of this category of materials is the stability and amount of formation energy, which directly affects the choice of material in various applications. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are very beneficial to estimate the thermodynamic stability of DTM MXenes. Of course, proper surface modification with stable terminals is needed to overcome the limitations of DTM MXenes. In this review, the electrochemical, metallic, and magnetic properties of DTM MXene have been presented first. In the following, preparation methods are summarized according to the latest published findings. Then, various applications including hydrogen evolution reactions, anode materials in lithium and sodium batteries, nanomagnetic materials, and special applications have been investigated. Finally, more challenges, prospects, and suggestions for the development of two-dimensional DTM MXenes have been presented.","PeriodicalId":22113,"journal":{"name":"Synthesis and Sintering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135359212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.53063/synsint.2023.32142
A. Faeghinia, H. Nuranian, Mojtaba Eslami
In targeted drug delivery, the drug is released at a specific and desired point and condition. In this research, magnetite cores (high saturation magnetization property (emu.g-159) were used to target the drug system. First, magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by coprecipitation method from divalent and trivalent chloride salts of iron (FeCl2 and FeCl3), then mesoporous silicas (with a pore diameter of 13 nm) were formed by Stöber's method from the tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) silica source on magnetite cores in spheres form. After that, the carbon quantum dots were synthesized by hydrothermal method from citric acid and their surface was immobilized by dimethylamine which were placed in silica cavities by physical adsorption method. The effective drug melatonin (6.46 mg of melatonin per 100 mg of the drug system) was also loaded on this system by physical absorption method and the release of this drug was carefully determined by the release from the dialysis bag in the simulated environment of blood and cancer tissue. the quantum gain of the system was determined to be about 40%. The results showed that the loading of melatonin drug and carbon quantum dots was done well on silica nanoparticles with magnetite cores, and this system releases 30% of the drug even under temperature conditions.
{"title":"Synthesis of magnetite-silica-carbon quantum dot nanocomposites for melatonin drug delivery","authors":"A. Faeghinia, H. Nuranian, Mojtaba Eslami","doi":"10.53063/synsint.2023.32142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2023.32142","url":null,"abstract":"In targeted drug delivery, the drug is released at a specific and desired point and condition. In this research, magnetite cores (high saturation magnetization property (emu.g-159) were used to target the drug system. First, magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by coprecipitation method from divalent and trivalent chloride salts of iron (FeCl2 and FeCl3), then mesoporous silicas (with a pore diameter of 13 nm) were formed by Stöber's method from the tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) silica source on magnetite cores in spheres form. After that, the carbon quantum dots were synthesized by hydrothermal method from citric acid and their surface was immobilized by dimethylamine which were placed in silica cavities by physical adsorption method. \u0000The effective drug melatonin (6.46 mg of melatonin per 100 mg of the drug system) was also loaded on this system by physical absorption method and the release of this drug was carefully determined by the release from the dialysis bag in the simulated environment of blood and cancer tissue. the quantum gain of the system was determined to be about 40%. The results showed that the loading of melatonin drug and carbon quantum dots was done well on silica nanoparticles with magnetite cores, and this system releases 30% of the drug even under temperature conditions.","PeriodicalId":22113,"journal":{"name":"Synthesis and Sintering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73389611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.53063/synsint.2023.32143
Mohsen Naderi, M. Vajdi, Farhad Sadegh Moghanlou, H. Nami
Heat exchangers are important in modern technology and are used in various industries such as power plants, automobiles and airplanes. Their main role is to ensure efficient heat transfer tailored to specific system needs. With miniaturized electronics, challenges such as circuit overheating have emerged, increasing the demand for compact yet high-performance heat exchangers. The advent of micro-electromechanical systems has increased the application of micro heat exchangers with their high surface-to-volume ratio promising enhanced efficiency. Although metals such as aluminum are commonly used for fabricating heat exchangers, their susceptibility to corrosion and high temperatures limits their usefulness. This study turns attention to ultrahigh temperature ceramics, specifically fully sintered ZrB2, known for their high temperature durability and oxidation resistance. Utilizing the Taguchi approach, a robust optimization method, this study explores the sensitivity analysis of fluid flow parameters on the performance of fully dense ZrB2-made micro heat exchangers and highlights the potential of ceramics in heat exchanger construction. Based on the results, the mass flow rate with an estimated contribution of 4.4% in the effectiveness is the most influential parameter on the performance, and in the best case, the effectiveness reaches 24.3%.
{"title":"Sensitivity analysis of fluid flow parameters on the performance of fully dense ZrB2-made micro heat exchangers","authors":"Mohsen Naderi, M. Vajdi, Farhad Sadegh Moghanlou, H. Nami","doi":"10.53063/synsint.2023.32143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2023.32143","url":null,"abstract":"Heat exchangers are important in modern technology and are used in various industries such as power plants, automobiles and airplanes. Their main role is to ensure efficient heat transfer tailored to specific system needs. With miniaturized electronics, challenges such as circuit overheating have emerged, increasing the demand for compact yet high-performance heat exchangers. The advent of micro-electromechanical systems has increased the application of micro heat exchangers with their high surface-to-volume ratio promising enhanced efficiency. Although metals such as aluminum are commonly used for fabricating heat exchangers, their susceptibility to corrosion and high temperatures limits their usefulness. This study turns attention to ultrahigh temperature ceramics, specifically fully sintered ZrB2, known for their high temperature durability and oxidation resistance. Utilizing the Taguchi approach, a robust optimization method, this study explores the sensitivity analysis of fluid flow parameters on the performance of fully dense ZrB2-made micro heat exchangers and highlights the potential of ceramics in heat exchanger construction. Based on the results, the mass flow rate with an estimated contribution of 4.4% in the effectiveness is the most influential parameter on the performance, and in the best case, the effectiveness reaches 24.3%.","PeriodicalId":22113,"journal":{"name":"Synthesis and Sintering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86814626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.53063/synsint.2023.32151
Milad Sakkaki, S. M. Arab
In this study, in situ composite was manufactured by using TiB2 matrix and C3N4 additive through spark plasma sintering. The optimum SPS parameters were considered and the process was carried out at a temperature of 1900°C for 7 minutes by applying an external pressure of 40 MPa. The thermodynamics of possible reactions during the process were investigated. The products of the chemical reactions were identified. The complementary XRD investigations, the EDAX analysis and SEM microscopy were used to confirm the in-situ formation of new phases. The results showed that the used carbon nitride was decomposed into its constituents, i.e. carbon and nitrogen, and the BN phase has been formed as a result of chemical reactions.
{"title":"In-situ synthesized phases during the spark plasma sintering of g-C3N4 added TiB2 ceramics: A thermodynamic approach","authors":"Milad Sakkaki, S. M. Arab","doi":"10.53063/synsint.2023.32151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2023.32151","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, in situ composite was manufactured by using TiB2 matrix and C3N4 additive through spark plasma sintering. The optimum SPS parameters were considered and the process was carried out at a temperature of 1900°C for 7 minutes by applying an external pressure of 40 MPa. The thermodynamics of possible reactions during the process were investigated. The products of the chemical reactions were identified. The complementary XRD investigations, the EDAX analysis and SEM microscopy were used to confirm the in-situ formation of new phases. The results showed that the used carbon nitride was decomposed into its constituents, i.e. carbon and nitrogen, and the BN phase has been formed as a result of chemical reactions.","PeriodicalId":22113,"journal":{"name":"Synthesis and Sintering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85268928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.53063/synsint.2023.31132
M. Mirzaei, Asieh Akhoondi, W. Hamd, Jorge Noé Díaz de León, R. Selvaraj
Photocatalysis is known as a new and cost-effective method to solve the problems of energy shortage and environmental pollution. Although the application of this method seems practical, finding an efficient and stable photocatalyst with a suitable bandgap and visible-light sensitivity remains challenging. In this context, vanadate compounds photocatalysts have been synthesized and used as emerging composites, and their efficiency has been improved through elemental doping and morphology modifications. In this review, the major synthesis methods, and the design of the latest photocatalytic compounds based on vanadate are presented. In addition, the effect of vanadate microstructures on various photocatalytic applications such as hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, and removal of organic pollutants and heavy metals are discussed. For instance, the application of a 2D-1D BiVO4/CdS heterostructure photocatalyst enhances 40 times the hydrogen production from benzyl alcohol than pure BiVO4. Similarly, the InVO4/Bi2WO6 composite has a superior photocatalytic capability for the reduction of CO2 into CO compared to pure InVO4. A CO production rate of 18 μmol.g−1.h−1 can be achieved by using this heterostructure. Regarding the organic pollutants’ removal, the use of Montmorillonite/BiVO4 structure allows a complete removal of Brilliant Red 80 dye after only 2 hours of irradiation. Finally, copper heavy metal is reduced to 90 % in water, by using BiVO4/rGO/g-C3N4 optimized photocatalyst structure. Other examples on decorated vanadate compounds for enhancing photocatalytic activities are also treated.
光催化被认为是解决能源短缺和环境污染问题的一种经济有效的新方法。尽管这种方法的应用似乎是可行的，但寻找一种具有合适带隙和可见光灵敏度的高效稳定的光催化剂仍然具有挑战性。在此背景下，钒酸盐化合物光催化剂被合成并作为新兴的复合材料使用，并通过元素掺杂和形态修饰提高了其效率。本文综述了钒酸盐光催化化合物的主要合成方法和设计。此外，还讨论了钒酸盐微观结构在各种光催化应用中的影响，如制氢、二氧化碳还原、有机污染物和重金属的去除。例如，2D-1D BiVO4/CdS异质结构光催化剂的应用使苯甲醇产氢量比纯BiVO4提高了40倍。同样，与纯InVO4相比，InVO4/Bi2WO6复合材料在将CO2还原为CO方面具有优越的光催化能力。该异质结构的CO产率可达18 μmol.g−1.h−1。在去除有机污染物方面，使用蒙脱土/BiVO4结构，仅需照射2小时即可完全去除Brilliant Red 80染料。最后，采用BiVO4/rGO/g-C3N4优化光催化剂结构，将水中重金属铜还原至90%。还讨论了用于增强光催化活性的修饰钒酸盐化合物的其他实例。
{"title":"New updates on vanadate compounds synthesis and visible-light-driven photocatalytic applications","authors":"M. Mirzaei, Asieh Akhoondi, W. Hamd, Jorge Noé Díaz de León, R. Selvaraj","doi":"10.53063/synsint.2023.31132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2023.31132","url":null,"abstract":"Photocatalysis is known as a new and cost-effective method to solve the problems of energy shortage and environmental pollution. Although the application of this method seems practical, finding an efficient and stable photocatalyst with a suitable bandgap and visible-light sensitivity remains challenging. In this context, vanadate compounds photocatalysts have been synthesized and used as emerging composites, and their efficiency has been improved through elemental doping and morphology modifications. In this review, the major synthesis methods, and the design of the latest photocatalytic compounds based on vanadate are presented. In addition, the effect of vanadate microstructures on various photocatalytic applications such as hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, and removal of organic pollutants and heavy metals are discussed. For instance, the application of a 2D-1D BiVO4/CdS heterostructure photocatalyst enhances 40 times the hydrogen production from benzyl alcohol than pure BiVO4. Similarly, the InVO4/Bi2WO6 composite has a superior photocatalytic capability for the reduction of CO2 into CO compared to pure InVO4. A CO production rate of 18 μmol.g−1.h−1 can be achieved by using this heterostructure. Regarding the organic pollutants’ removal, the use of Montmorillonite/BiVO4 structure allows a complete removal of Brilliant Red 80 dye after only 2 hours of irradiation. Finally, copper heavy metal is reduced to 90 % in water, by using BiVO4/rGO/g-C3N4 optimized photocatalyst structure. Other examples on decorated vanadate compounds for enhancing photocatalytic activities are also treated.","PeriodicalId":22113,"journal":{"name":"Synthesis and Sintering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79872285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.53063/synsint.2023.31130
S. Ahmadi, H. Nuranian
Nowadays it is highly desired to maximize using of existing resource and recycle waste materials. The by-product of steel being hot rolled is mill scale that disposing of it as waste material has environmental effects. Therefore, the use of mill scale in iron production is economically and environmentally beneficial. In the current work, an attempt has been made to use mill scale and iron concentrate which are not applicable to pelletized, in the reduction process with tunnel kiln for iron manufacturing. Non-coking coal and limestone were utilized as reducing agents. The reluctant to ferrous oxide ratio was kept constant during the reduction tests. The reduction process was carried out in a crucible at 1150 °C. The analyses of the metal Fe content in the reduced samples show that the mill scale can be used successfully in the direct reduction process to produce sponge iron. In the rolling mill scale-iron pellet, iron concentrate-iron pellet, and iron concentrate-mill scale mixtures, the compositions 70MS-30IP, 70IC-30IP, and 70IC-30MS were optimum. The result of XRD and STA results revealed that the optimal heat treatment setting for reducing utilized ferrous oxide mixtures is 1150 °C for 1 h.
{"title":"Optimization of direct reduction in tunnel furnace using different resources of ferrous oxides","authors":"S. Ahmadi, H. Nuranian","doi":"10.53063/synsint.2023.31130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2023.31130","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays it is highly desired to maximize using of existing resource and recycle waste materials. The by-product of steel being hot rolled is mill scale that disposing of it as waste material has environmental effects. Therefore, the use of mill scale in iron production is economically and environmentally beneficial. In the current work, an attempt has been made to use mill scale and iron concentrate which are not applicable to pelletized, in the reduction process with tunnel kiln for iron manufacturing. Non-coking coal and limestone were utilized as reducing agents. The reluctant to ferrous oxide ratio was kept constant during the reduction tests. The reduction process was carried out in a crucible at 1150 °C. The analyses of the metal Fe content in the reduced samples show that the mill scale can be used successfully in the direct reduction process to produce sponge iron. In the rolling mill scale-iron pellet, iron concentrate-iron pellet, and iron concentrate-mill scale mixtures, the compositions 70MS-30IP, 70IC-30IP, and 70IC-30MS were optimum. The result of XRD and STA results revealed that the optimal heat treatment setting for reducing utilized ferrous oxide mixtures is 1150 °C for 1 h.","PeriodicalId":22113,"journal":{"name":"Synthesis and Sintering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73793059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.53063/synsint.2023.31133
Alain Shima, M. Kazemi
In the present work, densification behavior and mechanical features (fracture toughness and Vickers hardness) of undoped and TiN-doped ZrB2 ceramic materials, hot-pressed at 1800 ºC under 15 MPa for 1 hr, were studied. The addition of only 5 wt% TiN into ZrB2 has resulted in an increase in its relative density from 83% to 90 %. Removal of oxide contaminations like B2O3 via chemical reactions with TiN and new secondary phases formation such as ZrN, h-BN, and (Zr,Ti)B2 solid solutions were approved employing crystalline phase analysis and microstructural studies. Improvement of densification and restriction of grain growth caused enhancement of mechanical characteristics. The measured values of Vickers hardness and fracture toughness are ameliorated from 7.8 GPa and 1.5 MPa.m1/2 to 14.1 GPa and 3.8 MPa.m1/2, respectively.
{"title":"Influence of TiN addition on densification behavior and mechanical properties of ZrB2 ceramics","authors":"Alain Shima, M. Kazemi","doi":"10.53063/synsint.2023.31133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2023.31133","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work, densification behavior and mechanical features (fracture toughness and Vickers hardness) of undoped and TiN-doped ZrB2 ceramic materials, hot-pressed at 1800 ºC under 15 MPa for 1 hr, were studied. The addition of only 5 wt% TiN into ZrB2 has resulted in an increase in its relative density from 83% to 90 %. Removal of oxide contaminations like B2O3 via chemical reactions with TiN and new secondary phases formation such as ZrN, h-BN, and (Zr,Ti)B2 solid solutions were approved employing crystalline phase analysis and microstructural studies. Improvement of densification and restriction of grain growth caused enhancement of mechanical characteristics. The measured values of Vickers hardness and fracture toughness are ameliorated from 7.8 GPa and 1.5 MPa.m1/2 to 14.1 GPa and 3.8 MPa.m1/2, respectively.","PeriodicalId":22113,"journal":{"name":"Synthesis and Sintering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91038538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.53063/synsint.2023.31140
Seyed Faridaddin Feiz, L. Nikzad, H. Majidian, E. Salahi
In this paper, mechanical activation and tartaric acid addition were employed to reduce the residual carbon and intensify the efficiency of B4C synthesis using glucose and boric acid as starting materials. To investigate the role of mechanical activation on synthesis performance, one sample was subjected to high-energy ball milling before pyrolysis and the other after pyrolysis. To study the role of additives, in the precursor production stage, on synthesis efficiency and residual carbon reduction, different amounts of tartaric acid (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 wt%) were tested. FT-IR and XRD analyses were used to characterize the bonds created in the precursors and the phases formed during the pyrolysis and synthesis steps, respectively. The results confirmed that mechanical activation before synthesis can improve the synthesis efficiency, but ball milling before pyrolysis did not significantly affect the final synthesis product. The addition of tartaric acid enhanced the formation of B–C bonds; hence, it increased the efficiency of B4C synthesis. The optimum additive amount was 25 wt% and higher amounts weakened the synthesis performance.
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