Philipp Schulmeyer, Manfred Weihnacht, Hagen Schmidt
Ice accumulation on infrastructure poses severe safety risks and economic losses, necessitating effective detection and monitoring solutions. This study introduces a novel approach employing surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, known for their small size, wireless operation, energy self-sufficiency, and retrofit capability. Utilizing a SAW dual-mode delay line device on a 64°-rotated Y-cut lithium niobate substrate, we demonstrate a solution for combined ice detection and temperature measurement. In addition to the shear-horizontal polarized leaky SAW, our findings reveal an electrically excitable Rayleigh-type wave in the X+90° direction on the same cut. Experimental results in a temperature chamber confirm capability for reliable differentiation between liquid water and ice loading and simultaneous temperature measurements. This research presents a promising advancement in addressing safety concerns and economic losses associated with ice accretion.
基础设施上的积冰会带来严重的安全风险和经济损失，因此需要有效的检测和监控解决方案。本研究介绍了一种采用表面声波（SAW）传感器的新方法，这种传感器以体积小、无线操作、能源自给自足和改造能力强而著称。通过在 64° 旋转的 Y 型切割铌酸锂基板上使用声表面波双模延迟线装置，我们展示了一种冰探测和温度测量相结合的解决方案。除了剪切水平极化泄漏声表面波外，我们的研究结果还揭示了同一切面上 X+90° 方向上的电激发雷利型波。温度室中的实验结果证实了可靠区分液态水和冰负载以及同时测量温度的能力。这项研究为解决安全问题和与冰增生相关的经济损失问题带来了希望。
{"title":"A Dual-Mode Surface Acoustic Wave Delay Line for the Detection of Ice on 64°-Rotated Y-Cut Lithium Niobate","authors":"Philipp Schulmeyer, Manfred Weihnacht, Hagen Schmidt","doi":"10.3390/s24072292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072292","url":null,"abstract":"Ice accumulation on infrastructure poses severe safety risks and economic losses, necessitating effective detection and monitoring solutions. This study introduces a novel approach employing surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, known for their small size, wireless operation, energy self-sufficiency, and retrofit capability. Utilizing a SAW dual-mode delay line device on a 64°-rotated Y-cut lithium niobate substrate, we demonstrate a solution for combined ice detection and temperature measurement. In addition to the shear-horizontal polarized leaky SAW, our findings reveal an electrically excitable Rayleigh-type wave in the X+90° direction on the same cut. Experimental results in a temperature chamber confirm capability for reliable differentiation between liquid water and ice loading and simultaneous temperature measurements. This research presents a promising advancement in addressing safety concerns and economic losses associated with ice accretion.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"42 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140769997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linglong Zhou, Guoxin Wu, Yunbo Zuo, Xuanyu Chen, Hongle Hu
With the rapid development of 3D reconstruction, especially the emergence of algorithms such as NeRF and 3DGS, 3D reconstruction has become a popular research topic in recent years. 3D reconstruction technology provides crucial support for training extensive computer vision models and advancing the development of general artificial intelligence. With the development of deep learning and GPU technology, the demand for high-precision and high-efficiency 3D reconstruction information is increasing, especially in the fields of unmanned systems, human-computer interaction, virtual reality, and medicine. The rapid development of 3D reconstruction is becoming inevitable. This survey categorizes the various methods and technologies used in 3D reconstruction. It explores and classifies them based on three aspects: traditional static, dynamic, and machine learning. Furthermore, it compares and discusses these methods. At the end of the survey, which includes a detailed analysis of the trends and challenges in 3D reconstruction development, we aim to provide a comprehensive introduction for individuals who are currently engaged in or planning to conduct research on 3D reconstruction. Our goal is to help them gain a comprehensive understanding of the relevant knowledge related to 3D reconstruction.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Vision-Based 3D Reconstruction Methods","authors":"Linglong Zhou, Guoxin Wu, Yunbo Zuo, Xuanyu Chen, Hongle Hu","doi":"10.3390/s24072314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072314","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of 3D reconstruction, especially the emergence of algorithms such as NeRF and 3DGS, 3D reconstruction has become a popular research topic in recent years. 3D reconstruction technology provides crucial support for training extensive computer vision models and advancing the development of general artificial intelligence. With the development of deep learning and GPU technology, the demand for high-precision and high-efficiency 3D reconstruction information is increasing, especially in the fields of unmanned systems, human-computer interaction, virtual reality, and medicine. The rapid development of 3D reconstruction is becoming inevitable. This survey categorizes the various methods and technologies used in 3D reconstruction. It explores and classifies them based on three aspects: traditional static, dynamic, and machine learning. Furthermore, it compares and discusses these methods. At the end of the survey, which includes a detailed analysis of the trends and challenges in 3D reconstruction development, we aim to provide a comprehensive introduction for individuals who are currently engaged in or planning to conduct research on 3D reconstruction. Our goal is to help them gain a comprehensive understanding of the relevant knowledge related to 3D reconstruction.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"32 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140770438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Cutti, Maria Grazia Santi, Andrew H. Hansen, Stefania Fatone
The aim of this work was to assess the accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of a hand-held, structured-light 3D scanner (EINScan Pro 2X Plus with High Definition Prime Pack, SHINING 3D Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China), to support its potential use in multi-site settings on lower limb prosthetics. Four limb models with different shapes were fabricated and scanned with a metrological 3D scanner (EINScan Laser FreeScan 5X, SHINING 3D Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) by a professional operator (OP0). Limb models were then mailed to three sites where two operators (OP1, OP2) scanned them using their own structured-light 3D scanner (same model). OP1 scanned limb models twice (OP1-A, OP1-B). OP0, OP1-A, and OP2 scans were compared for accuracy, OP1-A and OP1-B for repeatability, and OP1-A and OP2 for reproducibility. Among all comparisons, the mean radial error was <0.25 mm, mean angular error was <4°, and root mean square error of the radial distance was <1 mm. Moreover, limits of agreement were <3.5% for perimeters and volumes. By comparing these results with respect to clinically-relevant thresholds and to the literature available on other 3D scanners, we conclude that the EINScan Pro 2X Plus 3D Scanner with High Definition Prime Pack has good accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility, supporting its use in multi-site settings.
这项工作的目的是评估手持式结构光三维扫描仪（EINScan Pro 2X Plus，带高清原色包，信宁三维科技有限公司，中国杭州）的准确性、可重复性和再现性。中国杭州，信宁三维科技有限公司），以支持其在下肢假肢多部位设置中的潜在应用。专业操作员（OP0）制作了四个不同形状的肢体模型，并使用计量三维扫描仪（EINScan Laser FreeScan 5X，信宁三维科技有限公司，中国杭州）进行扫描。然后，肢体模型被邮寄到三个地点，由两名操作员（OP1、OP2）使用自己的结构光三维扫描仪（相同型号）进行扫描。OP1 扫描肢体模型两次（OP1-A、OP1-B）。对 OP0、OP1-A 和 OP2 扫描的准确性进行比较，对 OP1-A 和 OP1-B 扫描的重复性进行比较，对 OP1-A 和 OP2 扫描的再现性进行比较。在所有比较中，平均径向误差小于 0.25 毫米，平均角度误差小于 4°，径向距离的均方根误差小于 1 毫米。此外，周长和体积的一致性均小于 3.5%。通过将这些结果与临床相关阈值和其他三维扫描仪的文献进行比较，我们得出结论：EINScan Pro 2X Plus 三维扫描仪（带高清晰度主件包）具有良好的准确性、可重复性和再现性，支持在多站点环境中使用。
{"title":"Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility of a Hand-Held Structured-Light 3D Scanner across Multi-Site Settings in Lower Limb Prosthetics","authors":"A. Cutti, Maria Grazia Santi, Andrew H. Hansen, Stefania Fatone","doi":"10.3390/s24072350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072350","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was to assess the accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of a hand-held, structured-light 3D scanner (EINScan Pro 2X Plus with High Definition Prime Pack, SHINING 3D Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China), to support its potential use in multi-site settings on lower limb prosthetics. Four limb models with different shapes were fabricated and scanned with a metrological 3D scanner (EINScan Laser FreeScan 5X, SHINING 3D Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) by a professional operator (OP0). Limb models were then mailed to three sites where two operators (OP1, OP2) scanned them using their own structured-light 3D scanner (same model). OP1 scanned limb models twice (OP1-A, OP1-B). OP0, OP1-A, and OP2 scans were compared for accuracy, OP1-A and OP1-B for repeatability, and OP1-A and OP2 for reproducibility. Among all comparisons, the mean radial error was <0.25 mm, mean angular error was <4°, and root mean square error of the radial distance was <1 mm. Moreover, limits of agreement were <3.5% for perimeters and volumes. By comparing these results with respect to clinically-relevant thresholds and to the literature available on other 3D scanners, we conclude that the EINScan Pro 2X Plus 3D Scanner with High Definition Prime Pack has good accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility, supporting its use in multi-site settings.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"9 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140764327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. L. Tofoli, Thaís Martins Jajah Carlos, A. Morais
The cascaded connection of power converters extends conversion ranges but requires careful consideration due to high component count and efficiency concerns, as power is processed redundantly. Furthermore, using several active switches that must be turned on simultaneously may introduce significant drive and control complexity. To overcome this limitation, single-switch quadratic DC-DC converters have been proposed in the literature as a prominent choice for various applications, such as light-emitting diode (LED) drivers. Nevertheless, the motivation behind the conception of such topologies, beyond extending the conversion ratio, remains unclear. Another unexplored issue is the possibility of obtaining single-switch versions of cascaded converters consisting of multiple stages. In this context, this work investigates the synthesis of single-switch non-isolated DC-DC converters for achieving high step-down and/or high step-up based on the graft scheme. Key issues such as the voltage gain, additional stresses on the active switches, component count, and behavior of the input current and output stage current are addressed in detail. An in-depth discussion is presented to identify potential advantages and shortcomings of the resulting structures.
{"title":"Review, Properties, and Synthesis of Single-Switch Non-Isolated DC-DC Converters with a Wide Conversion Range","authors":"F. L. Tofoli, Thaís Martins Jajah Carlos, A. Morais","doi":"10.3390/s24072264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072264","url":null,"abstract":"The cascaded connection of power converters extends conversion ranges but requires careful consideration due to high component count and efficiency concerns, as power is processed redundantly. Furthermore, using several active switches that must be turned on simultaneously may introduce significant drive and control complexity. To overcome this limitation, single-switch quadratic DC-DC converters have been proposed in the literature as a prominent choice for various applications, such as light-emitting diode (LED) drivers. Nevertheless, the motivation behind the conception of such topologies, beyond extending the conversion ratio, remains unclear. Another unexplored issue is the possibility of obtaining single-switch versions of cascaded converters consisting of multiple stages. In this context, this work investigates the synthesis of single-switch non-isolated DC-DC converters for achieving high step-down and/or high step-up based on the graft scheme. Key issues such as the voltage gain, additional stresses on the active switches, component count, and behavior of the input current and output stage current are addressed in detail. An in-depth discussion is presented to identify potential advantages and shortcomings of the resulting structures.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"259 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140790205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lineament is a unique geological structure. The study of Lunar lineament structure has great significance on understanding its history and evolution of Lunar surface. However, the existing geographic feature extraction methods are not suitable for the extraction of Lunar lineament structure. In this paper, a new lineament extraction method is proposed based on improved-UNet++ and YOLOv5. Firstly, new lineament dataset is created containing lineaments structure based on CCD data from LROC. At same time the residual blocks are replaced with the VGG blocks in the down sample part of the UNet++ with adding the attention block between each layer. Secondly, the improved-UNet++ and YOLO networks are trained to execute the object detection and semantic segmentation of lineament structure respectively. Finally, a polygon-match strategy is proposed to combine the results of object detection and semantic segmentation. The experiment result indicate that this new method has relatively better and more stable performance compared with current mainstream networks and the original UNet++ network in the instance segmentation of lineament structure. Additionally, the polygon-match strategy is able to perform preciser edge detail in the instance segmentation of lineament structure result.
{"title":"A New Lunar Lineament Extraction Method Based on Improved UNet++ and YOLOv5","authors":"Pengcheng Yan, Jiarui Liang, Xiaolin Tian, Yikui Zhai","doi":"10.3390/s24072256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072256","url":null,"abstract":"Lineament is a unique geological structure. The study of Lunar lineament structure has great significance on understanding its history and evolution of Lunar surface. However, the existing geographic feature extraction methods are not suitable for the extraction of Lunar lineament structure. In this paper, a new lineament extraction method is proposed based on improved-UNet++ and YOLOv5. Firstly, new lineament dataset is created containing lineaments structure based on CCD data from LROC. At same time the residual blocks are replaced with the VGG blocks in the down sample part of the UNet++ with adding the attention block between each layer. Secondly, the improved-UNet++ and YOLO networks are trained to execute the object detection and semantic segmentation of lineament structure respectively. Finally, a polygon-match strategy is proposed to combine the results of object detection and semantic segmentation. The experiment result indicate that this new method has relatively better and more stable performance compared with current mainstream networks and the original UNet++ network in the instance segmentation of lineament structure. Additionally, the polygon-match strategy is able to perform preciser edge detail in the instance segmentation of lineament structure result.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"197 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140792290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An on-site InSAR imaging method carried out with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is proposed to monitor terrain changes with high spatial resolution, short revisit time, and high flexibility. To survey and explore a specific area of interest in real time, a combination of a least-square phase unwrapping technique and a mean filter for removing speckles is effective in reconstructing the terrain profile. The proposed method is validated by simulations on three scenarios scaled down from the high-resolution digital elevation models of the US geological survey (USGS) 3D elevation program (3DEP) datasets. The efficacy of the proposed method and the efficiency in CPU time are validated by comparing with several state-of-the-art techniques.
提出了一种利用无人飞行器（UAVs）进行现场 InSAR 成像的方法，以高空间分辨率、短重访时间和高灵活性监测地形变化。为了实时勘测和探索感兴趣的特定区域，将最小平方相位解包技术与去除斑点的均值滤波器相结合，可有效重建地形剖面。通过对美国地质调查局（USGS）三维高程计划（3DEP）数据集的高分辨率数字高程模型缩小的三个场景进行模拟，验证了所提出的方法。通过与几种最先进的技术进行比较，验证了所提方法的功效和 CPU 时间效率。
{"title":"An On-Site InSAR Terrain Imaging Method with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","authors":"Hsu-Yueh Chuang, Jean‐Fu Kiang","doi":"10.3390/s24072287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072287","url":null,"abstract":"An on-site InSAR imaging method carried out with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is proposed to monitor terrain changes with high spatial resolution, short revisit time, and high flexibility. To survey and explore a specific area of interest in real time, a combination of a least-square phase unwrapping technique and a mean filter for removing speckles is effective in reconstructing the terrain profile. The proposed method is validated by simulations on three scenarios scaled down from the high-resolution digital elevation models of the US geological survey (USGS) 3D elevation program (3DEP) datasets. The efficacy of the proposed method and the efficiency in CPU time are validated by comparing with several state-of-the-art techniques.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"70 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140795262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiao Zhang, Yuting Fu, Jie Li, Yandong Wei, Yu Li, Lu Zheng
Real-time acquisition of location information for agricultural robotic systems is a prerequisite for achieving high-precision intelligent navigation. This paper proposes a data filtering and combined positioning method, and establishes an active screening model. The dynamic and static positioning drift points of the carrier are eliminated or replaced, reducing the complexity of the original Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) output data in the positioning system. Compared with the traditional Kalman filter combined positioning method, the proposed active filtering–Kalman filter algorithm can reduce the maximum distance deviation of the carrier along a straight line from 0.145 m to 0.055 m and along a curve from 0.184 m to 0.0640 m. This study focuses on agricultural robot positioning technology, which has an important influence on the development of smart agriculture.
{"title":"Research on Combined Localization Algorithm Based on Active Screening–Kalman Filtering","authors":"Xiao Zhang, Yuting Fu, Jie Li, Yandong Wei, Yu Li, Lu Zheng","doi":"10.3390/s24072372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072372","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time acquisition of location information for agricultural robotic systems is a prerequisite for achieving high-precision intelligent navigation. This paper proposes a data filtering and combined positioning method, and establishes an active screening model. The dynamic and static positioning drift points of the carrier are eliminated or replaced, reducing the complexity of the original Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) output data in the positioning system. Compared with the traditional Kalman filter combined positioning method, the proposed active filtering–Kalman filter algorithm can reduce the maximum distance deviation of the carrier along a straight line from 0.145 m to 0.055 m and along a curve from 0.184 m to 0.0640 m. This study focuses on agricultural robot positioning technology, which has an important influence on the development of smart agriculture.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"82 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140769496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advancement of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) enables early detection of numerous disasters. Efforts have been made to automate the monitoring of data from UAVs, with machine learning methods recently attracting significant interest. These solutions often face challenges with high computational costs and energy usage. Conventionally, data from UAVs are processed using cloud computing, where they are sent to the cloud for analysis. However, this method might not meet the real-time needs of disaster relief scenarios. In contrast, edge computing provides real-time processing at the site but still struggles with computational and energy efficiency issues. To overcome these obstacles and enhance resource utilization, this paper presents a convolutional neural network (CNN) model with an early exit mechanism designed for fire detection in UAVs. This model is implemented using TSMC 40 nm CMOS technology, which aids in hardware acceleration. Notably, the neural network has a modest parameter count of 11.2 k. In the hardware computation part, the CNN circuit completes fire detection in approximately 230,000 cycles. Power-gating techniques are also used to turn off inactive memory, contributing to reduced power consumption. The experimental results show that this neural network reaches a maximum accuracy of 81.49% in the hardware implementation stage. After automatic layout and routing, the CNN hardware accelerator can operate at 300 MHz, consuming 117 mW of power.
{"title":"Implementation of Lightweight Convolutional Neural Networks with an Early Exit Mechanism Utilizing 40 nm CMOS Process for Fire Detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","authors":"Yu-Pei Liang, Chen-Ming Chang, Ching-Che Chung","doi":"10.3390/s24072265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072265","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) enables early detection of numerous disasters. Efforts have been made to automate the monitoring of data from UAVs, with machine learning methods recently attracting significant interest. These solutions often face challenges with high computational costs and energy usage. Conventionally, data from UAVs are processed using cloud computing, where they are sent to the cloud for analysis. However, this method might not meet the real-time needs of disaster relief scenarios. In contrast, edge computing provides real-time processing at the site but still struggles with computational and energy efficiency issues. To overcome these obstacles and enhance resource utilization, this paper presents a convolutional neural network (CNN) model with an early exit mechanism designed for fire detection in UAVs. This model is implemented using TSMC 40 nm CMOS technology, which aids in hardware acceleration. Notably, the neural network has a modest parameter count of 11.2 k. In the hardware computation part, the CNN circuit completes fire detection in approximately 230,000 cycles. Power-gating techniques are also used to turn off inactive memory, contributing to reduced power consumption. The experimental results show that this neural network reaches a maximum accuracy of 81.49% in the hardware implementation stage. After automatic layout and routing, the CNN hardware accelerator can operate at 300 MHz, consuming 117 mW of power.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"53 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140788415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sangho Jo, Ohtae Jang, Chaitali Bhattacharyya, Minjun Kim, Taeseok Lee, Yewon Jang, Haekang Song, Hyukmin Kwon, Saebyeol Do, Sungho Kim
Several studies in computer vision have examined specular removal, which is crucial for object detection and recognition. This research has traditionally been divided into two tasks: specular highlight removal, which focuses on removing specular highlights on object surfaces, and reflection removal, which deals with specular reflections occurring on glass surfaces. In reality, however, both types of specular effects often coexist, making it a fundamental challenge that has not been adequately addressed. Recognizing the necessity of integrating specular components handled in both tasks, we constructed a specular-light (S-Light) DB for training single-image-based deep learning models. Moreover, considering the absence of benchmark datasets for quantitative evaluation, the multi-scale normalized cross correlation (MS-NCC) metric, which considers the correlation between specular and diffuse components, was introduced to assess the learning outcomes.
{"title":"S-LIGHT: Synthetic Dataset for the Separation of Diffuse and Specular Reflection Images","authors":"Sangho Jo, Ohtae Jang, Chaitali Bhattacharyya, Minjun Kim, Taeseok Lee, Yewon Jang, Haekang Song, Hyukmin Kwon, Saebyeol Do, Sungho Kim","doi":"10.3390/s24072286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072286","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies in computer vision have examined specular removal, which is crucial for object detection and recognition. This research has traditionally been divided into two tasks: specular highlight removal, which focuses on removing specular highlights on object surfaces, and reflection removal, which deals with specular reflections occurring on glass surfaces. In reality, however, both types of specular effects often coexist, making it a fundamental challenge that has not been adequately addressed. Recognizing the necessity of integrating specular components handled in both tasks, we constructed a specular-light (S-Light) DB for training single-image-based deep learning models. Moreover, considering the absence of benchmark datasets for quantitative evaluation, the multi-scale normalized cross correlation (MS-NCC) metric, which considers the correlation between specular and diffuse components, was introduced to assess the learning outcomes.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"49 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140771327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are good candidates for donor material in energy transfer systems and can easily be functionalized with various ligands on the surface with Au–S bonding. Cyclodextrin (CD) forms inclusion complexes with fluorophores due to its unique structure for host–guest interaction. In this study, we fabricated βCD-functionalized AuNPs using different lengths of thiol ligands and recognized cholesterol to confirm the energy-transfer-based turn-on fluorescence mechanism. AuNP–βCD conjugated with various thiol ligands and quenched the fluorescein (Fl) dye, forming βCD-Fl inclusion complexes. As the distance between AuNPs and βCD decreased, the quenching efficiency became higher. The quenched fluorescence was recovered when the cholesterol replaced the Fl because of the stronger binding affinity of the cholesterol with βCD. The efficiency of cholesterol recognition was also affected by the energy transfer effect because the shorter βCD ligand had a higher fluorescence recovery. Furthermore, we fabricated a liposome with cholesterol embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane to mimic the cholesterol coexisting with lipids in human serum. These cellular cholesterols accelerated the replacement of the Fl molecules, resulting in a fluorescence recovery higher than that of pure lipid. These discoveries are expected to give guidance towards cholesterol sensors or energy-transfer-based biosensors using AuNPs.
{"title":"Energy Transfer-Based Recognition of Membrane Cholesterol by Controlling Intradistance of Linker","authors":"Yong Ho Cho, Tae Kyung Won, Dong June Ahn","doi":"10.3390/s24072315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072315","url":null,"abstract":"Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are good candidates for donor material in energy transfer systems and can easily be functionalized with various ligands on the surface with Au–S bonding. Cyclodextrin (CD) forms inclusion complexes with fluorophores due to its unique structure for host–guest interaction. In this study, we fabricated βCD-functionalized AuNPs using different lengths of thiol ligands and recognized cholesterol to confirm the energy-transfer-based turn-on fluorescence mechanism. AuNP–βCD conjugated with various thiol ligands and quenched the fluorescein (Fl) dye, forming βCD-Fl inclusion complexes. As the distance between AuNPs and βCD decreased, the quenching efficiency became higher. The quenched fluorescence was recovered when the cholesterol replaced the Fl because of the stronger binding affinity of the cholesterol with βCD. The efficiency of cholesterol recognition was also affected by the energy transfer effect because the shorter βCD ligand had a higher fluorescence recovery. Furthermore, we fabricated a liposome with cholesterol embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane to mimic the cholesterol coexisting with lipids in human serum. These cellular cholesterols accelerated the replacement of the Fl molecules, resulting in a fluorescence recovery higher than that of pure lipid. These discoveries are expected to give guidance towards cholesterol sensors or energy-transfer-based biosensors using AuNPs.","PeriodicalId":221960,"journal":{"name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"222 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140790239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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