A sound knowledge of variations of blood vessels is important during operative, diagnostic and endovascular procedures in the abdomen. This report describes the kinking of the aorta due to the variations in the origin of the renal arteries. The variation was found during routine dissection in an approximately 55 years old male cadaver. The cadaver was healthy and it did not have any other anomalies in the other parts of the body. The right and left renal arteries took their origin from the anterior aspect of the aorta just below the origin of superior mesenteric artery. There was a kink in the abdominal aorta above the level of the origin of these arteries. The cadaver also showed the presence of an accessory renal artery which took origin from the abdominal aorta, an inch above its bifurcation and entered the left kidney through lower part of its anterior surface. A good knowledge of vascular variations in relation to the kidneys is very important in kidney transplantation surgery.
{"title":"Presence of accessory renal artery and kinking of aorta due to the abnormal origin of renal arteries","authors":"S. Nayak","doi":"10.5580/115c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/115c","url":null,"abstract":"A sound knowledge of variations of blood vessels is important during operative, diagnostic and endovascular procedures in the abdomen. This report describes the kinking of the aorta due to the variations in the origin of the renal arteries. The variation was found during routine dissection in an approximately 55 years old male cadaver. The cadaver was healthy and it did not have any other anomalies in the other parts of the body. The right and left renal arteries took their origin from the anterior aspect of the aorta just below the origin of superior mesenteric artery. There was a kink in the abdominal aorta above the level of the origin of these arteries. The cadaver also showed the presence of an accessory renal artery which took origin from the abdominal aorta, an inch above its bifurcation and entered the left kidney through lower part of its anterior surface. A good knowledge of vascular variations in relation to the kidneys is very important in kidney transplantation surgery.","PeriodicalId":22525,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75016518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to establish pattern of head dimensions of Nigerian children 5-15 years. The subjects of this study were 377 Nigerian children, boys (n = 173) and girls (n = 204) with mean age 9.87 + 3.22 and 10.11 + 302 respectively. Head dimensions traits measured were head length, head breadth and head circumference while cephalic index was calculated. Subjects height and weight were also measured all measurement were conducted following standard protocols. Student t-test was used to show significant difference while Pearson correlation was used to establish relationship between the variables considered. Of all the parameters considered only head length and cephalic index showed significant difference with P<0.001. The mean head length of boys was found to be greater than those of girls while cephalic index in girls was statistically different (P <0.001) than those of boys. Head breadth, head circumference, height and weight statistically showed no significant difference though the mean values in girls are slightly greater than those in boys. Head length was observed to increase unsteadily from 5-15 years for both sexes. Cephalic index also increased down the age classes with mean value greater in girls than in boys. The correlation matrix showed that all the head dimensions correlates significantly with height and weight in boys and girls (P <0.05, P <0.001) but cephalic index showed no correlation with boys' height and weight but it correlates with girls weight and not their height. This study shows gradual increase in the growth of head dimensions with difference between boys and girls in head length, head circumference and cephalic index. Although cephalic index showed occurrence of brachycephalic head form, mesocephalic head form is more predominant. Sexual dimorphism is clearly demonstrated between boys and girls in head length and cephalic index.
本研究的目的是建立5-15岁尼日利亚儿童头部尺寸的模式。研究对象为尼日利亚儿童377例，其中男孩173例，女孩204例，平均年龄分别为9.87 + 3.22岁和10.11 + 302岁。测量头长、头宽、头围，计算头指数。同时测量受试者的身高和体重，所有测量均按照标准方案进行。采用学生t检验显示有显著性差异，采用Pearson相关建立所考虑变量之间的关系。在所有考虑的参数中，只有头长和头侧指数有显著差异，P<0.001。男孩的平均头长大于女孩，而女孩的头指数与男孩相比有统计学差异(P <0.001)。女孩的头宽、头围、身高、体重的平均值略大于男孩，但在统计学上差异无统计学意义。观察到头长在5-15岁之间不稳定地增加。头侧指数也随年龄的增长而增加，女孩的平均值大于男孩。相关矩阵显示，所有头部尺寸与男孩和女孩的身高和体重均显著相关(P <0.05, P <0.001)，但头指数与男孩的身高和体重不相关，与女孩的体重相关，而与女孩的身高无关。本研究表明，男孩和女孩在头长、头围和头指数上存在差异，头部尺寸的增长逐渐增加。虽然头指数显示出现短头型，但中头型更为突出。男女两性在头长和头指数上表现出明显的二型性。
{"title":"Relationship between Growth Pattern and Head Dimensions in Nigerian Children (5-15 Years)","authors":"B. Danborno, Patience Nuhu, Kuma Yandev","doi":"10.5580/a80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/a80","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to establish pattern of head dimensions of Nigerian children 5-15 years. The subjects of this study were 377 Nigerian children, boys (n = 173) and girls (n = 204) with mean age 9.87 + 3.22 and 10.11 + 302 respectively. Head dimensions traits measured were head length, head breadth and head circumference while cephalic index was calculated. Subjects height and weight were also measured all measurement were conducted following standard protocols. Student t-test was used to show significant difference while Pearson correlation was used to establish relationship between the variables considered. Of all the parameters considered only head length and cephalic index showed significant difference with P<0.001. The mean head length of boys was found to be greater than those of girls while cephalic index in girls was statistically different (P <0.001) than those of boys. Head breadth, head circumference, height and weight statistically showed no significant difference though the mean values in girls are slightly greater than those in boys. Head length was observed to increase unsteadily from 5-15 years for both sexes. Cephalic index also increased down the age classes with mean value greater in girls than in boys. The correlation matrix showed that all the head dimensions correlates significantly with height and weight in boys and girls (P <0.05, P <0.001) but cephalic index showed no correlation with boys' height and weight but it correlates with girls weight and not their height. This study shows gradual increase in the growth of head dimensions with difference between boys and girls in head length, head circumference and cephalic index. Although cephalic index showed occurrence of brachycephalic head form, mesocephalic head form is more predominant. Sexual dimorphism is clearly demonstrated between boys and girls in head length and cephalic index.","PeriodicalId":22525,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81083806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An abnormal foramen connecting the middle cranial fossa with the sphenoidal air sinus was noted. This foramen was large and circular with a smooth outline. It was located anterolateral to the sella turcica, medial to the superior orbital fissure and behind the optic canal. Since the foramen was noted in a dry skull during osteology demonstration classes, we are unaware about the structures passing though it if any. Knowledge of this foramen may be important for radiologists, endocrinologists and anthropologists.
{"title":"An abnormal foramen connecting the middle cranial fossa with sphenoidal air sinus: A Case Report","authors":"S. Nayak","doi":"10.5580/3ca","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/3ca","url":null,"abstract":"An abnormal foramen connecting the middle cranial fossa with the sphenoidal air sinus was noted. This foramen was large and circular with a smooth outline. It was located anterolateral to the sella turcica, medial to the superior orbital fissure and behind the optic canal. Since the foramen was noted in a dry skull during osteology demonstration classes, we are unaware about the structures passing though it if any. Knowledge of this foramen may be important for radiologists, endocrinologists and anthropologists.","PeriodicalId":22525,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91288735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper, the first of a series, attempts to review the literature available on the various sites in the entire Chotanagpur region. The reason for this is the fact that even though this region is spread out over the states of Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, it has its own specific kind of topology and topography. Very few archaeologists, geologists and anthropologists have dealt with this entire range though all those who have worked here have made comments on this issue. Hence, in this paper, I shall look at attempts to unify the stratigraphic data of the region in order to find commonalities in this region. With such an overview one may then be able to check out and find the reasons for the pattern of archaeological records of this region and have an idea of the early prehistory of this region. INTRODUCTION The Chotanagpur region includes the Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand. Parts of it extend out into the states of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal also. For the purposes of this paper, the earlier borders of the Chotanagpur region would be used as a marker for the study since it simplifies the discussion of this area. It lies between 22° and 25° 30' N latitudes and between 83° 47' and 87° 50' E longitudes covering an area of about 86,239 sq. km. The average height of this region is about 2,000 feet (see maps 1, 2 and 3). Further, its geographical region, though may again be subdivided into other zones, seem to have similar overall characteristics. As a result of this extension, many sites of the surrounding areas have also been discussed to look for continuity and spatial distributions. A second disclaimer, if you will. It is not possible to include in a brief research article the entire encyclopaedic panoply of sites. I have thus selected and chosen in order to gain an idea of the region as well as to reach certain conclusions. A preliminary outline of sites in the region and communities studied for the purpose has been given in the appendices. Figure 1 Prehistory Of The Chotanagpur Region, India, Part 1: Making Sense Of The Stratigraphy
{"title":"Prehistory Of The Chotanagpur Region, India, Part 1: Making Sense Of The Stratigraphy","authors":"A. Ghosh","doi":"10.5580/2549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2549","url":null,"abstract":"This paper, the first of a series, attempts to review the literature available on the various sites in the entire Chotanagpur region. The reason for this is the fact that even though this region is spread out over the states of Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, it has its own specific kind of topology and topography. Very few archaeologists, geologists and anthropologists have dealt with this entire range though all those who have worked here have made comments on this issue. Hence, in this paper, I shall look at attempts to unify the stratigraphic data of the region in order to find commonalities in this region. With such an overview one may then be able to check out and find the reasons for the pattern of archaeological records of this region and have an idea of the early prehistory of this region. INTRODUCTION The Chotanagpur region includes the Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand. Parts of it extend out into the states of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal also. For the purposes of this paper, the earlier borders of the Chotanagpur region would be used as a marker for the study since it simplifies the discussion of this area. It lies between 22° and 25° 30' N latitudes and between 83° 47' and 87° 50' E longitudes covering an area of about 86,239 sq. km. The average height of this region is about 2,000 feet (see maps 1, 2 and 3). Further, its geographical region, though may again be subdivided into other zones, seem to have similar overall characteristics. As a result of this extension, many sites of the surrounding areas have also been discussed to look for continuity and spatial distributions. A second disclaimer, if you will. It is not possible to include in a brief research article the entire encyclopaedic panoply of sites. I have thus selected and chosen in order to gain an idea of the region as well as to reach certain conclusions. A preliminary outline of sites in the region and communities studied for the purpose has been given in the appendices. Figure 1 Prehistory Of The Chotanagpur Region, India, Part 1: Making Sense Of The Stratigraphy","PeriodicalId":22525,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90270397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this era of global tobacco epidemic, any strategy that aims at motivating people to quit smoking earns credibility. An attempt has been made to curb smoking in a tertiary care Institute in northern India. To elicit better community participation, the idea of Anti Tobacco Volunteers (ATV) was floated. One hundred and fifty six volunteers got themselves enrolled and vowed to work for the noble cause. The spectrum of volunteers included the faculty members, resident doctors, nurses, employees' union and other administrative staff. ATVs are active in discharging their duties. A check has been made on the sale of tobacco and related products on the campus. The prevalence of smoking on the campus has come down. The overall impact of ATV has been commendable.
{"title":"Anti Tobacco Volunteers as a part of Tobacco Control Strategy in a Tertiary Care Hospital","authors":"J. Thakur, S. Bandyopadhyay, K. Joshi","doi":"10.5580/ae1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/ae1","url":null,"abstract":"In this era of global tobacco epidemic, any strategy that aims at motivating people to quit smoking earns credibility. An attempt has been made to curb smoking in a tertiary care Institute in northern India. To elicit better community participation, the idea of Anti Tobacco Volunteers (ATV) was floated. One hundred and fifty six volunteers got themselves enrolled and vowed to work for the noble cause. The spectrum of volunteers included the faculty members, resident doctors, nurses, employees' union and other administrative staff. ATVs are active in discharging their duties. A check has been made on the sale of tobacco and related products on the campus. The prevalence of smoking on the campus has come down. The overall impact of ATV has been commendable.","PeriodicalId":22525,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"65 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72623297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Identification of the living person and the dead is of paramount important in forensic odontology practice routinely. Age estimation is one of the prime factors employed to established identity. Estimating age from teeth is generally reliable as they are naturally preserved long after all the tissues and even bone have disintegrated. This paper describes 56 subjects where dental aging was used for identification by Bang and Ramm (BR) method. Roots were sectioned and BR method was employed. Estimated age was under age as compared to actual. This method may be used in forensic odontology for age estimation.
生者和死者的鉴定在法医牙医学常规实践中是至关重要的。年龄估计是确定身份的主要因素之一。通过牙齿来估计年龄通常是可靠的，因为在所有的组织甚至骨头都已经分解之后，它们自然地保存了很长时间。本文描述了用Bang and Ramm (BR)法进行牙龄鉴定的56例受试者。根切片，采用BR法。估计年龄低于实际年龄。该方法可用于法医牙医学年龄估计。
{"title":"Age Determination from Dental Root","authors":"B. Rai","doi":"10.5580/136d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/136d","url":null,"abstract":"Identification of the living person and the dead is of paramount important in forensic odontology practice routinely. Age estimation is one of the prime factors employed to established identity. Estimating age from teeth is generally reliable as they are naturally preserved long after all the tissues and even bone have disintegrated. This paper describes 56 subjects where dental aging was used for identification by Bang and Ramm (BR) method. Roots were sectioned and BR method was employed. Estimated age was under age as compared to actual. This method may be used in forensic odontology for age estimation.","PeriodicalId":22525,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79255539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rescently the subject of 2D:4D ratio has received great attention because reports have linked to traits that are influenced by testosterone and estrogen. The present paper reports the study of 2D, 4D and 2D:4D and their relationship to some anthropometric traits in Nigerians. 1400 subjects (males = 713 and females n = 687) participated in the study. Lengths of 2D and 4D were significantly higher in males (P <0.001) while 2D:4D mean was lower in males than females (males = 0.95 ± 0.04 females = 0.96 ± 0.05, t = -1.73 and P < 0.001). 2D and 4D showed significant relationship with height, weight, chest, waist and hip circumferences. This study strongly confirms the sexually dimorphic nature of 2D:4D. Even though it fails to show relationship between 2D:4D and BMI, chest, waist and hip circumferences as reported in other studies. This could result from the multiethnic diversity of the Nigerian population.
最近，2D:4D比例的主题受到了极大的关注，因为有报道将其与睾酮和雌激素影响的特征联系在一起。本文报道了尼日利亚人2D、4D和2D:4D的研究及其与某些人体特征的关系。1400名受试者(男性713人，女性687人)参与了研究。男性的2D和4D长度显著高于女性(P <0.001)，而男性的2D:4D平均值低于女性(男性= 0.95±0.04，女性= 0.96±0.05,t = -1.73, P <0.001)。2D、4D与身高、体重、胸围、腰围、臀围呈显著相关。这项研究有力地证实了2D:4D的两性二态性。尽管它没有像其他研究那样显示2D:4D与BMI、胸围、腰围和臀围之间的关系。这可能是由于尼日利亚人口的多民族多样性造成的。
{"title":"Sexual Dimorphism and Relationship between Chest, Hip and Waist Circumference with 2D, 4D and 2D:4D in Nigerians","authors":"B. Danborno, S. Adebisi, A. Adelaiye, S. Ojo","doi":"10.5580/17f5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/17f5","url":null,"abstract":"Rescently the subject of 2D:4D ratio has received great attention because reports have linked to traits that are influenced by testosterone and estrogen. The present paper reports the study of 2D, 4D and 2D:4D and their relationship to some anthropometric traits in Nigerians. 1400 subjects (males = 713 and females n = 687) participated in the study. Lengths of 2D and 4D were significantly higher in males (P <0.001) while 2D:4D mean was lower in males than females (males = 0.95 ± 0.04 females = 0.96 ± 0.05, t = -1.73 and P < 0.001). 2D and 4D showed significant relationship with height, weight, chest, waist and hip circumferences. This study strongly confirms the sexually dimorphic nature of 2D:4D. Even though it fails to show relationship between 2D:4D and BMI, chest, waist and hip circumferences as reported in other studies. This could result from the multiethnic diversity of the Nigerian population.","PeriodicalId":22525,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86729670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sickle cell disease is characterized by crescent-moon-shaped red blood cells, resulting in hand and foot syndrome, chronic anemia, jaundice, serious frequent infections, painful episodes, vaso-occlusive crisis, enlarged spleen, retardation of development and growth, and damage to vital body organs, barring acute chest syndrome, leg ulcer, lung blockage and priapism complications in India. The disease is inherited as an autosomal intermediate dominant fashion. The sickle cell patients in India do not show severe clinical manifestations unlike the African patients due to interaction of α-thalassemia with sickle cell disease, high fetal hemoglobin level, and maintenance of life at low hemoglobin level. Kulozik and coworkers have described independent Asian origin of sickle cell haplotype based on the presence in India and East Saudi Arabia, but recent findings from India question this independent and unicentric origin of tribal population in India. In this paper, epidemiology, population genetics and phenotypic diversity of sickle cell disease have been discussed in the light of recent findings in India.
{"title":"Epidemiology, Population Health Genetics and Phenotypic Diversity of Sickle Cell Disease in India","authors":"R. S. Balgir","doi":"10.5580/17fb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/17fb","url":null,"abstract":"The sickle cell disease is characterized by crescent-moon-shaped red blood cells, resulting in hand and foot syndrome, chronic anemia, jaundice, serious frequent infections, painful episodes, vaso-occlusive crisis, enlarged spleen, retardation of development and growth, and damage to vital body organs, barring acute chest syndrome, leg ulcer, lung blockage and priapism complications in India. The disease is inherited as an autosomal intermediate dominant fashion. The sickle cell patients in India do not show severe clinical manifestations unlike the African patients due to interaction of α-thalassemia with sickle cell disease, high fetal hemoglobin level, and maintenance of life at low hemoglobin level. Kulozik and coworkers have described independent Asian origin of sickle cell haplotype based on the presence in India and East Saudi Arabia, but recent findings from India question this independent and unicentric origin of tribal population in India. In this paper, epidemiology, population genetics and phenotypic diversity of sickle cell disease have been discussed in the light of recent findings in India.","PeriodicalId":22525,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86701246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atlas is the first cervical vertebra. It does not have a body like other cervical vertebrae. It has two transverse processes, each one of which bears a foramen transversarium. The vertebral artery passes through this foramen. It has two lateral masses which articulate with the occipital condyles to form atlanto-occipital joints. Rarely, the atlas vertebra fuses with the occipital bone. We observed a potentially dangerous incomplete occipitalization of the atlas vertebra during osteology demonstration classes. The fusion resulted in reducing the diameter of foramen magnum approximately by 25%. The knowledge of this variation may be of importance to orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, radiologists and anthropologists.
{"title":"Asymmetric Atlas Assimilation And Potential Danger To The Brainstem: A Case Report","authors":"S. Nayak","doi":"10.5580/16dd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/16dd","url":null,"abstract":"Atlas is the first cervical vertebra. It does not have a body like other cervical vertebrae. It has two transverse processes, each one of which bears a foramen transversarium. The vertebral artery passes through this foramen. It has two lateral masses which articulate with the occipital condyles to form atlanto-occipital joints. Rarely, the atlas vertebra fuses with the occipital bone. We observed a potentially dangerous incomplete occipitalization of the atlas vertebra during osteology demonstration classes. The fusion resulted in reducing the diameter of foramen magnum approximately by 25%. The knowledge of this variation may be of importance to orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, radiologists and anthropologists.","PeriodicalId":22525,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83039222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated the role of two competing ecological pressures (climate and life history) in hunter-gatherer anthropometrics. Data on weight and stature were compiled for 47 male and 37 female populations. Additional measurements (relative sitting height, BMI, and surface-to-mass ratio) were also compiled or calculated. Body size and shape correlate with temperature as predicted by Bergmann's and Allen's rules, but we found that effective temperature is a better predictor of size than the commonly used mean average temperature. We also found that while life expectancy demonstrates a significant correlation with size, it does not correlate with body shape. Life expectancy retains its significant association with body size after controlling for latitude, suggesting that latitude and mortality levels have independent effects on body size. We conclude that patterns of variation in hunter-gatherer anthropometrics have been influenced by at least two distinct selection pressures: climate and life history.
{"title":"Independent roles of climate and life history in hunter-gatherer anthropometric variation","authors":"Rose Taylor-Weale, L. Vinicius","doi":"10.5580/13a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/13a","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the role of two competing ecological pressures (climate and life history) in hunter-gatherer anthropometrics. Data on weight and stature were compiled for 47 male and 37 female populations. Additional measurements (relative sitting height, BMI, and surface-to-mass ratio) were also compiled or calculated. Body size and shape correlate with temperature as predicted by Bergmann's and Allen's rules, but we found that effective temperature is a better predictor of size than the commonly used mean average temperature. We also found that while life expectancy demonstrates a significant correlation with size, it does not correlate with body shape. Life expectancy retains its significant association with body size after controlling for latitude, suggesting that latitude and mortality levels have independent effects on body size. We conclude that patterns of variation in hunter-gatherer anthropometrics have been influenced by at least two distinct selection pressures: climate and life history.","PeriodicalId":22525,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"211 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76579753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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