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Monosodium Glutamate: A Good Replacement For Hydrogen Peroxide In Bone Preparations 谷氨酸钠:在骨制剂中过氧化氢的良好替代品
Pub Date : 2009-12-31 DOI: 10.5580/1d13
I. Huthman, O. Shoyebo, O. Akinbowale, R. Ajayi, A. S. Huthman, T. Adenowo, A. Adefule
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the additives (taste enhancer) used in food industries. MSG is widely used in Nigeria today as a spice despite the adverse effect on health that has been reported, based on researches done. This study was carried out to appraise the bleaching effects of MSG on the caprine and porcine skulls. The bones were divided into 2 groups: one group was bleached with MSG while the control was bleached with hydrogen peroxide. Our preliminary observations showed that MSG had strong bleaching effects on the bones. These effects competed favorably with the actions of hydrogen peroxide used in the control group. By these preliminary observations, MSG may economically and functionally replace hydrogen peroxide in osteological preparations.
味精(MSG)是食品工业中常用的添加剂(增味剂)之一。尽管根据所做的研究报告,味精对健康有不利影响,但今天在尼日利亚被广泛用作香料。研究了味精对山羊和猪头盖骨的漂白作用。骨头被分成两组:一组用味精漂白,对照组用过氧化氢漂白。我们的初步观察表明,味精对骨骼有很强的漂白作用。这些效果与对照组中使用的过氧化氢的作用有利地竞争。通过这些初步观察,味精可以在经济上和功能上取代过氧化氢在骨制剂中。
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引用次数: 3
Growth pattern and prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among infants of Kolkata, West Bengal, India 印度西孟加拉邦加尔各答地区婴儿体重不足、发育迟缓和消瘦的生长模式和流行程度
Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.5580/949
S. Bisai, C. Mallick
Childhood undernutrition continues to be an important public health problem throughout the developing world including India. Present study was conducted in a government general hospital in South Kolkata to ascertain the level of undernutrition and growth pattern among urban infants born with LBW. A total of 97 infants, out of 52% boys and 48% girls were included in the present analyses. Underweight, stunting and wasting was defined as z-score below 2SD of weight-for-age, length-for-age and weight-for-length, respectively. Therefore, girls had 1.25 (Risk ratio (RR): 1.25; 95% CI: 0.73-2.15), 1.65 (CI: 0.76-3.56) and 1.88 (CI: 0.18-20.06) fold lower chance to be an underweight, stunted and wasted compared to boys. Moreover, sex of infants had a significant impact on length-for-age z-score (B = 0.372, P< 0.05). Overall the prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was 36.1%, 22.7% and 3.1%, respectively. This study provided evidence that undernutrition is still a leading problem during infancy in developing countries including India.
儿童营养不良仍然是包括印度在内的整个发展中世界的一个重要公共卫生问题。本研究在南加尔各答的一家政府综合医院进行,以确定城市出生的低体重儿的营养不良水平和生长模式。共有97名婴儿,其中52%的男孩和48%的女孩被纳入本分析。体重不足、发育不良和消瘦分别定义为体重年龄比、身高年龄比和体重身高比的z-score低于2SD。因此,女孩为1.25(风险比(RR): 1.25;95%可信区间:0.73-2.15)、1.65(可信区间:0.76-3.56)和1.88(可信区间:0.18-20.06)是体重不足、发育迟缓和消瘦的男孩的1倍。此外,婴儿性别对年龄长度z-score有显著影响(B = 0.372, P< 0.05)。总体而言,体重不足、发育迟缓和消瘦的患病率分别为36.1%、22.7%和3.1%。这项研究提供的证据表明,营养不良仍然是包括印度在内的发展中国家婴儿时期的主要问题。
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引用次数: 2
Assessment and Administration of Health in a Tribal Community of India 印度部落社区的健康评估和管理
Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.5580/fae
Sudipta Ghosh, S. Malik
Tribal development is a vast and complex issue, which is multidimensional. Some of the important aspects of tribal development are health, education and economic development. There cannot be a singular policy for such diversified Indian tribes having specific and distinct needs. Thus, it is necessary to understand their needs, conditions, cultural norms, traditions and socioeconomic life.The present paper focuses on status of health and availability of treatment and aides among Santhals, a tribal community from Ranibandh block of West Bengal, India. Through the health centers, which conduct grass root level survey in the villages almost every month, Santhals of the region have gained awareness over time about their health and nutritional status.
部落发展是一个巨大而复杂的问题,是多方面的。部落发展的一些重要方面是保健、教育和经济发展。不可能有一种单一的政策来满足这些具有具体和独特需求的多样化的印第安部落。因此,有必要了解他们的需求、条件、文化规范、传统和社会经济生活。本论文的重点是健康状况和可获得的治疗和助手在Santhals,一个部落社区从拉尼班德块西孟加拉,印度。保健中心几乎每个月都在村庄进行基层调查,通过这些中心,该地区的老人逐渐了解了自己的健康和营养状况。
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引用次数: 5
Fingerprint Studies - The Recent Challenges And Advancements: A Literary View 指纹研究——最近的挑战和进展:一个文学的观点
Pub Date : 2008-12-31 DOI: 10.5580/18f3
S. Adebisi
The science of fingerprints – dermatoglyphics had long been widely accepted, and well acclaimed and reputed as panacea for individualization, particularly in forensic investigations. Nonetheless, the occasional errors in identification that at times bedevil the practice had been raising alarms and skepticism and the possible discontinuity of its acceptance. In spite of this, while no yet any parallel or other equally acceptable diagnostic methods of personal identification exist at present, relentless efforts in scientific advancements are ongoing to make fingerprint a most reliable and errorless human identification reference point. This paper addresses this subject from literary point of view.
指纹科学——皮肤印记学长期以来被广泛接受,并受到好评,被认为是个性化的灵丹妙药,特别是在法医调查中。尽管如此,偶尔出现的识别错误有时困扰着这种做法,这引起了人们的警惕和怀疑,并可能使人们无法继续接受这种做法。尽管如此,虽然目前还没有任何类似的或其他同样可接受的个人识别诊断方法存在,但科学进步的不懈努力正在使指纹成为最可靠、最准确的人类识别参考点。本文从文学的角度论述了这一问题。
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引用次数: 16
Fracture Characteristics of Perimortem Trauma in Skeletal Material 骨材料死前创伤的骨折特征
Pub Date : 2008-12-31 DOI: 10.5580/20a2
K. Moraitis, C. Eliopoulos, C. Spiliopoulou
Death investigation is a multi-disciplinary effort employing the skills of different forensic specialists from fields as diverse as pathology, anthropology, odontology and entomology. In the examination of skeletal trauma, the contribution of the analysis by the forensic anthropologists is essential. Such an analysis helps determine whether skeletal injuries are temporally associated with the events surrounding death and the mechanisms that were involved in their production. The aim of this study was to investigate the perimortem nature of various bone fractures by assessing their particular morphological characteristics. A total of 111 perimortem skeletal injuries observed in 16 skeletons from a documented skeletal collection and a series of forensic cases were examined for this purpose. The perimortem trauma investigated was limited to blunt force trauma. The absence of an osteogenic response remains a basic characteristic of a perimortem injury but not the only diagnostic criterion. It was concluded that fracture patterning, the morphology of fractured edges and the presence of particular skeletal and non-skeletal attributes may substantially contribute to the diagnosis of perimortem trauma. Postmortem bone alterations such as abrasion due to sediment action or whitening resulting from sun exposure, observed in certain perimortem fractures, can cause considerable problems in trauma analysis by removing important indicators of perimortem trauma.
死亡调查是一项多学科工作,需要病理学、人类学、齿科学和昆虫学等不同领域的不同法医专家的技能。在骨骼创伤的检查中,法医人类学家的分析是必不可少的。这样的分析有助于确定骨骼损伤是否在时间上与死亡周围的事件有关,以及它们产生的机制。本研究的目的是通过评估其特殊的形态学特征来研究各种骨折的死前性质。为此目的,在记录的骨骼收集的16具骨骼中观察到总共111处死前骨骼损伤,并检查了一系列法医案件。死前的创伤仅限于钝器外伤。缺乏成骨反应仍然是死前损伤的基本特征,但不是唯一的诊断标准。结论是,骨折模式,骨折边缘的形态以及特定骨骼和非骨骼属性的存在可能在很大程度上有助于死前创伤的诊断。在某些死前骨折中观察到的死后骨骼变化,如沉积物作用引起的磨损或阳光照射引起的变白,会导致重要的死前创伤指标消失,从而在创伤分析中造成相当大的问题。
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引用次数: 37
Under-nutrition among slum children aged 3-6 years in Midnapore town, India. 印度米德纳波尔镇3-6岁贫民窟儿童营养不良。
Pub Date : 2008-12-31 DOI: 10.5580/1d72
S. Bisai, K. Bose, S. Dikshit
To evaluate the prevalence of under-nutrition among slum children aged 3-6 years of Midnapore, West Bengal, India. A total of 113 children were studied. Standard anthropometric techniques were utilized. The NCHS reference standards were used to determine undernutrition. The overall prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting were 63.7%, 47.8 % and 32.7%, respectively. According to the WHO classification of severity of malnutrition, the overall prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting were very high ("e 30 %, "e 40.0 % and "e 15%). The rates of wasting were higher than those reported from other national and international studies on slum children. The children were under severe nutritional stress. Urgent nutritional intervention programs are required.
评估印度西孟加拉邦米德纳波尔3-6岁贫民窟儿童营养不良的发生率。共有113名儿童接受了研究。采用标准人体测量技术。采用NCHS参考标准确定营养不良。体重不足、发育迟缓和消瘦的总体患病率分别为63.7%、47.8%和32.7%。根据世界卫生组织对营养不良严重程度的分类,体重不足、发育迟缓和消瘦的总体发生率非常高(“30%”、“40.0%”和“15%”)。消耗率高于其他关于贫民窟儿童的国家和国际研究报告。孩子们处于严重的营养紧张状态。迫切需要营养干预计划。
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引用次数: 20
High prevalence of stunting among Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme Children aged 1-5 years of Chapra Block, Nadia District, West Bengal, India. 印度西孟加拉邦纳迪亚区查普拉街区1-5岁儿童的发育迟缓患病率高。
Pub Date : 2008-12-31 DOI: 10.5580/1985
S. Biswas, K. Bose, A. Mukhopadhyay
The present study investigated age and sex variations in height and weight, and levels of stunting, among 673 (boys = 323; girls = 350) 1-5 years old rural children of Bengalee ethnicity at 30 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Centers of Chapra Block, Nadia District, West Bengal, India. Height-for-age (HAZ) was used to evaluate stunting following the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Guidelines. Results showed that boys were significantly heavier and taller than girls at ages 2-4 years. Significant age differences existed in mean height and weight in both sexes. Mean HAZ was less than those of NCHS for both sexes at all ages. The overall (age and sex combined) rate of stunting was 39.2 %. The prevalence of stunting was higher among boys (43.4 %) than girls (35.4). Based on World Health Organization classification of severity of malnutrition, the overall prevalence of stunting was very high (≥ 40 %) among boys and high (30-39 %) among girls. In conclusion, the nutritional status of the subjects is unsatisfactory indicating a major public health problem. There is scope for much improvement in the form of enhanced supplementary nutrition. Funding: Loka Kalyan Parishad, Kolkata
本研究调查了673名儿童在身高、体重和发育迟缓程度上的年龄和性别差异(男孩= 323;在印度西孟加拉邦纳迪亚区查普拉街区的30个儿童综合发展服务中心(ICDS),女孩= 350)1-5岁的孟加拉族农村儿童。根据国家卫生统计中心(NCHS)指南,使用年龄身高(HAZ)来评估发育迟缓。结果表明,在2-4岁时,男孩明显比女孩更重、更高。男女的平均身高和体重存在显著的年龄差异。各年龄段男女HAZ均值均小于NCHS均值。总体(年龄和性别)发育迟缓率为39.2%。男孩的发育迟缓患病率(43.4%)高于女孩(35.4%)。根据世界卫生组织对营养不良严重程度的分类,发育迟缓的总体发生率在男孩中非常高(≥40%),在女孩中很高(30- 39%)。总之,受试者的营养状况不令人满意,表明存在重大的公共卫生问题。在加强补充营养方面还有很大的改进余地。资助:Loka Kalyan Parishad,加尔各答
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引用次数: 3
Femoral Anteversion : Comparison By Two Methods 股前倾:两种方法的比较
Pub Date : 2008-12-31 DOI: 10.5580/1646
S. A. Rokade, A. Mane
This study gives comparative data on femoral anteversion obtained by two different methods. The angle was measured mechanically on 144 adult dry femora by method 1 –centre head neck line to retrocondylar line and method 2anterior head trochanter line to retrocondylar line. These two methods give significantly different mean angles, method-1 8.68o (+/-6.37) and method-2 16.34o (+/7.7). The angle in Indians is lower than African and English population. Bilateral variation was observed in the angle (left > right, p<.05). The incidence of retroversion was higher when observed with method-1. Conversion factor for method-1 to method-2 is 10.408 + 0.683 x (anteversion angle) and for method2 to method -1 is 1.054 + 0.047 x (anteversion angle). Method-2 is more reliable. The data established in this study will help to decide the validity and accuracy of clinical data obtained using advanced techniques. The conversion equations will make available data obtained by either method for future studies. The study will also be useful in general human osteology and forensic anthropology as far as the academics, clinical knowledge or research is concerned.
本研究提供了两种不同方法获得的股骨前倾的比较数据。采用头颈中线至髁后线和头前粗隆线至髁后线对144根成人干股骨进行机械角度测量。两种方法的平均角度差异显著,方法-1为8.68(+/-6.37),方法-2为16.34(+/7.7)。印度人的角度低于非洲人和英国人。双侧角度差异显著(左>右,p< 0.05)。用方法1观察时,逆行的发生率较高。方法1到方法2的转换系数为10.408 + 0.683 x(前倾角),方法2到方法-1的转换系数为1.054 + 0.047 x(前倾角)。方法2更可靠。本研究中建立的数据将有助于确定使用先进技术获得的临床数据的有效性和准确性。转换方程将为今后的研究提供两种方法所获得的数据。就学术、临床知识或研究而言,这项研究也将对一般人类骨学和法医人类学有用。
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引用次数: 11
The Face Of Super-Humanity 超级人类的面孔
Pub Date : 2008-12-31 DOI: 10.5580/9ab
Clinton Van Keister-Inman, Tanya Dreksler, Walter Dreksler
My associates and I have just completed a computer program that implemented statistical models based upon comparative humanoid anatomy to predict what we humans will look like when we reach the next link in our evolutionary heritage. This article explains how we accomplished this while also attempting to uncover the causes in our next evolutionary plateau towards superhumanity. These trends were based upon previous progressions and inclinations in construction to statistically predict future morphological structures. This ambitious program used progressive trends to reveal a gradual development in human evolutionary transitions that will be further enhanced and accelerated by the impact of the new genetics and computer technology. Whether these transitions require a quarter of a million years to develop through gradual changes in Natural Selection or a or a few hundred with the impact of computer technology and new genetics, makes little difference as we will continued to evolve.
我和我的同事刚刚完成了一个计算机程序,该程序实现了基于比较类人解剖学的统计模型,以预测我们人类在进化遗产中到达下一个环节时的样子。这篇文章解释了我们是如何做到这一点的,同时也试图揭示我们迈向超人的下一个进化平台的原因。这些趋势是基于以前的进展和倾向的结构,以统计预测未来的形态结构。这个雄心勃勃的计划使用渐进的趋势来揭示人类进化转变的渐进发展,这种转变将在新的遗传学和计算机技术的影响下进一步加强和加速。无论这些转变是需要25万年的时间通过自然选择的逐渐变化来发展,还是在计算机技术和新遗传学的影响下需要一两几百年的时间来发展,都没有什么区别,因为我们将继续进化。
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引用次数: 0
Use of Lower Limb Measurements in Reconstructing Stature among Shia Muslims 使用下肢测量重建什叶派穆斯林的身材
Pub Date : 2008-12-31 DOI: 10.5580/2326
Bhavna, S. Nath
The present study aims to reconstruct stature among male and female Shia Muslims of Delhi using lower limb dimensions. To this aim the stature, femur length, tibial length, fibular length, foot length and foot breadth were recorded on each subject using the standard measurement techniques recommended by Martin and Saller 1 The data is composed of 1011 Shia Muslims (503 males and 508 females) within the age range of 20-40 years. Multiplication factors (M.Fs) and linear regression equations for stature estimation were produced using the above mentioned variables. Analysis of data reveals that the Shia males are taller than the Shia females. The sex differences have been observed to be highly significant. Analysis of the study reveals that tibial length among males exhibits the overall highest value of correlation with stature (r = 0.765) and lowest value of standard error of estimate while among females femur length exhibits the highest value of correlation (r = 0.742) with stature. However foot breadth exhibits the least correlation with stature in case of both males and females. The study highlights that the tibial length among males and femur length among female provides the best estimate of stature. However, the estimated stature may not be quite reliable using foot breadth among both males and females as it exhibits the lowest correlation with stature. Analysis of data clearly indicates that the dependability in the predicted stature would be better on using linear regression equations for any of these body dimensions as compared to the use of M.Fs for this purpose.
本研究旨在利用下肢尺寸重建德里男性和女性什叶派穆斯林的身材。为此,使用Martin和small推荐的标准测量技术记录了每个受试者的身高、股骨长度、胫骨长度、腓骨长度、脚长和脚宽。数据由1011名年龄在20-40岁之间的什叶派穆斯林(503名男性和508名女性)组成。利用上述变量建立了高度估计的乘法因子和线性回归方程。数据分析显示,什叶派男性比什叶派女性高。性别差异被观察到是非常显著的。研究分析表明,男性胫骨长度与身高的总体相关性最高(r = 0.765),估计标准误差最低;女性股骨长度与身高的总体相关性最高(r = 0.742)。然而,无论男性还是女性,脚宽与身高的相关性都最小。该研究强调,男性的胫骨长度和女性的股骨长度提供了对身高的最佳估计。然而,在男性和女性中,使用脚宽估计的身高可能不太可靠,因为它与身高的相关性最低。对数据的分析清楚地表明,对任何这些身体尺寸使用线性回归方程,预测身高的可靠性都比为此目的使用m.f更好。
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引用次数: 43
期刊
The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology
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