Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1541
Fudhaa Abdhalla, Nagham M Al-Gburi
This work aimed to use conventional PCR to identify Salmonella spp. that were isolated from diarrheal children and healthy and diarrheic dogs based on four virulence genes, hilA, stn, spvR, and marT. Sixteen Salmonella isolates including: 9 isolated from children's diarrhea from three species (S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhi) and seven isolated from dogs including (S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Muenchen), were identified primarily by several methods. The PCR products of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced and examined using BLAST analysis to find differences and similarities between these Iraqi isolates and already-known global strains in order to construct the phylogenetic tree of S. Muenchen which was detected for the first time in dogs in Iraq. The results of the study revealed that all isolates of Salmonella obtained from children possess the hilA and stn genes. The marT gene was detected in 88% of the Salmonella serovars, and the spvR gene was carried in 55% of the isolates. Among dog Salmonella isolates, the hilA gene was detected at 100%, the stn gene was at 85.7%, the marT gene was present at 71.4%, while the spvR gene was found at 57.1%. The result of DNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree indicated that the local Iraqi S. Muenchen was extremely close to the national strain and share the same 16S rRNA gene sequence, the isolate was registered at NCBI and became a global reference with the accession number OQ999043.1. In conclusion, the presence of these important virulence genes among Salmonella serovars isolated from children and dogs alerted on the potential risk of contamination of the environment and may lead to a community health crisis.
{"title":"Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Salmonella species Isolated from Diarrheal Children and Dogs in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq","authors":"Fudhaa Abdhalla, Nagham M Al-Gburi","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1541","url":null,"abstract":"This work aimed to use conventional PCR to identify Salmonella spp. that were isolated from diarrheal children and healthy and diarrheic dogs based on four virulence genes, hilA, stn, spvR, and marT. Sixteen Salmonella isolates including: 9 isolated from children's diarrhea from three species (S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhi) and seven isolated from dogs including (S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Muenchen), were identified primarily by several methods. The PCR products of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced and examined using BLAST analysis to find differences and similarities between these Iraqi isolates and already-known global strains in order to construct the phylogenetic tree of S. Muenchen which was detected for the first time in dogs in Iraq. The results of the study revealed that all isolates of Salmonella obtained from children possess the hilA and stn genes. The marT gene was detected in 88% of the Salmonella serovars, and the spvR gene was carried in 55% of the isolates. Among dog Salmonella isolates, the hilA gene was detected at 100%, the stn gene was at 85.7%, the marT gene was present at 71.4%, while the spvR gene was found at 57.1%. The result of DNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree indicated that the local Iraqi S. Muenchen was extremely close to the national strain and share the same 16S rRNA gene sequence, the isolate was registered at NCBI and became a global reference with the accession number OQ999043.1. In conclusion, the presence of these important virulence genes among Salmonella serovars isolated from children and dogs alerted on the potential risk of contamination of the environment and may lead to a community health crisis.","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"361 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139149102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1479
Saddam K Hummadi, Nadia HR Al-Falahi
The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize a small intestine submucosa (SIS) hydrogel as a bio-scaffold. In this study, SIS from five calves, aged 8-12 months and weighing 250-300 kg, was obtained from a slaughterhouse immediately after slaughtering. The SIS was then decellularized, powdered, and subsequently transformed into a hydrogel. This transformation was achieved by dissolving the decellularized SIS powder in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at a concentration of 50% w/v, and allowing it to form a hydrogel over a 12-hour period at 37 °C. Characterization of the SIS hydrogel was conducted using various techniques. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to identify the chemical structure of the hydrogel, revealing three primary peaks at 1639 cm-1, 1571 cm-1, and 1338 cm-1, corresponding to amide I, II, and III bands, respectively. Additionally, a broad signal at 3440 cm-1 was observed, indicative of the hydroxyproline side chain. The hydrogel's swelling capacity was evaluated, showing an expansion of 437% after a 12-hour immersion in PBS at a pH of 7.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the lyophilized hydrogel revealed a highly porous and interconnected architecture, resembling a honeycomb structure. Moreover, the hydrogel's antibacterial efficacy was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus using an agar diffusion test, which demonstrated a zone of inhibition measuring 16.11 mm. The combined chemical, morphological, and antibacterial properties of the SIS hydrogel developed in this study suggest its potential as a promising bio-scaffold for inducing tissue regeneration and restoring tissue function.
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Bovine Small Intestine Submucosa (SIS) Hydrogel","authors":"Saddam K Hummadi, Nadia HR Al-Falahi","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1479","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize a small intestine submucosa (SIS) hydrogel as a bio-scaffold. In this study, SIS from five calves, aged 8-12 months and weighing 250-300 kg, was obtained from a slaughterhouse immediately after slaughtering. The SIS was then decellularized, powdered, and subsequently transformed into a hydrogel. This transformation was achieved by dissolving the decellularized SIS powder in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at a concentration of 50% w/v, and allowing it to form a hydrogel over a 12-hour period at 37 °C. Characterization of the SIS hydrogel was conducted using various techniques. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to identify the chemical structure of the hydrogel, revealing three primary peaks at 1639 cm-1, 1571 cm-1, and 1338 cm-1, corresponding to amide I, II, and III bands, respectively. Additionally, a broad signal at 3440 cm-1 was observed, indicative of the hydroxyproline side chain. The hydrogel's swelling capacity was evaluated, showing an expansion of 437% after a 12-hour immersion in PBS at a pH of 7.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the lyophilized hydrogel revealed a highly porous and interconnected architecture, resembling a honeycomb structure. Moreover, the hydrogel's antibacterial efficacy was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus using an agar diffusion test, which demonstrated a zone of inhibition measuring 16.11 mm. The combined chemical, morphological, and antibacterial properties of the SIS hydrogel developed in this study suggest its potential as a promising bio-scaffold for inducing tissue regeneration and restoring tissue function.","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"20 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139148559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1455
Ghanem Taher, Huda F Hasn
Aplastic anemia, marked by deficiencies in hematopoietic stem cells, leads to peripheral blood pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of cyclosporine and azacitidine, administered either alone or in combination, in rats with benzene-induced aplastic anemia, focusing on restoring normal blood cell levels and preventing disease complications. Thirty adult female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly divided into five groups: negative control (C-, untreated), positive control (C+, induced aplastic anemia with distilled water), cyclosporine-treated (CsA, 5.86 mg/kg), azacitidine-treated (Aza, 5.75 mg/kg), and combination-treated (CsA+Aza, 3.68 mg/kg each). Benzene (1940 mg/kg) was administered orally for fifteen days to induce aplastic anemia. Post a 30-day treatment period, evaluations included differential WBC and reticulocyte counts, serum IL-2 levels, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Results showed significant improvements in WBC% and reticulocyte% in all treated groups compared to the C+ group, with the combination-treated group showing the highest enhancement. IL-2 levels in the combination group were significantly reduced compared to other treatment groups, aligning closely with the negative control. The ALP activity was significantly higher in both the cyclosporine and azacitidine-treated groups compared to the positive control, with the combination group showing a marked increase over the azacitidine group but no significant difference from the cyclosporine group and negative control. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the potential therapeutic benefits of cyclosporine and azacitidine in treating benzene-induced aplastic anemia in rats. The combination therapy, in particular, showed improved efficacy in all tested parameters, suggesting a potential strategy for dose reduction and toxicity mitigation.
{"title":"Effects of Cyclosporine and Azacitidine on Some Hematologic and Biochemical Parameters of Benzene-Induced Aplastic Anemia in Rats","authors":"Ghanem Taher, Huda F Hasn","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1455","url":null,"abstract":"Aplastic anemia, marked by deficiencies in hematopoietic stem cells, leads to peripheral blood pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of cyclosporine and azacitidine, administered either alone or in combination, in rats with benzene-induced aplastic anemia, focusing on restoring normal blood cell levels and preventing disease complications. Thirty adult female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly divided into five groups: negative control (C-, untreated), positive control (C+, induced aplastic anemia with distilled water), cyclosporine-treated (CsA, 5.86 mg/kg), azacitidine-treated (Aza, 5.75 mg/kg), and combination-treated (CsA+Aza, 3.68 mg/kg each). Benzene (1940 mg/kg) was administered orally for fifteen days to induce aplastic anemia. Post a 30-day treatment period, evaluations included differential WBC and reticulocyte counts, serum IL-2 levels, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Results showed significant improvements in WBC% and reticulocyte% in all treated groups compared to the C+ group, with the combination-treated group showing the highest enhancement. IL-2 levels in the combination group were significantly reduced compared to other treatment groups, aligning closely with the negative control. The ALP activity was significantly higher in both the cyclosporine and azacitidine-treated groups compared to the positive control, with the combination group showing a marked increase over the azacitidine group but no significant difference from the cyclosporine group and negative control. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the potential therapeutic benefits of cyclosporine and azacitidine in treating benzene-induced aplastic anemia in rats. The combination therapy, in particular, showed improved efficacy in all tested parameters, suggesting a potential strategy for dose reduction and toxicity mitigation.","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"31 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139148209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1555
Mustafa M. Khalaf, Rana A Salih
This study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective efficacy of quercetin against hepatotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in a rat model. A total of 28 male Wister albino rats (Rattus norvegicus), with body weights ranging from 195.5 to 198.2 g and approximately three months of age, were randomized into four different groups: the untreated Control group received no interventions; the CYP group was treated with an intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide at a dose of 200 mg/BW; the Qt group received an oral administration of quercetin at 100 mg/kg BW daily for ten days; and the combined (Qt+CYP) group received quercetin orally for ten days, followed by a cyclophosphamide injection on the tenth day. Various biochemical markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and liver glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were analyzed, in addition to body weight and prothrombin time. The Untreated Control group exhibited baseline levels for all assessed markers. In contrast, the CYP group showed elevated levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and MDA, coupled with a decrease in GSH. Notably, the Qt+CYP group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction (P<0.05) in ALT, AST, ALP, and MDA levels, as well as an increase in GSH and prothrombin time, when compared to the CYP group. No significant differences in body weight were observed across all groups (P<0.05). The results of the study indicate that quercetin has the potential to be used as a hepatoprotective agent, protecting liver tissues from the cytotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide.
{"title":"Investigating the Potential Hepatoprotective Effect of Quercetin in Male Rats Following Acute Exposure to Cyclophosphamide","authors":"Mustafa M. Khalaf, Rana A Salih","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1555","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective efficacy of quercetin against hepatotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in a rat model. A total of 28 male Wister albino rats (Rattus norvegicus), with body weights ranging from 195.5 to 198.2 g and approximately three months of age, were randomized into four different groups: the untreated Control group received no interventions; the CYP group was treated with an intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide at a dose of 200 mg/BW; the Qt group received an oral administration of quercetin at 100 mg/kg BW daily for ten days; and the combined (Qt+CYP) group received quercetin orally for ten days, followed by a cyclophosphamide injection on the tenth day. Various biochemical markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and liver glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were analyzed, in addition to body weight and prothrombin time. The Untreated Control group exhibited baseline levels for all assessed markers. In contrast, the CYP group showed elevated levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and MDA, coupled with a decrease in GSH. Notably, the Qt+CYP group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction (P<0.05) in ALT, AST, ALP, and MDA levels, as well as an increase in GSH and prothrombin time, when compared to the CYP group. No significant differences in body weight were observed across all groups (P<0.05). The results of the study indicate that quercetin has the potential to be used as a hepatoprotective agent, protecting liver tissues from the cytotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide.","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"318 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139152321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1457
Mina Q AL-Samarrai, Hameed A AL-Timmemi
Coxofemoral luxation is a common orthopedic lesion in dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a modified toggle splint with nylon suture as a prosthetic teres ligament for reducing and fixing coxofemoral luxation in dogs. Five adult mongrel dogs weighing 15±2 kg were used in this experimental study. The toggle splint was fabricated from a Steinmann pin (1cm length, 2mm diameter) by drilling 0.5 mm hole in the center. Stabilization of coxofemoral joint was performed by a modified Toggle splint technique. A tunnel, from the major trochanter through the fovea capitis to the acetabulum, was performed in which the toggle splint was passed through, and nylon suture was used for fixation. Dogs were scored for lameness severity at 0-, 14-and 42-day post-operation using a numerical rating scale (NRS) with 5 levels, and reductions were assessed radiographically at three-time points the day of operation, day 28th, and day 42nd. The results showed that the treatment splint was effective in achieving good reduction and fixation in four out of five (80%) dogs at all time points. Reluxation was observed only in one dog (20%) up to week 6 post-operation. The mean lameness score on day 14 (2.0±0.87) and 42 (0.60±0.60) were significantly lower (P<0.001) compared to day 0. These results indicate that the modified toggle splint with nylon suture is a promising treatment option for canine coxofemoral luxation.
{"title":"Efficacy of Modified Toggle Splint with Nylon Suture for Stabilization of Coxofemoral Luxation in Dogs","authors":"Mina Q AL-Samarrai, Hameed A AL-Timmemi","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1457","url":null,"abstract":"Coxofemoral luxation is a common orthopedic lesion in dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a modified toggle splint with nylon suture as a prosthetic teres ligament for reducing and fixing coxofemoral luxation in dogs. Five adult mongrel dogs weighing 15±2 kg were used in this experimental study. The toggle splint was fabricated from a Steinmann pin (1cm length, 2mm diameter) by drilling 0.5 mm hole in the center. Stabilization of coxofemoral joint was performed by a modified Toggle splint technique. A tunnel, from the major trochanter through the fovea capitis to the acetabulum, was performed in which the toggle splint was passed through, and nylon suture was used for fixation. Dogs were scored for lameness severity at 0-, 14-and 42-day post-operation using a numerical rating scale (NRS) with 5 levels, and reductions were assessed radiographically at three-time points the day of operation, day 28th, and day 42nd. The results showed that the treatment splint was effective in achieving good reduction and fixation in four out of five (80%) dogs at all time points. Reluxation was observed only in one dog (20%) up to week 6 post-operation. The mean lameness score on day 14 (2.0±0.87) and 42 (0.60±0.60) were significantly lower (P<0.001) compared to day 0. These results indicate that the modified toggle splint with nylon suture is a promising treatment option for canine coxofemoral luxation.","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"340 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139152200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1532
Hiba Alnaemi, Tamara Dawood, Q. Algwari
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), the most commonly encountered mycotoxins, constitute serious human and animal health threats as a result of their toxigenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic influences. The study aimed to investigate the occurrence of these mycotoxins in poultry feeds and determine the percentage of the samples that exceeded the legal limits approved by the European Commission (EC). Sixty poultry feed samples were collected from poultry feed plants and poultry farms in Nineveh Province and analyzed for detection mycotoxins using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results reported co-occurrence of AFB1 and FB1 in all samples examined (100%), while AFB1, OTA, and FB1 co-occurred in 53 samples (88.33%) at values ranging between 3.15–43.96, 0–168.24, and 220.6–6935.12 ppb, respectively. Also, results showed that FB1 existed at a mean value (2164.01 ppb) significantly higher (P<0.05) than those reported for AFB1 and OTA (16.48 and 32.09 ppb, respectively). Results revealed that 38.33% and 10% of feed samples exceeded the maximum permissible limits for AFB1 and OTA established by EC, whereas all feed samples were within the EC limit for FB1. As a result, strict procedures should be implemented to achieve legal limits concerning AFB1 and OTA in poultry feeds to preserve public health.
{"title":"Investigation of Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, and Fumonisin B1 in Poultry Feeds in Nineveh Province","authors":"Hiba Alnaemi, Tamara Dawood, Q. Algwari","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i2.1532","url":null,"abstract":"Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), the most commonly encountered mycotoxins, constitute serious human and animal health threats as a result of their toxigenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic influences. The study aimed to investigate the occurrence of these mycotoxins in poultry feeds and determine the percentage of the samples that exceeded the legal limits approved by the European Commission (EC). Sixty poultry feed samples were collected from poultry feed plants and poultry farms in Nineveh Province and analyzed for detection mycotoxins using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results reported co-occurrence of AFB1 and FB1 in all samples examined (100%), while AFB1, OTA, and FB1 co-occurred in 53 samples (88.33%) at values ranging between 3.15–43.96, 0–168.24, and 220.6–6935.12 ppb, respectively. Also, results showed that FB1 existed at a mean value (2164.01 ppb) significantly higher (P<0.05) than those reported for AFB1 and OTA (16.48 and 32.09 ppb, respectively). Results revealed that 38.33% and 10% of feed samples exceeded the maximum permissible limits for AFB1 and OTA established by EC, whereas all feed samples were within the EC limit for FB1. As a result, strict procedures should be implemented to achieve legal limits concerning AFB1 and OTA in poultry feeds to preserve public health.","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"59 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139149678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1501
Ahmed N ALani, Afaf A. YOUSIF
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Theileria equi infection in racing horses in Baghdad governorate, utilizing clinical signs, microscopic examination, molecular assays, and hematological tests to identify significant differences between infected and non-infected horses. Between January and December 2021, a total of 160 racing horses from three locations in Baghdad governorate (Al-Amiriya Equestrian Club, Arabian horses in Alzwraa Zoo, and Iraqi Equestrian School) were randomly selected for examination. Microscopic examination of blood smears revealed 11 positive samples for Theileria equi (6.875%), while the results of the polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene confirmed 26 positives (16.25%). Sequenced amplicons and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed a genetic similarity of 93.03–100% and 94-100% site coverage compared to many global countries' isolates. Interestingly, only 16 (61.5%) of the 26 infected horses showed mild to subclinical symptoms or were carriers of the disease without tick infestation. Hematological blood parameters showed non-significant differences between infected and non-infected horses, except for a decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, which caused anemia in 12 horses among the 26 molecularly positive cases (46.15%). Of these cases, 6 horses (23.08%) had normocytic normochromic anemia, while 3 (11.54%) cases each had normocytic hypochromic and microcytic hypochromic anemia. Notably, young horses (two years old) were more susceptible to infection (odds ratio 15.4) than those over six years old. Additionally, sex and breed did not show any significant correlation with equine theileriosis. In conclusion, this study detected Theileria equi infection in young racing horses in Baghdad. Clinically, most infected cases showed mild to asymptomatic signs accompanied by anemia. Molecular investigation revealed high genetic similarity to isolates reported globally. These findings highlight the importance of implementing measures to control and prevent the spread of Theileria equi in racing horses in Baghdad and other regions. Further studies are warranted to better understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and risk factors associated with equine theileriosis.
{"title":"Detection of Theileria equi in Baghdad Racing Horses Using Hematological and Molecular Assay","authors":"Ahmed N ALani, Afaf A. YOUSIF","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1501","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Theileria equi infection in racing horses in Baghdad governorate, utilizing clinical signs, microscopic examination, molecular assays, and hematological tests to identify significant differences between infected and non-infected horses. Between January and December 2021, a total of 160 racing horses from three locations in Baghdad governorate (Al-Amiriya Equestrian Club, Arabian horses in Alzwraa Zoo, and Iraqi Equestrian School) were randomly selected for examination. Microscopic examination of blood smears revealed 11 positive samples for Theileria equi (6.875%), while the results of the polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene confirmed 26 positives (16.25%). Sequenced amplicons and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed a genetic similarity of 93.03–100% and 94-100% site coverage compared to many global countries' isolates. Interestingly, only 16 (61.5%) of the 26 infected horses showed mild to subclinical symptoms or were carriers of the disease without tick infestation. Hematological blood parameters showed non-significant differences between infected and non-infected horses, except for a decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, which caused anemia in 12 horses among the 26 molecularly positive cases (46.15%). Of these cases, 6 horses (23.08%) had normocytic normochromic anemia, while 3 (11.54%) cases each had normocytic hypochromic and microcytic hypochromic anemia. Notably, young horses (two years old) were more susceptible to infection (odds ratio 15.4) than those over six years old. Additionally, sex and breed did not show any significant correlation with equine theileriosis. In conclusion, this study detected Theileria equi infection in young racing horses in Baghdad. Clinically, most infected cases showed mild to asymptomatic signs accompanied by anemia. Molecular investigation revealed high genetic similarity to isolates reported globally. These findings highlight the importance of implementing measures to control and prevent the spread of Theileria equi in racing horses in Baghdad and other regions. Further studies are warranted to better understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and risk factors associated with equine theileriosis. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46345974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1495
Mariam A Kadhem, Falah M AL-Rekabi, Samah A Jassam
This study aimed to determine the effect of an ethanolic extract of Salvia hispanica (Sh) seeds on osteoporosis induced by methylprednisolone (MP) in female rabbits by assessing the bone mineral density (BMD), serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone, as well as histopathological changes in the femur bone. Fifty female rabbits (Lepus cuniculus) averaging 1800±125 g and 8±1.4 months old were used in this study. They were randomly allocated to five groups of 10 rabbits each. The negative control group received only subcutaneous normal saline (1 mL/kg BW). The positive control group received MP subcutaneously at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg BW per day for 30 days, followed by oral normal saline (1 mL/kg BW) per day for two months. Group 3 received MP followed by oral administration of Sh seed ethanolic extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg BW per day for two months. Group 4 received MP followed by oral administration of alendronate (Ale) at a dose of 3.6 mg/kg weekly for two months. Group 5 received MP followed by Ale and then Sh seed ethanolic extract. The study continued until one week after the cessation of the treatments. The results showed that the BMD and serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D significantly decreased (P<0.05), while serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone significantly increased (P<0.05) in the positive control and alendronate groups compared with the negative control group after two months of treatment and after one week of withdrawal. However, the administration of Sh methanolic extract to the animals in the three treatment groups ameliorated these parameters and reverted them to normal values. Histopathological analysis of the femur bone head revealed abnormal bone morphology in the positive control group, while Sh extract treatment preserved the normal histology in the other groups. These findings concluded to that Sh seeds ethanolic extract has the potential to prevent bone loss induced by chronic glucocorticoid therapy and may have significant implications for the treatment of osteoporosis.
{"title":"The Ameliorating Effects of Salvia hispanica Seeds Ethanolic Extract on Methylprednisolone-Induced Osteoporosis in Female Rabbits","authors":"Mariam A Kadhem, Falah M AL-Rekabi, Samah A Jassam","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1495","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000This study aimed to determine the effect of an ethanolic extract of Salvia hispanica (Sh) seeds on osteoporosis induced by methylprednisolone (MP) in female rabbits by assessing the bone mineral density (BMD), serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone, as well as histopathological changes in the femur bone. Fifty female rabbits (Lepus cuniculus) averaging 1800±125 g and 8±1.4 months old were used in this study. They were randomly allocated to five groups of 10 rabbits each. The negative control group received only subcutaneous normal saline (1 mL/kg BW). The positive control group received MP subcutaneously at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg BW per day for 30 days, followed by oral normal saline (1 mL/kg BW) per day for two months. Group 3 received MP followed by oral administration of Sh seed ethanolic extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg BW per day for two months. Group 4 received MP followed by oral administration of alendronate (Ale) at a dose of 3.6 mg/kg weekly for two months. Group 5 received MP followed by Ale and then Sh seed ethanolic extract. The study continued until one week after the cessation of the treatments. The results showed that the BMD and serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D significantly decreased (P<0.05), while serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone significantly increased (P<0.05) in the positive control and alendronate groups compared with the negative control group after two months of treatment and after one week of withdrawal. However, the administration of Sh methanolic extract to the animals in the three treatment groups ameliorated these parameters and reverted them to normal values. Histopathological analysis of the femur bone head revealed abnormal bone morphology in the positive control group, while Sh extract treatment preserved the normal histology in the other groups. These findings concluded to that Sh seeds ethanolic extract has the potential to prevent bone loss induced by chronic glucocorticoid therapy and may have significant implications for the treatment of osteoporosis. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46471292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1503
Harem Habil Hama Ali, Nahla Muhammad Saeed, Sadat Abdulla Aziz
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute contagious upper respiratory tract infection of chickens and other birds, caused by Gallid herpesvirus1 (GaHV-1), which has economic importance in the poultry industry. There was no scientific data about the incidence of the disease in broiler farms in Sulaymaniyah province/Iraq. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate ILTV infection in broiler farms in that region. Clinically infected birds from 89 broiler flocks that had respiratory distress, coughing, gasping, tracheal rales, nasal ocular discharge, and congested trachea with purulent exudate, hemorrhagic tracheitis with/or without necrotic changes were investigated. The DNA was extracted from the pooled samples, including tracheal secretion, trachea, and lung tissue. Primers specific to the thymidine kinase gene (tdk) of ILTV- were used in PCR to detect the virus. A phylogenic tree was generated to track the virus’s origin. The study revealed that the rate of infection with ILTV among broiler farms was 2.2% (2/89) in the region. The sequencing analysis showed that the ILTV isolated in the area was closely related to the reported strains in the United States and Brazil (MN643591.1 and S83714.1); and had a sequence identity of 98.27% to the taxon JQ217378.1. In conclusion, the study reported that one of the causes of the respiratory viral infection in broiler flocks even at younger ages was related to ILTV. Partially sequenced tdk gene of the virus showed that the circulated serovar in the region had some nucleotides and amino acids differences with the worldwide reported serovars. This should be taken into consideration in the poultry industry by doing further investigation.
{"title":"Investigation of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus in Broiler Flocks in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq","authors":"Harem Habil Hama Ali, Nahla Muhammad Saeed, Sadat Abdulla Aziz","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1503","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute contagious upper respiratory tract infection of chickens and other birds, caused by Gallid herpesvirus1 (GaHV-1), which has economic importance in the poultry industry. There was no scientific data about the incidence of the disease in broiler farms in Sulaymaniyah province/Iraq. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate ILTV infection in broiler farms in that region. Clinically infected birds from 89 broiler flocks that had respiratory distress, coughing, gasping, tracheal rales, nasal ocular discharge, and congested trachea with purulent exudate, hemorrhagic tracheitis with/or without necrotic changes were investigated. The DNA was extracted from the pooled samples, including tracheal secretion, trachea, and lung tissue. Primers specific to the thymidine kinase gene (tdk) of ILTV- were used in PCR to detect the virus. A phylogenic tree was generated to track the virus’s origin. The study revealed that the rate of infection with ILTV among broiler farms was 2.2% (2/89) in the region. The sequencing analysis showed that the ILTV isolated in the area was closely related to the reported strains in the United States and Brazil (MN643591.1 and S83714.1); and had a sequence identity of 98.27% to the taxon JQ217378.1. In conclusion, the study reported that one of the causes of the respiratory viral infection in broiler flocks even at younger ages was related to ILTV. Partially sequenced tdk gene of the virus showed that the circulated serovar in the region had some nucleotides and amino acids differences with the worldwide reported serovars. This should be taken into consideration in the poultry industry by doing further investigation. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46743998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1504
Neam M Khazaal, Hasan F Alghetaa, Mohammed Baqur S Al-Shuhaib
Physiological status and litter size can indeed have a significant impact on ewes' hematological parameters, which are essential indicators of their health. Therefore, this study examined the hematological profiles of ewes during pregnancy with single and twins in the Awassi ewes. The present study involved 232 ewes in good health and at sexual maturity. Among them, 123 ewes had single pregnancies, while 109 ewes had twin pregnancies. The age range of the ewes included in the study was between 3.5 and 4.5 years. Hematological tests were conducted on the sheep's blood samples promptly following collection. The findings demonstrated variations in hematological parameters among pregnant ewes, with differences based on litter size. Ewes carrying twin pregnancies exhibited significantly higher levels of red blood corpuscular, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy. In comparison to single-pregnant ewes, Awassi ewes with twin pregnancies displayed elevated counts of white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, and granulocyte percentage compared to ewes with single pregnancies. Awassi ewes with twin pregnancies also exhibited a strong positive correlation with the leukocytes and erythrocytes constituents. In conclusion, these findings indicate that litter size significantly influences hematological parameters, highlighting the importance of considering the physiological status and litter size as indicators of ewes' health. The findings have practical implications in sheep breeding and reproduction, as they can be utilized to enhance the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of related conditions.
{"title":"Hematological Parameters as Indicators for Litter size and Pregnancy Stage in Awassi Ewes","authors":"Neam M Khazaal, Hasan F Alghetaa, Mohammed Baqur S Al-Shuhaib","doi":"10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v47i1.1504","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Physiological status and litter size can indeed have a significant impact on ewes' hematological parameters, which are essential indicators of their health. Therefore, this study examined the hematological profiles of ewes during pregnancy with single and twins in the Awassi ewes. The present study involved 232 ewes in good health and at sexual maturity. Among them, 123 ewes had single pregnancies, while 109 ewes had twin pregnancies. The age range of the ewes included in the study was between 3.5 and 4.5 years. Hematological tests were conducted on the sheep's blood samples promptly following collection. The findings demonstrated variations in hematological parameters among pregnant ewes, with differences based on litter size. Ewes carrying twin pregnancies exhibited significantly higher levels of red blood corpuscular, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy. In comparison to single-pregnant ewes, Awassi ewes with twin pregnancies displayed elevated counts of white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, and granulocyte percentage compared to ewes with single pregnancies. Awassi ewes with twin pregnancies also exhibited a strong positive correlation with the leukocytes and erythrocytes constituents. In conclusion, these findings indicate that litter size significantly influences hematological parameters, highlighting the importance of considering the physiological status and litter size as indicators of ewes' health. The findings have practical implications in sheep breeding and reproduction, as they can be utilized to enhance the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of related conditions. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":22528,"journal":{"name":"The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41725527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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