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Observation of Which-Way-2D-Cross-Double-Slit Experiments: Violation of Bohr’s Complementarity Principle 双向二维交叉双缝实验的观察:违反玻尔互补原理
Pub Date : 2020-11-09 DOI: 10.12691/ijp-8-4-6
Hui Peng
Young’s one-dimension-double-slit experiment represents the basic mystery of quantum world and was extended to which-way-1D-double-slit experiment. To explore the mystery, 2D-cross-double-slit apparatuses have been proposed, which consists of more than one double-slits intersecting to each other. In this article, we report which-way-2D-cross-double-slit experiments by detecting which slit of a double-slit of 2D-cross-double-slit apparatus a photon would pass through. The experimental results show that photons passing through the detected double-slit behave as particle, while photons passing through other undetected double-slit(s) distribute as wave in the same experiment with the same apparatus. Namely the particle nature and wave distribution coexist, which violates Bohr’s complementarity principle. We suggest that photon’s “particle nature” is intrinsic, while the term “wave nature” represents a wave-like distribution, which is a consequence of movement of photon as particle. It is a challenge to interpret mathematically those observations consistently.
杨的一维双缝实验代表了量子世界的基本奥秘,并被扩展为一维双缝实验。为了探索这个奥秘,二维交叉双缝装置被提出,它由多个相互相交的双缝组成。在本文中,我们报告了通过检测光子将通过二维交叉双缝装置的双缝的哪个缝的双向二维交叉双缝实验。实验结果表明,在同一实验装置上,通过被探测到的双缝的光子表现为粒子,而通过其他未探测到的双缝的光子表现为波。即粒子性质与波的分布共存,这违背了玻尔的互补原理。我们认为光子的“粒子性质”是固有的,而“波动性质”一词代表了一种波状分布,这是光子作为粒子运动的结果。要从数学上一致地解释这些观察结果是一项挑战。
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引用次数: 5
The Right Speed of Light in a Vacuum (Space) and the Right Relativity 真空(空间)中正确的光速与正确的相对性
Pub Date : 2020-11-08 DOI: 10.12691/ijp-8-4-5
Hany Ali Hussein
This article will propose and empirically validate a new hypothesis for the speed of light. The main result of this proposal is that Galilean/Newtonian relativity is more accurate than special relativity, even for relativistic speeds. The hypothesis is “Light moves in a free space at a speed c , in the inertial reference frame of the smallest celestial particle containing the light source. Once it is released outside the effect zone of this celestial particle, its speed will be c in the inertial reference frame of the bigger celestial particle or the celestial particle that will pick up it. Celestial particles act as carriers for Light.” Another important result for of this proposal is that the absolute/relative speed of light or any other particle may exceed the value c . Through the article, we will deeply validate this proposal using famous phenomena and experiments such as Aberration, Doppler Effect, Binary Stars, Headlight Effect, Michelson-Morley Experiment, and Time Dilation.
本文将提出并实证验证一个关于光速的新假设。这个提议的主要结果是伽利略/牛顿相对论比狭义相对论更精确,即使对于相对论速度也是如此。假设是“在包含光源的最小天体粒子的惯性参照系中,光以速度c在自由空间中运动。”一旦它被释放到这个天体粒子的作用区之外,它的速度在较大的天体粒子或将捡起它的天体粒子的惯性参照系中为c。天体粒子是光的载体。”该建议的另一个重要结果是,光或任何其他粒子的绝对/相对速度可能超过c值。通过本文,我们将利用像差、多普勒效应、双星、前灯效应、迈克尔逊-莫雷实验、时间膨胀等著名现象和实验来深入验证这一建议。
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引用次数: 0
An Approach to an Element of Order Number Zero in the Periodic System 周期系统中阶数为0的元素的一种方法
Pub Date : 2020-11-05 DOI: 10.12691/ijp-8-4-4
T. G. Gerlitz, W. Walden
The question for anti-particles is one of the most outstandingly difficult problems in physics. There were many successful attempts from researchers including models to find a suitable explanation for anti-matter appearing in atom and matter theory. Some examples show really to demonstrate anti-matter character as it reveals the Dirac ́s quantum mechanical formalism. Indeed, a series of those atoms are found by experiment. In addition some exotic sounding ones are theoretically predicted and proven by experiment as it is the Positronium. This atom is formed by an electron and a positron and seams really to represented particle and co-particle in one so that it can be considered its own anti-particle itself. Obviously, this construct besides other ideas can meet the requirement of negative states predicted by Dirac as it finally led to the discovery of the positron as well many decades ago. The consideration of negative states in atom physics and the aspect to involve that phenomena into the description of particles could also lead to an extension in the chemical periodic system similarly to arrive at boardering edges those could limit the chemical elements at one side by the Feynmanium and on the other a Positronium. In addition, this research is one of the main goals in elementary physics as it opens a way for interpretation of the Dirac ́s equation allowing or even demanding for negative states. Although, particles negative in electric charge or atoms reversed in the charges of nucleus and the surrounding electric clouds, respectively, still demonstrate positive in mass. As a consequence it stands the question wheather and how this requirement can be overcome to entirely obey the demands for negative states, because the mass in all those investigations remains positive and every atom found consists of real and positive matter. However, those suggestions are missing. The aim of the present study is to propose a model that becomes suitable to consider those facts, especially not to ignore a mass negative. In this investigation a theory is tried in a simple model that considers both states of matter together to arrive at an atomic system consisting of an electromagnetic wave. Since electromagnetic waves are that way a true phenomena as they do not appear in a rest-mass differing from zero and there are also no electric or magnetic interaction either, the simplest form of an atom is proposed in the result of a pure electromagnetic wave alone.
反粒子问题是物理学中最困难的问题之一。研究人员进行了许多成功的尝试,包括建立模型,为原子和物质理论中出现的反物质寻找合适的解释。一些例子确实证明了反物质的特性,因为它揭示了狄拉克的量子力学形式主义。事实上,一系列这样的原子是通过实验发现的。此外,由于是正电子,对一些奇异的探测现象进行了理论预测和实验验证。这个原子是由一个电子和一个正电子组成的,它看起来像是一个粒子和一个共粒子,所以它可以被认为是它自己的反粒子。显然,除了其他想法之外,这个结构可以满足狄拉克预测的负态的要求,因为它最终导致了几十年前正电子的发现。原子物理学中对负态的考虑,以及将这种现象纳入粒子描述的方面,也可能导致化学周期系统的延伸,类似地到达边界,这些边界可以限制化学元素在一边用费曼,在另一边用正电子。此外,这项研究是基础物理学的主要目标之一,因为它为解释允许甚至要求负状态的狄拉克方程开辟了一条道路。虽然粒子的电荷为负,原子的原子核和周围电云的电荷相反,但它们的质量仍然是正的。因此,问题就来了,是否以及怎样才能克服这个要求,从而完全服从负态的要求,因为在所有这些研究中,质量始终是正的,而所发现的每一个原子都是由实在的和正的物质构成的。然而,这些建议是缺失的。本研究的目的是提出一个适合考虑这些事实的模型,特别是不要忽视大量的负面因素。在这个研究中,一个理论是在一个简单的模型中尝试的,这个模型同时考虑了物质的两种状态,从而得出一个由电磁波组成的原子系统。由于电磁波是一种真实的现象,因为它们不会出现在静止质量与零不同的情况下,也没有电或磁的相互作用,所以原子的最简单形式被认为是纯电磁波单独产生的结果。
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引用次数: 0
The Variation of the Atomic Radius with the Universal Density of Potential Energy 原子半径随势能密度的变化
Pub Date : 2020-10-30 DOI: 10.12691/IJP-8-4-3
J. L. Fernandes
After learning that ρ (Universal Density of Potential Energy), varies from one place to another, causing a change in the time measured in the clocks, inversely proportional to the square root of the value of ρ, "Ref. [1]", and that in expanding universe, locally, Universal Density of Potential Energy will decrease in the inverse proportion of that expansion. This decrease increases the G value indicating that the less the Universal Density of Potential Energy, the better the gravitational radiation occurs, thus causing its increase in the direct proportion of the expansion of the Universe, "Ref. [1]". Following the same principle, the Magnetic Permeability of the Vacuum should also increase, allowing a better propagation of electromagnetic waves. The increase in this permeability will allow greater action by the nuclei of the atoms on the electrons. Applying the expression of the atomic ray through quantum mechanics, we conclude that the size of the atoms will decrease with the expansion of the Universe, that is, it will vary in the inverse proportion of that expansion. This finding also implies that the stars are shrinking, which requires a New approach to the removal of the Moon from the Earth. The age of the Universe. Hubble Constant, "Ref. [1].
在了解到ρ(势能的普遍密度)从一个地方到另一个地方变化,引起时钟测量的时间的变化,与ρ值的平方根成反比,“Ref. b[1]”,并且在膨胀的宇宙中,局部,势能的普遍密度将与膨胀成反比。这种减小增大了G值,表明万向势能密度越小,引力辐射越好,从而导致其增加与宇宙膨胀成正比,“Ref.[1]”。按照同样的原理,真空的磁导率也应该增加,从而使电磁波更好地传播。磁导率的增加将允许原子核对电子产生更大的作用。通过量子力学应用原子射线的表达式,我们得出结论,原子的大小将随着宇宙的膨胀而减小,也就是说,它将以膨胀的反比变化。这一发现也意味着恒星正在萎缩,这需要一种新的方法来将月球从地球上移除。宇宙的年龄。哈勃常数”,参考文献b[1]。
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引用次数: 3
A Concept for Subcritical Nuclear Electricity Production with Control of the Fuel - the “olive frame” Single-piece Core, a Simple Hydropump 控制燃料的亚临界核电生产概念——“橄榄框架”单件式核心,一个简单的液压泵
Pub Date : 2020-10-25 DOI: 10.12691/IJP-8-4-2
F. Pirot
Fabricating an hydropump using nuclear power permits electricity production at community level. The subcritical nature allows a simple design. The core is built with as little pieces as possible (if possible a single ovoid core, that could be compared morphologically to a giant de-stoned olive, made of a single tungsten carbide frame, and, in addition, the tube for channeling the water that shall be inserted through the “olive” and welded so as to close the “olive” hermetically) and relies on, typically, helium for heat transfer; it is conceived with the purpose of being welded with the fuel in and let for heat production without reopening for several years until the whole machine is shelved after consumption of most of the fuel; in principle that design allows very limited staffing (or none at all, under electronic supervision at a distance). The increased diffusion of nuclear energy would be possible, with for instance community recollection of alpha-emitting nanoparticulates from draft water to recycle the pollution in electricity production for small communities (with fission possibly not even involved - solely alpha decay energy), with the idea that security services would, simply, regularly check the cores to make sure there is no “window” of any kind on the cores.
利用核能制造水压泵可以实现社区一级的电力生产。亚临界性质允许一个简单的设计。核心是用尽可能少的碎片建造的(如果可能的话,一个卵形核心,可以在形态学上与一个巨大的去石橄榄进行比较,由一个单一的碳化钨框架制成,此外,还有用于引导水的管子,水将通过“橄榄”插入并焊接以密封关闭“橄榄”),并且通常依赖于氦气进行传热;它的设计目的是将燃料焊接在一起,让它在几年内不重新打开,直到消耗大部分燃料后,整个机器被搁置;原则上,这种设计允许非常有限的人员配备(或者根本没有人员配备,在远距离的电子监督下)。增加核能的扩散是可能的,例如,社区从抽水中回收释放α的纳米颗粒,以回收小社区电力生产中的污染(裂变甚至可能不涉及-只有α衰变能量),以及安全部门将定期检查核心,以确保核心上没有任何形式的“窗口”。
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引用次数: 1
A Theoretical Derivation of Faraday's Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction 法拉第电磁感应第二定律的理论推导
Pub Date : 2020-09-28 DOI: 10.12691/IJP-8-4-1
Wei-guo Feng
Fraday's law of induction is one of the most important laws in electromagnetism. In this paper, based on the curl of electric field vector generated from a moving charge, we show a detailed derivation process, which describes how to derive the rate of change of the magnetic field with time from the curl of the electric field vector. From the mathematical derivation, we found that the acceleration of the charge movement can generate one electric field, which is essentially equivalent to the a non-conservative electric field excited by the ratio of change of magnetic field with time. The theoretical derivation is meaningful to explore the nature of electromagnetic field transformation.
弗拉第感应定律是电磁学中最重要的定律之一。本文以运动电荷产生的电场矢量的旋度为基础,给出了一个详细的推导过程,即如何从电场矢量的旋度推导出磁场随时间的变化率。从数学推导中,我们发现电荷运动的加速度可以产生一个电场,本质上相当于由磁场变化与时间的比值激发的一个非保守电场。理论推导对探索电磁场变换的本质具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
A Rule of Natural Disasters Coming to Rebalance Unjust Development and Irresponsibility-Laws of Physics Explain the Trope of “Divine Retribution” against the “Nouveaux Riches” 一种自然灾害来平衡不公平发展和不负责任的规律——物理学定律解释“天罚”对“暴发户”的比喻
Pub Date : 2020-09-18 DOI: 10.12691/IJP-7-4-4
F. Pirot
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, fireballs are here discussed with, again, explanation on why fireballs obey to strict physical rules and demonstration that they are among other things the definitive explanation of the collapse of the Maya civilization in what was actually a sudden obliteration by a cluster of fireballs. Extractive development (what has been defined already by Acemoglu and Robinson) is what natural disasters come to rebalance ; extractive development leads to over-accumulation of typically weighty resources in a small area where they disrupt the crust and also represent particularly attractive beacons for fireballs. This is carefully demonstrated over a wide range of time with many examples.
这里讨论了地震,火山爆发,火球,再一次解释了为什么火球遵守严格的物理规则,并证明了它们是玛雅文明崩溃的最终解释,实际上是一群火球的突然毁灭。采掘式发展(Acemoglu和Robinson已经定义过)是自然灾害带来的再平衡;采掘开发导致典型的重资源在一个小区域内过度积累,这些资源破坏了地壳,也成为火球的特别有吸引力的信标。这是在很长一段时间内用许多例子仔细演示的。
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引用次数: 4
Contamination with Natural Radioactivity and Other Sources of Energy - the Explanation for Bose-Einstein Condensates, for the Creeping Behaviour of Helium and for the “Casimir Effect” 天然放射性和其他能源的污染——玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体、氦的蠕变行为和“卡西米尔效应”的解释
Pub Date : 2020-09-18 DOI: 10.12691/IJP-7-3-5
F. Pirot
Bose-Einstein condensates, the creeping behaviour of helium, and the Casimir Effect happen to be particularly simple to explain. The forgotten cause is to be found in the various sources of energy producing movement, in experimental settings in which, especially, the contamination with radon is not checked. Other sources of movement as well interact with the experiments - sometimes the experimenters’ imprecise behaviour leads to the result. The issue of the “Vacuum catastrophe” is hence solved.
玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚、氦的蠕动行为以及卡西米尔效应恰好特别容易解释。被遗忘的原因可以在各种能源生产运动中找到,在实验环境中,特别是在没有检查氡污染的情况下。运动的其他来源也与实验相互作用——有时实验人员的不精确行为导致了结果。“真空灾难”的问题就这样解决了。
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引用次数: 8
Volcanic Tephras and Human Energy Losses Together: The Real Source of Climate Change 火山喷发和人类能量损失:气候变化的真正根源
Pub Date : 2020-09-18 DOI: 10.12691/IJP-7-4-3
F. Pirot
Global warming is real and anthropogenic. This is a fact. But the current consensus goes totally off track by blaming carbon, methane and water vapor. The real cause of global warming is the combination of losses of energy (heat and all other sources of radiation) with volcanic tephras and other materials in the high atmosphere. The tephras and other high altitude materials retain some of the energy lost from e.g. badly isolated buildings, motors, cattle, all non-renewables sources of electricity and energy - hence nuclear reactors which are a hidden contributor as they lose 70% of their thermal output in the environment before conversion into electricity – and some of the energy from the other sources of dissipation, from thermal radiation to EM waves and photons from lights especially with non-energy-efficient systems. This model allows to explain very closely the evolution of the Global Land Ocean Temperature Index provided for 1880 to today by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The high significance of the tree cover to fight off global warming is once again underlined and other tracks are also offered. A mechanism of natural balance is then shown. Natural disasters destroy areas contributing too much to global warming. This is demonstrated in particular with nuclear reactors (but this is non-exhaustive, all other above-average sources of energy loss are affected). A solution for sustainable fission power for electricity is provided at the end.
全球变暖是真实的,也是人为的。这是事实。但目前的共识完全偏离了轨道,把责任归咎于碳、甲烷和水蒸气。全球变暖的真正原因是能量(热量和所有其他辐射源)的损失与高层大气中的火山火山灰和其他物质的损失的结合。tephras和其他高海拔材料保留了一些能量损失,例如严重隔离的建筑物、发动机、牛、所有不可再生的电力和能源-因此核反应堆是一个隐藏的贡献者,因为它们在转化为电能之前在环境中损失了70%的热输出-以及来自其他耗散来源的一些能量。从热辐射到电磁波和光子,尤其是来自非节能系统的光。这个模型可以非常接近地解释1880年至今由美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心提供的全球陆地海洋温度指数的演变。森林覆盖对对抗全球变暖的重要意义再次得到强调,同时还提供了其他途径。自然平衡的机制由此可见一斑。自然灾害摧毁了对全球变暖贡献过多的地区。核反应堆尤其证明了这一点(但这不是详尽无遗的,所有其他高于平均水平的能量损失来源都受到影响)。最后提出了可持续裂变发电的解决方案。
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引用次数: 3
Identification of local sesars of tejakula buleleng bali with anomaly gravity data using second vertical derivative method 利用二次垂向导数法识别异常重力资料的布勒连巴利地参星
Pub Date : 2020-09-16 DOI: 10.31295/IJPM.V3N1.170
K. N. Suarbawa, I. G. Adnyana, Elvin Riyono
Research has been carried out related to subsurface structures in the Tejakula Buleleng Bali area and its surroundings using the gravity method. This study aims to identify the local Tejakula fault. The data used in this study is gravity anomaly data obtained from observations of Geodetic Satellite (GEOSAT). The method used in interpreting the type of disturbance uses the Second Vertical Derivative method, which then produces two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) fault model interpretations. Based on the results obtained in the study, the condition of the bouguer gravity anomaly value in the Tejakula area and its surroundings at the research location is in the range of 65 mGal to 185 mGal. Meanwhile, based on the Second Vertical Derivative method in determining the type of fault, the Tejakula Fault can be categorized as a mandatory fault with an upward trend.
利用重力法对Tejakula Buleleng Bali地区及其周边地区的地下构造进行了研究。本研究旨在确定Tejakula断层的局部特征。本研究使用的数据是Geodetic Satellite (GEOSAT)的重力异常观测数据。用于解释扰动类型的方法使用二次垂直导数方法,然后产生二维(2D)和三维(3D)断层模型解释。根据研究结果,研究位置Tejakula地区及周边地区的布格重力异常值在65 ~ 185 mGal范围内。同时,利用二次垂向导数法确定断层类型,将Tejakula断层划分为有上升趋势的强制性断层。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
The International Journal of Physics
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