Bladder cancer is the most common carcinoma of the urinary system. Early detection and diagnosis of bladder cancer is a major challenge. Urine cytology has low sensitivity and specificity, especially for low-grade tumors. Cystoscopy is the gold standard for the detection and follow-up of bladder tumors. However, it is an expensive and invasive procedure and can fail to detect many bladder lesions such as carcinoma in situ (CIS). It is thus an unmet need to identify a robust set of biomarkers, which can improve the current diagnostic practice. During the last one decade, several bladder tumor markers have been identified for diagnosis, however, none of these diagnostic markers offer sufficient sensitivity and specificity to be routinely used in the clinics. Recent advancement in mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics has emerged as a powerful method to discover wide range of proteins in complex biological samples. In this review, we summarize the status of biomarkers currently identified and used for bladder cancer diagnosis.
{"title":"Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer: Present Challenges and Recent Developments","authors":"Barnali Deb, Prashant Kumar","doi":"10.12691/JCRT-6-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/JCRT-6-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"Bladder cancer is the most common carcinoma of the urinary system. Early detection and diagnosis of bladder cancer is a major challenge. Urine cytology has low sensitivity and specificity, especially for low-grade tumors. Cystoscopy is the gold standard for the detection and follow-up of bladder tumors. However, it is an expensive and invasive procedure and can fail to detect many bladder lesions such as carcinoma in situ (CIS). It is thus an unmet need to identify a robust set of biomarkers, which can improve the current diagnostic practice. During the last one decade, several bladder tumor markers have been identified for diagnosis, however, none of these diagnostic markers offer sufficient sensitivity and specificity to be routinely used in the clinics. Recent advancement in mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics has emerged as a powerful method to discover wide range of proteins in complex biological samples. In this review, we summarize the status of biomarkers currently identified and used for bladder cancer diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":22619,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cancer Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"34-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83020400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rutin as a flavonoid compound contains many flavonoids having antitumor properties. Therefore, the present study was aimed to dock rutin compound with apoptotic proteins like TNF, Caspase-3, NF-Kappa-B, P53, Collagenase, Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cytohrome C by AutoDock software. The docking scores were highest in Nitric oxide synthase (-3.68 kcal/mol) followed by Tumor Necrosis Factor (-3.22 kcal/mol), Caspase-3 (-2.95 kcal/mol), Collagenase (-2.47 kcal/mol), Cytochrome C (-2.31 kcal/mol), NF-kappa-B (-1.8 kcal/mol) and P53 (-0.32 kcal/mol). The Log P value and lower hydrogen bond counts, confirming the ability of rutin compound for binding at the active sites of the receptor was determined by the in silico method. The potential drug candidate can further be validated by wet lab studies for its proper function.
{"title":"In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Rutin Compound against Apoptotic Proteins (Tumor Necrosis Factor, Caspase-3, NF-Kappa-B, P53, Collagenase, Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cytochrome C)","authors":"P. Jayameena, K. Sivakumari, K. Ashok, S. Rajesh","doi":"10.12691/jcrt-6-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/jcrt-6-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"Rutin as a flavonoid compound contains many flavonoids having antitumor properties. Therefore, the present study was aimed to dock rutin compound with apoptotic proteins like TNF, Caspase-3, NF-Kappa-B, P53, Collagenase, Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cytohrome C by AutoDock software. The docking scores were highest in Nitric oxide synthase (-3.68 kcal/mol) followed by Tumor Necrosis Factor (-3.22 kcal/mol), Caspase-3 (-2.95 kcal/mol), Collagenase (-2.47 kcal/mol), Cytochrome C (-2.31 kcal/mol), NF-kappa-B (-1.8 kcal/mol) and P53 (-0.32 kcal/mol). The Log P value and lower hydrogen bond counts, confirming the ability of rutin compound for binding at the active sites of the receptor was determined by the in silico method. The potential drug candidate can further be validated by wet lab studies for its proper function.","PeriodicalId":22619,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cancer Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"28-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87042653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed M. Kabel, Eman A. Alharthi, Rana K. Alshehri, Afnan S. Alghamdi
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a natural agent found in high amounts in cruciferous vegetables and is also available as dietary supplements. It is considered as a promising agent for the ongoing medical research due to its possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antiapoptotic and anti-atherogenic properties. Recent studies are directed towards assessment of the possible effects of I3C on various body organs including the heart, liver, kidney and the endocrine system. This mini-review sheds light on the different properties of I3C that make it a promising therapeutic agent for a wide variety of human diseases including cancer.
{"title":"Indole-3-carbinol: A Promising Hope for Cancer Therapy","authors":"Ahmed M. Kabel, Eman A. Alharthi, Rana K. Alshehri, Afnan S. Alghamdi","doi":"10.12691/JCRT-6-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/JCRT-6-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a natural agent found in high amounts in cruciferous vegetables and is also available as dietary supplements. It is considered as a promising agent for the ongoing medical research due to its possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antiapoptotic and anti-atherogenic properties. Recent studies are directed towards assessment of the possible effects of I3C on various body organs including the heart, liver, kidney and the endocrine system. This mini-review sheds light on the different properties of I3C that make it a promising therapeutic agent for a wide variety of human diseases including cancer.","PeriodicalId":22619,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cancer Research","volume":"425 1","pages":"25-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84936538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-11DOI: 10.12677/WJCR.2018.82013
史婧怡, 陈妍珂
{"title":"LRRC超家族成员在肿瘤的研究进展The Progress of Research on LRRC Super Family Members in Cancer","authors":"史婧怡, 陈妍珂","doi":"10.12677/WJCR.2018.82013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/WJCR.2018.82013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22619,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cancer Research","volume":"2016 1","pages":"81-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74025483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-11DOI: 10.12677/WJCR.2018.82011
容菁霞, 郑翠芬, 柯卉玲
Regular mammography screening project for Taiwanese women aged 45~69 years has been administered for about 15 years which has achieved a good result in detection of early breast cancer and reduction in breast cancer mortality. According to NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) guideline, breast conserving surgery (BCS) is recommended for low grade breast cancer, because it provides better cosmetic effect and life quality compared to radical mastectomy. BCS combined with post-operative whole breast irradiation is a standard therapy for low grade breast cancer in previous practice because it provided same overall survival as traditional mastectomy. Inevitably, whole breast irradiation may yield some skin complications such as skin fibrosis, sclerosis, telangiectasia and even cause hyperpigmentation of nipple-areolar complex with lack of elasticity. Moreover, it may result in deformity of ipsilateral breast and alter psychological effect. FDA has approved the administration of intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) in patients with breast cancer undergoing breast conserving surgery since 2012. It provided same level of safety as traditional post-operative whole breast irradiation and avoided aforementioned side effects [1]. Our institute started to perform IORT in low grade breast cancer since 2015. 60 patients received IORT and there were no apparent immediate or delay complication since then. Besides, no local recurrence or distant metastasis was detected during cancer surveillance. IORT is considered as a safe and feasible option in treatment of low grade breast cancer.
台湾45~69岁女性定期乳房x光检查项目已实施约15年，在早期乳腺癌的发现和降低乳腺癌死亡率方面取得了良好的效果。根据NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network)指南，低级别乳腺癌推荐保乳手术(breast conservation surgery, BCS)，因为与根治性乳房切除术相比，保乳手术能提供更好的美容效果和生活质量。在以前的实践中，BCS联合术后全乳照射是低级别乳腺癌的标准治疗方法，因为它提供了与传统乳房切除术相同的总生存率。全乳照射不可避免地会产生一些皮肤并发症，如皮肤纤维化、硬化、毛细血管扩张，甚至导致缺乏弹性的乳头-乳晕复合体色素沉着。此外，它可能导致同侧乳房畸形和改变心理效应。自2012年以来，FDA已批准对接受保乳手术的乳腺癌患者进行术中放疗(IORT)。其安全性与传统手术后全乳照射相同，且避免了上述副作用[1]。我院自2015年开始对低分级乳腺癌进行IORT治疗。60例患者接受IORT治疗，此后无明显的即时或延迟并发症。此外，在肿瘤监测期间未发现局部复发或远处转移。IORT被认为是治疗低级别乳腺癌的一种安全可行的选择。
{"title":"术中放射治疗应用于乳房保留手术——病例分析(2015~2018)","authors":"容菁霞, 郑翠芬, 柯卉玲","doi":"10.12677/WJCR.2018.82011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/WJCR.2018.82011","url":null,"abstract":"Regular mammography screening project for Taiwanese women aged 45~69 years has been administered for about 15 years which has achieved a good result in detection of early breast cancer and reduction in breast cancer mortality. According to NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) guideline, breast conserving surgery (BCS) is recommended for low grade breast cancer, because it provides better cosmetic effect and life quality compared to radical mastectomy. BCS combined with post-operative whole breast irradiation is a standard therapy for low grade breast cancer in previous practice because it provided same overall survival as traditional mastectomy. Inevitably, whole breast irradiation may yield some skin complications such as skin fibrosis, sclerosis, telangiectasia and even cause hyperpigmentation of nipple-areolar complex with lack of elasticity. Moreover, it may result in deformity of ipsilateral breast and alter psychological effect. FDA has approved the administration of intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) in patients with breast cancer undergoing breast conserving surgery since 2012. It provided same level of safety as traditional post-operative whole breast irradiation and avoided aforementioned side effects [1]. Our institute started to perform IORT in low grade breast cancer since 2015. 60 patients received IORT and there were no apparent immediate or delay complication since then. Besides, no local recurrence or distant metastasis was detected during cancer surveillance. IORT is considered as a safe and feasible option in treatment of low grade breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":22619,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cancer Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88671125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-11DOI: 10.12677/WJCR.2018.82010
陈苏娟, 李瑞中
{"title":"高危复发胃癌术后予香菇多糖维持治疗的临床观察Clinical Observation of Immunization Maintenance Treatment with Lentinan on Postoperative Gastric Cancer with High Risk Recurrence","authors":"陈苏娟, 李瑞中","doi":"10.12677/WJCR.2018.82010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/WJCR.2018.82010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22619,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cancer Research","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90461613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sayed, H. Baghdadi, Nassar Ayoub Abdellatif Omar, A. Allithy, N. Hablas, A. Fakhreldin, Reham A. Mariah, Momen El-shazley, M. Ayat, S. Mostafa, Mostafa Abu-el Naga, M. Abdel-Halim
Background: Glioma tumors are still a big challenge being incurable with current chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. Surgical treatment of glioma needs adjuvant effective targeting therapy for better glioma cell treatment. Citrate is a well-known antioxidant organic acid abundant in citrus fruits and is an inhibitor of glycolysis through targeting the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase, one of the key enzymes of glycolysis. Citrate is a natural product that is formed inside mitochondria during Krebs cycle to the extent that Krebs cycle is often referred to as citric acid cycle. It was reported that glioma cells are driven by glycolysis where glioma cells upregulates the expression of glycolysis genes and enzymes. Objectives: This aim is to investigate effect of citrate on glioma cells viability, morphology and moge of glioma-induced cell death. Methodology: In this study, citrate-induced glioma cell death was investigated using MTT assay, western blot analysis and flowcytometric evaluation was done to C6 glioma cells. Results: Citrate induced a potent anti-glioma effect by significantly decreasing viability of C6 glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that at 5 mM, citrate induced a caspase-dependent apoptotic glioma cell death. Higher doses of citrate (9 mM) induced necro-apoptotic glioma cell death. Conclusion: citrate may be a promising therapeutic treatment for glioma and glioblastoma. Citrate-rich fruits are strongly recommended as a nutritional treatment for glioma patients.
{"title":"The Antioxidant Glycolysis Inhibitor (Citric Acid) Induces a Dose-dependent Caspase-mediated Apoptosis and Necrosis in Glioma Cells","authors":"S. Sayed, H. Baghdadi, Nassar Ayoub Abdellatif Omar, A. Allithy, N. Hablas, A. Fakhreldin, Reham A. Mariah, Momen El-shazley, M. Ayat, S. Mostafa, Mostafa Abu-el Naga, M. Abdel-Halim","doi":"10.12691/jcrt-6-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/jcrt-6-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Glioma tumors are still a big challenge being incurable with current chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. Surgical treatment of glioma needs adjuvant effective targeting therapy for better glioma cell treatment. Citrate is a well-known antioxidant organic acid abundant in citrus fruits and is an inhibitor of glycolysis through targeting the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase, one of the key enzymes of glycolysis. Citrate is a natural product that is formed inside mitochondria during Krebs cycle to the extent that Krebs cycle is often referred to as citric acid cycle. It was reported that glioma cells are driven by glycolysis where glioma cells upregulates the expression of glycolysis genes and enzymes. Objectives: This aim is to investigate effect of citrate on glioma cells viability, morphology and moge of glioma-induced cell death. Methodology: In this study, citrate-induced glioma cell death was investigated using MTT assay, western blot analysis and flowcytometric evaluation was done to C6 glioma cells. Results: Citrate induced a potent anti-glioma effect by significantly decreasing viability of C6 glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that at 5 mM, citrate induced a caspase-dependent apoptotic glioma cell death. Higher doses of citrate (9 mM) induced necro-apoptotic glioma cell death. Conclusion: citrate may be a promising therapeutic treatment for glioma and glioblastoma. Citrate-rich fruits are strongly recommended as a nutritional treatment for glioma patients.","PeriodicalId":22619,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cancer Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"18-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88360100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many biological differences exist between cancer cells and normal cells that can act as potential targets in targeted cancer therapy. Hematological cancers e.g. lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma exhibit drug-resistance that ultimately results in deteriorated patients' conditions and high mortality rates. Resistance of hematological malignancy to conventional chemotherapy is attributed in part to upregulation of glucose oxidation (glycolysis) genes evidenced by gaining a promising chemosensitization effect upon adding a glycolysis inhibitor to chemotherapeutics. The promising anticancer agent 3-bromopyruvate (3BP) is a structural analog of both pyruvate and lactate. 3BP was reported to antagonize the Warburg effect (malignant phenotype where cancer cells utilize cytoplasmic glucose oxidation to produce ATP and lactate even in the presence of oxygen without making benefit of the generous ATP provision from glucose oxidation via mitochondrial pathways). Warburg effect deprives cancer cells from the high energetic yield achieved through utilizing mitochondrial pathways. 3BP is a promising antiglycolytic agent that targets major glycolysis enzymes (hexokinase II and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In this article, 3BP promising anticancer effects in treating lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma are discussed in addition to the mode of inhibition of Warburg effect using 3BP. In conclusion, 3BP is a promising anticancer drug (that will be more powerful upon proper pharmaceutical formulations) for treating hematological malignancies. 3BP is advisable to be included in treatment protocols in hematological cancers as a chemosensitizer or as a sole anticancer agent.
{"title":"3-bromopyruvate as a Promising Treatment for Hematological Cancer","authors":"M. Ayat","doi":"10.12691/JCRT-6-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/JCRT-6-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"Many biological differences exist between cancer cells and normal cells that can act as potential targets in targeted cancer therapy. Hematological cancers e.g. lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma exhibit drug-resistance that ultimately results in deteriorated patients' conditions and high mortality rates. Resistance of hematological malignancy to conventional chemotherapy is attributed in part to upregulation of glucose oxidation (glycolysis) genes evidenced by gaining a promising chemosensitization effect upon adding a glycolysis inhibitor to chemotherapeutics. The promising anticancer agent 3-bromopyruvate (3BP) is a structural analog of both pyruvate and lactate. 3BP was reported to antagonize the Warburg effect (malignant phenotype where cancer cells utilize cytoplasmic glucose oxidation to produce ATP and lactate even in the presence of oxygen without making benefit of the generous ATP provision from glucose oxidation via mitochondrial pathways). Warburg effect deprives cancer cells from the high energetic yield achieved through utilizing mitochondrial pathways. 3BP is a promising antiglycolytic agent that targets major glycolysis enzymes (hexokinase II and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In this article, 3BP promising anticancer effects in treating lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma are discussed in addition to the mode of inhibition of Warburg effect using 3BP. In conclusion, 3BP is a promising anticancer drug (that will be more powerful upon proper pharmaceutical formulations) for treating hematological malignancies. 3BP is advisable to be included in treatment protocols in hematological cancers as a chemosensitizer or as a sole anticancer agent.","PeriodicalId":22619,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cancer Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"12-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76188393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Kızıloglu, A. C. Acara, B. Bayar, S. Karaisli, E. Sari, E. Tarcan
Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the world and it is the most frequently seen cancer type in women. In early stages involving small and monocenter tumors, surgical treatment with breast conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy is the most preferred treatment regimen. Similar to the size of the tumor, several prognostic factors determine survival in breast cancer patients. This study was conducted to evaluate prognostic factors and their relationship to the menopausal status of the patients. University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey with 573 patients diagnosed with breast cancer between January 2006 and December 2012. Patient age, menopausal status, tumor location surgical treatment information, treatment regimen was gathered using the registry system of the hospital. Male breast cancer patients and patients with insufficient data were excluded. The mean (±SD) age of the study population was determined as 55.9 (±12.9). Most of the patients (65.3%) included in the study were identified as post-menopausal (n=199). Post-menopausal women were detected with larger tumors (p=0.048), at a later stage (p=0.037), with higher KI-67 index (p=0.015) and received more adjuvant hormone therapy (p=0.036) when compared to the pre-menopausal women. Multi-centered studies are needed to evaluate prognostic factors and their relationship to the menopausal status of the patients in order to plan more precise personal treatment regimens.
{"title":"Comparison of Premenopousal and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Cases in Terms of Demographic and Prognostic Factor","authors":"I. Kızıloglu, A. C. Acara, B. Bayar, S. Karaisli, E. Sari, E. Tarcan","doi":"10.12691/JCRT-6-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/JCRT-6-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the world and it is the most frequently seen cancer type in women. In early stages involving small and monocenter tumors, surgical treatment with breast conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy is the most preferred treatment regimen. Similar to the size of the tumor, several prognostic factors determine survival in breast cancer patients. This study was conducted to evaluate prognostic factors and their relationship to the menopausal status of the patients. University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey with 573 patients diagnosed with breast cancer between January 2006 and December 2012. Patient age, menopausal status, tumor location surgical treatment information, treatment regimen was gathered using the registry system of the hospital. Male breast cancer patients and patients with insufficient data were excluded. The mean (±SD) age of the study population was determined as 55.9 (±12.9). Most of the patients (65.3%) included in the study were identified as post-menopausal (n=199). Post-menopausal women were detected with larger tumors (p=0.048), at a later stage (p=0.037), with higher KI-67 index (p=0.015) and received more adjuvant hormone therapy (p=0.036) when compared to the pre-menopausal women. Multi-centered studies are needed to evaluate prognostic factors and their relationship to the menopausal status of the patients in order to plan more precise personal treatment regimens.","PeriodicalId":22619,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cancer Research","volume":"41 1","pages":"6-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86394056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Papachristodoulou, M. Tsoukala, D. Benaki, S. Kostidis, K. Gioti, N. Aligiannis, H. Pratsinis, D. Kletsas, A. Skaltsounis, E. Mikros, R. Tenta
The phenolic component Oleuropein (OLEU), a bioactive natural product, has recently shown antiproliferative properties. Doxorubicin (DXR) is an anthracycline present in many chemotherapeutic schemes, although limited due to its cardio-toxic effects. Important research effort has been devoted therefore, to reducing DXR toxicity without compromising its antitumor efficacy. The anticancer actions of DXR and OLEU were assessed, on PC-3 prostate cancer cells, while cell cycle distribution and rate of apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. The autophagic process was determined via immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining. Finally, cell extracts were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. The present study showed that both DXR and OLEU inhibited PC-3 cells proliferation, while the co-treatment with DXR and OLEU resulted in an additive inhibition. Although the addition of OLEU to DXR did not alter significantly the cell cycle distribution, exhibited by each treatment alone, and produced a marginal increase on the rate of apoptosis, both compounds produced a remarkable induction of autophagy. In addition, treated cells exhibited significant metabolite alterations. This study demonstrates that OLEU, a basic component of the everyday diet, is capable of lowering significantly the cytotoxic dose of DXR, while obtaining an important anti-proliferative effect in prostate cancer cells.
{"title":"Oleuropein is a Powerful Sensitizer of Doxorubicin-mediated Killing of Prostate Cancer Cells and Exerts Its Action via Induction of Autophagy","authors":"A. Papachristodoulou, M. Tsoukala, D. Benaki, S. Kostidis, K. Gioti, N. Aligiannis, H. Pratsinis, D. Kletsas, A. Skaltsounis, E. Mikros, R. Tenta","doi":"10.12691/JCRT-4-4-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/JCRT-4-4-2","url":null,"abstract":"The phenolic component Oleuropein (OLEU), a bioactive natural product, has recently shown antiproliferative properties. Doxorubicin (DXR) is an anthracycline present in many chemotherapeutic schemes, although limited due to its cardio-toxic effects. Important research effort has been devoted therefore, to reducing DXR toxicity without compromising its antitumor efficacy. The anticancer actions of DXR and OLEU were assessed, on PC-3 prostate cancer cells, while cell cycle distribution and rate of apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. The autophagic process was determined via immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining. Finally, cell extracts were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. The present study showed that both DXR and OLEU inhibited PC-3 cells proliferation, while the co-treatment with DXR and OLEU resulted in an additive inhibition. Although the addition of OLEU to DXR did not alter significantly the cell cycle distribution, exhibited by each treatment alone, and produced a marginal increase on the rate of apoptosis, both compounds produced a remarkable induction of autophagy. In addition, treated cells exhibited significant metabolite alterations. This study demonstrates that OLEU, a basic component of the everyday diet, is capable of lowering significantly the cytotoxic dose of DXR, while obtaining an important anti-proliferative effect in prostate cancer cells.","PeriodicalId":22619,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cancer Research","volume":"23 1","pages":"61-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78730144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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