Pub Date : 1997-04-01DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0161:ACOEAS>2.3.CO;2
R. Axler, C. A. Tikkanen, J. Henneck, J. Schuldt, M. E. McDonald
Abstract Waste loads resulting from groundwater-fed raceway production of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at two commercial trout farms in Minnesota were monitored. Loads of solids, organic carbon (C), and dissolved and total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were measured directly in effluent and in accumulated sludge and were normalized to fish biomass and production. Most of the observed nutrient waste (solid and dissolved) and about half of the observed solids load were present in the effluent fraction. Total annual loading rates (effluent plus sludge) observed per metric ton of production were 289–839 kg for solids; 47–87 kg for N; 4.8–18.7 kg for P; and 101–565 kg for C. These rates are similar to those reported for other salmonid raceway facilities. Differences in waste load and fractionation between sites and between study periods may be a result of facility and management factors.
{"title":"Articles: Characteristics of Effluent and Sludge from Two Commercial Rainbow Trout Farms in Minnesota","authors":"R. Axler, C. A. Tikkanen, J. Henneck, J. Schuldt, M. E. McDonald","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0161:ACOEAS>2.3.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0161:ACOEAS>2.3.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Waste loads resulting from groundwater-fed raceway production of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at two commercial trout farms in Minnesota were monitored. Loads of solids, organic carbon (C), and dissolved and total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were measured directly in effluent and in accumulated sludge and were normalized to fish biomass and production. Most of the observed nutrient waste (solid and dissolved) and about half of the observed solids load were present in the effluent fraction. Total annual loading rates (effluent plus sludge) observed per metric ton of production were 289–839 kg for solids; 47–87 kg for N; 4.8–18.7 kg for P; and 101–565 kg for C. These rates are similar to those reported for other salmonid raceway facilities. Differences in waste load and fractionation between sites and between study periods may be a result of facility and management factors.","PeriodicalId":22850,"journal":{"name":"The Progressive Fish-culturist","volume":"8 8","pages":"161-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91512881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-04-01DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0106:LMMIF>2.3.CO;2
B. Samples, G. L. Pool, G. Pritchard, R. Lumb
Abstract Salmonids synthesize platelet-activating factor (PAF: 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), and much of the interest in the potential use of lipids to mediate physiological events in fish metabolism is focused on this compound. In sharp contrast to mammalian cells, salmonid cells acylate lysoPAF with a high degree of specificity for omega-3 fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipids in tissues of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss are compartmentalized differently than in mammalian tissues. On extracellular challenge by PAF, trout leukocytes exhibit both chemotaxis and respiratory burst responses. During the metabolism of PAF in rainbow trout leukocytes, acylation of lysoPAF appears highly selective for docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) and is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. The acyl moiety in the sn-2 position of the acylation product 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine may be removed by hydrolysis to produce lysoPAF in the...
鲑科鱼类合成血小板活化因子(PAF: 1- o-烷基-2-乙酰- syn -甘油-3-磷酸胆碱)，并且对脂质在鱼类代谢中介导生理事件的潜在用途的兴趣主要集中在这种化合物上。与哺乳动物细胞形成鲜明对比的是，鲑鱼细胞对溶血opaf具有高度特异性的omega-3脂肪酸酰化。虹鳟组织脂质中多不饱和脂肪酸的区隔与哺乳动物组织不同。在PAF的细胞外攻击下，鳟鱼白细胞表现出趋化性和呼吸爆发反应。在虹鳟鱼白细胞PAF代谢过程中，lysoPAF的酰化对二十二碳六烯酸(C22:6 n-3)和二十碳五烯酸(C20:5 n-3)表现出高度选择性，并定位于内质网。酰化产物1- o-烷基-2-酰基-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱的sn-2位的酰基部分可以通过水解去除，从而产生溶血opaf。
{"title":"Lipid Mediator Mechanisms in Fish","authors":"B. Samples, G. L. Pool, G. Pritchard, R. Lumb","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0106:LMMIF>2.3.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0106:LMMIF>2.3.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Salmonids synthesize platelet-activating factor (PAF: 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), and much of the interest in the potential use of lipids to mediate physiological events in fish metabolism is focused on this compound. In sharp contrast to mammalian cells, salmonid cells acylate lysoPAF with a high degree of specificity for omega-3 fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipids in tissues of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss are compartmentalized differently than in mammalian tissues. On extracellular challenge by PAF, trout leukocytes exhibit both chemotaxis and respiratory burst responses. During the metabolism of PAF in rainbow trout leukocytes, acylation of lysoPAF appears highly selective for docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) and is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. The acyl moiety in the sn-2 position of the acylation product 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine may be removed by hydrolysis to produce lysoPAF in the...","PeriodicalId":22850,"journal":{"name":"The Progressive Fish-culturist","volume":"22 1","pages":"106-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75591287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-04-01DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0085:PAOCIP>2.3.CO;2
C. Boyd
Abstract Relationships among liming, fertilization, water and soil chemistry, phytoplankton response, and aquatic animal production are still poorly understood. There is considerable confusion about critical nutrients and fertilizer formulations for pond fertilization. The literature does not support the high application rates of nitrogen often used. Nitrate is more desirable than ammonium or urea as a source of fertilizer nitrogen. Problems in ponds with water and soil quality that are related to feeding result primarily from high inputs of feed. Organic matter is decomposed mostly to stable humus during a growing season, and there is little accumulation of highly decomposable organic matter from one crop to the next. High input of fresh organic matter to the bottom during a crop period can cause high oxygen demand in sediment, but sediment removal between growth cycles does not greatly reduce soil oxygen demand for the next crop. Organic matter resuspension without erosion of mineral soil has the potent...
{"title":"Practical Aspects of Chemistry in Pond Aquaculture","authors":"C. Boyd","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0085:PAOCIP>2.3.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0085:PAOCIP>2.3.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Relationships among liming, fertilization, water and soil chemistry, phytoplankton response, and aquatic animal production are still poorly understood. There is considerable confusion about critical nutrients and fertilizer formulations for pond fertilization. The literature does not support the high application rates of nitrogen often used. Nitrate is more desirable than ammonium or urea as a source of fertilizer nitrogen. Problems in ponds with water and soil quality that are related to feeding result primarily from high inputs of feed. Organic matter is decomposed mostly to stable humus during a growing season, and there is little accumulation of highly decomposable organic matter from one crop to the next. High input of fresh organic matter to the bottom during a crop period can cause high oxygen demand in sediment, but sediment removal between growth cycles does not greatly reduce soil oxygen demand for the next crop. Organic matter resuspension without erosion of mineral soil has the potent...","PeriodicalId":22850,"journal":{"name":"The Progressive Fish-culturist","volume":"16 1","pages":"85-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87864716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-04-01DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0149:FQCIFA>2.3.CO;2
K. Bett
Abstract Maintaining the flavor quality of products produced in an aquaculture system is the most important technical challenge to the industry. Routine instrumental monitoring of flavor quality is difficult because the problematic compounds (geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol) can be detected by humans at concentrations that are not easily measured by instruments. In addition, many off-flavor compounds have not been identified. Although analytical sensory methods are more reliable and timely, they have their own set of problems, such as the expense of operating sensory panels. A seafood rating method is presented that has the advantage of being reliable, timely, and less expensive to operate; however this method can also fail to detect off-flavored fish.
{"title":"Flavor-Quality Control in Freshwater Aquaculture","authors":"K. Bett","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0149:FQCIFA>2.3.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0149:FQCIFA>2.3.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Maintaining the flavor quality of products produced in an aquaculture system is the most important technical challenge to the industry. Routine instrumental monitoring of flavor quality is difficult because the problematic compounds (geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol) can be detected by humans at concentrations that are not easily measured by instruments. In addition, many off-flavor compounds have not been identified. Although analytical sensory methods are more reliable and timely, they have their own set of problems, such as the expense of operating sensory panels. A seafood rating method is presented that has the advantage of being reliable, timely, and less expensive to operate; however this method can also fail to detect off-flavored fish.","PeriodicalId":22850,"journal":{"name":"The Progressive Fish-culturist","volume":"1 1","pages":"149-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85549654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-04-01DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0118:MOTRSO>2.3.CO;2
R. Patiño
Abstract Environmental control of reproductive activity of captive fish is feasible (or potentially feasible) but, with few exceptions, is currently impractical for most species. Therefore, chemical methods of manipulating reproductive activity continue to be widely used in fish production operations worldwide. However, the control of fish reproduction in captivity cannot be exercised without regard to adequate environmental conditions, which can differ markedly for different species. This review provides a synopsis of relevant aspects of fish reproductive physiology and addresses current and promising future chemical methods of sex control, gonadal recrudescence, and spawning. Most research on the control of reproduction in fishes has focused on female physiology because ovarian development and maturation are easily disturbed by environmental stressors. Control of sex ratios by steroid treatment has become a well-established technique for several fish species, but the technique continues to be problemati...
{"title":"Manipulations of the Reproductive System of Fishes by Means of Exogenous Chemicals","authors":"R. Patiño","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0118:MOTRSO>2.3.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0118:MOTRSO>2.3.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Environmental control of reproductive activity of captive fish is feasible (or potentially feasible) but, with few exceptions, is currently impractical for most species. Therefore, chemical methods of manipulating reproductive activity continue to be widely used in fish production operations worldwide. However, the control of fish reproduction in captivity cannot be exercised without regard to adequate environmental conditions, which can differ markedly for different species. This review provides a synopsis of relevant aspects of fish reproductive physiology and addresses current and promising future chemical methods of sex control, gonadal recrudescence, and spawning. Most research on the control of reproduction in fishes has focused on female physiology because ovarian development and maturation are easily disturbed by environmental stressors. Control of sex ratios by steroid treatment has become a well-established technique for several fish species, but the technique continues to be problemati...","PeriodicalId":22850,"journal":{"name":"The Progressive Fish-culturist","volume":"36 1","pages":"118-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75079744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-04-01DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0141:LSFTAO>2.3.CO;2
K. Greenlees
Abstract All drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must be shown to be safe and efficacious. The data required to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a new animal drug are typically produced through controlled studies conducted by pharmaceutical firms that invest considerable time and money into the process. Factors that have contributed to the paucity of approved drugs for U.S. aquaculture include the relatively limited market for aquaculture drugs and the difficulty involved in conducting studies traditionally carried out in the drug approval process in an aquatic environment. One approach to this problem has been the development of data from other sources. In recent years, government, academic, and private researchers have conducted studies in an attempt to produce the data necessary to satisfy the requirements for the approval of new animal drugs in aquaculture. The data may then be made publicly available and can be used by a sponsor of the drug product to satisfy part of t...
{"title":"LABORATORY STUDIES FOR THE APPROVAL OF AQUACULTURE DRUGS","authors":"K. Greenlees","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0141:LSFTAO>2.3.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0141:LSFTAO>2.3.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract All drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must be shown to be safe and efficacious. The data required to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a new animal drug are typically produced through controlled studies conducted by pharmaceutical firms that invest considerable time and money into the process. Factors that have contributed to the paucity of approved drugs for U.S. aquaculture include the relatively limited market for aquaculture drugs and the difficulty involved in conducting studies traditionally carried out in the drug approval process in an aquatic environment. One approach to this problem has been the development of data from other sources. In recent years, government, academic, and private researchers have conducted studies in an attempt to produce the data necessary to satisfy the requirements for the approval of new animal drugs in aquaculture. The data may then be made publicly available and can be used by a sponsor of the drug product to satisfy part of t...","PeriodicalId":22850,"journal":{"name":"The Progressive Fish-culturist","volume":"78 1","pages":"141-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88517603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-04-01DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0094:ROOPAA>2.3.CO;2
S. Summerfelt, J. Hochheimer
Abstract Ozone has been used in a range of aquaculture applications related to disinfection and improving water quality. Ozone has seen wide use because it is a powerful oxidizing agent that has a rapid reaction rate and few harmful reaction products. This paper reviews the application of ozone within aquaria and in aquaculture systems that use single-pass or recirculated water. The issues and mechanisms required to use ozone are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the processes of ozone gas generation and gas-to-liquid absorption, the contact time for reaction, and the removal of residual ozone. In addition, the toxicity of ozone to humans and to aquatic organisms is discussed, as well as techniques to monitor or control ozone in both the gaseous and aqueous phases.
{"title":"Review of Ozone Processes and Applications as an Oxidizing Agent in Aquaculture","authors":"S. Summerfelt, J. Hochheimer","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0094:ROOPAA>2.3.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0094:ROOPAA>2.3.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ozone has been used in a range of aquaculture applications related to disinfection and improving water quality. Ozone has seen wide use because it is a powerful oxidizing agent that has a rapid reaction rate and few harmful reaction products. This paper reviews the application of ozone within aquaria and in aquaculture systems that use single-pass or recirculated water. The issues and mechanisms required to use ozone are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the processes of ozone gas generation and gas-to-liquid absorption, the contact time for reaction, and the removal of residual ozone. In addition, the toxicity of ozone to humans and to aquatic organisms is discussed, as well as techniques to monitor or control ozone in both the gaseous and aqueous phases.","PeriodicalId":22850,"journal":{"name":"The Progressive Fish-culturist","volume":"14 1","pages":"94-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82686765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-04-01DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0155:ROWOFS>2.3.CO;2
C. Cho, D. Bureau
Abstract The main goal of aquaculture is to efficiently convert feed into fish and shellfish. Inherent to this practice is the generation of waste; however, from a waste management viewpoint, aquaculture differs in important respects from terrestrial animal farming. Measurement of actual feed intake is nearly impossible; consequently, unconsumed feed contributes a relatively large proportion of total waste output in most operations. Moreover, containment of wastes is difficult, and wastes are rapidly dispersed into the surrounding waters. Monitoring and estimating quantitative waste outputs in effluent directly is an inaccurate and costly process. Other methods of estimating the waste output from aquaculture operations should be used. Because most aquaculture wastes are dietary in origin, efforts to reduce waste should focus on nutrition and feeding, including the formulation of special diets, development of feeding systems, and improvement of the efficiency of nutrient utilization. Modern low-pollution o...
{"title":"REDUCTION OF WASTE OUTPUT FROM SALMONID AQUACULTURE THROUGH FEEDS AND FEEDING","authors":"C. Cho, D. Bureau","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0155:ROWOFS>2.3.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0155:ROWOFS>2.3.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main goal of aquaculture is to efficiently convert feed into fish and shellfish. Inherent to this practice is the generation of waste; however, from a waste management viewpoint, aquaculture differs in important respects from terrestrial animal farming. Measurement of actual feed intake is nearly impossible; consequently, unconsumed feed contributes a relatively large proportion of total waste output in most operations. Moreover, containment of wastes is difficult, and wastes are rapidly dispersed into the surrounding waters. Monitoring and estimating quantitative waste outputs in effluent directly is an inaccurate and costly process. Other methods of estimating the waste output from aquaculture operations should be used. Because most aquaculture wastes are dietary in origin, efforts to reduce waste should focus on nutrition and feeding, including the formulation of special diets, development of feeding systems, and improvement of the efficiency of nutrient utilization. Modern low-pollution o...","PeriodicalId":22850,"journal":{"name":"The Progressive Fish-culturist","volume":"51 4 1","pages":"155-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85546812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0001:IEOHAP>2.3.CO;2
Y. Palti, Jane J. Li, G. Thorgaard
Abstract A large-scale investigation to identify effective procedures for the induction of gynogenesis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was conducted. Milt was effectively inactivated when diluted to a 10% concentration at depths of 0.33–0.65 mm and irradiated with 120–180 W/mm2 (12,000–18,000 ergs/mm2) of ultraviolet light. Incubation temperature (8.8–14.6°C) had a marked effect on the effective postfertilization timing for first cleavage blockage induced by both hydrostatic pressure shock and heat shock and for pressure-induced second polar body retention but not for heat-induced second polar body retention. Higher temperature treatments of 29°C for 10 min and 31.5°C for 5 min were found to be more effective for first cleavage blockage than a treatment of 26°C for 20 min. Wide ranges of effective postfertilization timing adjusted to incubation temperature (°C-min) were identified for second polar body retention induced by heat shock (95–508 °C.min) and pressure shock (273–693 °C.min) and for first c...
{"title":"Improved Efficiency of Heat and Pressure Shocks for Producing Gynogenetic Rainbow Trout","authors":"Y. Palti, Jane J. Li, G. Thorgaard","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0001:IEOHAP>2.3.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0001:IEOHAP>2.3.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A large-scale investigation to identify effective procedures for the induction of gynogenesis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was conducted. Milt was effectively inactivated when diluted to a 10% concentration at depths of 0.33–0.65 mm and irradiated with 120–180 W/mm2 (12,000–18,000 ergs/mm2) of ultraviolet light. Incubation temperature (8.8–14.6°C) had a marked effect on the effective postfertilization timing for first cleavage blockage induced by both hydrostatic pressure shock and heat shock and for pressure-induced second polar body retention but not for heat-induced second polar body retention. Higher temperature treatments of 29°C for 10 min and 31.5°C for 5 min were found to be more effective for first cleavage blockage than a treatment of 26°C for 20 min. Wide ranges of effective postfertilization timing adjusted to incubation temperature (°C-min) were identified for second polar body retention induced by heat shock (95–508 °C.min) and pressure shock (273–693 °C.min) and for first c...","PeriodicalId":22850,"journal":{"name":"The Progressive Fish-culturist","volume":"161 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86744575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0068:EDOTEO>2.3.CO;2
J. Luzier, R. Summerfelt
Abstract The conchostracans (Crustacea: Class Branchiopoda, Orders Laevicaudata and Spinicaudata), commonly called clam shrimp, are inhabitants of temporary wetlands and are well adapted to surviving dry periods. Clam shrimp eggs are highly resistant to freezing, drying, sunlight, and mechanical injury. Reports have indicated that clam shrimp increase turbidity in fish culture ponds and negatively affect fish production The effect of the clam shrimp Caenestheriella belfragei on turbidity was studied by examining the turbidity of laboratory containers with 0–4,848 clam shrimp/m2. Turbidity increased in direct proportion to clam shrimp density at all densities greater than 606 clam shrimp/m2.
{"title":"Experimental Demonstration of the Effects of Clam Shrimp on Turbidity of Microcosms","authors":"J. Luzier, R. Summerfelt","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0068:EDOTEO>2.3.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0068:EDOTEO>2.3.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The conchostracans (Crustacea: Class Branchiopoda, Orders Laevicaudata and Spinicaudata), commonly called clam shrimp, are inhabitants of temporary wetlands and are well adapted to surviving dry periods. Clam shrimp eggs are highly resistant to freezing, drying, sunlight, and mechanical injury. Reports have indicated that clam shrimp increase turbidity in fish culture ponds and negatively affect fish production The effect of the clam shrimp Caenestheriella belfragei on turbidity was studied by examining the turbidity of laboratory containers with 0–4,848 clam shrimp/m2. Turbidity increased in direct proportion to clam shrimp density at all densities greater than 606 clam shrimp/m2.","PeriodicalId":22850,"journal":{"name":"The Progressive Fish-culturist","volume":"110 1","pages":"68-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80544899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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