Zhe Wang, Yutian Yang, Hang Li, Yuying Zhang, Feng Ouyang, Wenjing Dong, Quan Zong, Shuang Zhou, Anqiang Pan
The development of hard carbon (HC) anode is severely hindered by limited Na+ storage capacity and poor cycling stability, which are closely related to its microstructure and interface. In this work, a synergistic microstructure-interface modulation strategy is demonstrated to regulate the Na+ storage active sites and structural stability of resin-based HC. The introduced C═O enables reversible Na+ adsorption, while carboxyl and neighboring phenolic hydroxyl functional groups anchor the template metal ions (Zn2+), thereby constructing a hierarchical pore structure with abundant sites for reversible Na+ storage. Additionally, expanded interlayer spacing promotes the kinetics of reversible Na+ intercalation/deintercalation. Based on this strategy, the optimized HC material (ZGB-HC) exhibits an extra-high capacity of 406 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and maintains exceptional cycling stability of over 1000 cycles for 1 A g−1. More surprisingly, the assembled Na3V2(PO4)3||ZGB-HC full cell delivers a superior rate capability of 96.4 mAh g−1 at 4 C and maintains excellent cycling stability for over 250 cycles at 2C. This work develops an innovative strategy for designing HC anodes with advanced microstructure-interface and new insights into their structural evolution during cycling.
硬碳（HC）阳极的发展受到Na+存储容量有限和循环稳定性差的严重阻碍，这与它的微观结构和界面密切相关。在这项工作中，证明了一种协同微结构-界面调制策略可以调节树脂基HC的Na+存储活性位点和结构稳定性。引入的C = O实现了可逆的Na+吸附，而羧基和邻近的酚羟基官能团锚定了模板金属离子（Zn2+），从而构建了具有丰富可逆Na+存储位点的分层孔结构。此外，层间距的扩大促进了可逆的Na+插/脱插动力学。基于该策略，优化的HC材料（ZGB-HC）在50 mA g - 1下具有406 mAh g - 1的超高容量，并且在1 A g - 1下保持超过1000次循环的优异稳定性。更令人惊讶的是，组装的Na3V2(PO4)3||ZGB-HC全电池在4℃下提供了96.4 mAh g−1的卓越倍率能力，并在2C下保持了250多次循环的优异稳定性。这项工作开发了一种创新的策略来设计具有先进微观结构界面的HC阳极，并对其在循环过程中的结构演变有了新的见解。
{"title":"Microstructure-Interface Modulation Boosts Sodium Storage Capacity and Stability of Hard Carbon","authors":"Zhe Wang, Yutian Yang, Hang Li, Yuying Zhang, Feng Ouyang, Wenjing Dong, Quan Zong, Shuang Zhou, Anqiang Pan","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513954","url":null,"abstract":"The development of hard carbon (HC) anode is severely hindered by limited Na<sup>+</sup> storage capacity and poor cycling stability, which are closely related to its microstructure and interface. In this work, a synergistic microstructure-interface modulation strategy is demonstrated to regulate the Na<sup>+</sup> storage active sites and structural stability of resin-based HC. The introduced C═O enables reversible Na<sup>+</sup> adsorption, while carboxyl and neighboring phenolic hydroxyl functional groups anchor the template metal ions (Zn<sup>2+</sup>), thereby constructing a hierarchical pore structure with abundant sites for reversible Na<sup>+</sup> storage. Additionally, expanded interlayer spacing promotes the kinetics of reversible Na<sup>+</sup> intercalation/deintercalation. Based on this strategy, the optimized HC material (ZGB-HC) exhibits an extra-high capacity of 406 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 50 mA g<sup>−1</sup> and maintains exceptional cycling stability of over 1000 cycles for 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>. More surprisingly, the assembled Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>||ZGB-HC full cell delivers a superior rate capability of 96.4 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 4 C and maintains excellent cycling stability for over 250 cycles at 2C. This work develops an innovative strategy for designing HC anodes with advanced microstructure-interface and new insights into their structural evolution during cycling.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kehan Qu, Yujie You, Qiangyu Xue, Sanyu Yi, Yinsong Si
The integration of ultrahigh thermal stability, minimal thermal conductivity, and robust mechanical flexibility into a single thermal insulation material remains a critical challenge, especially for safeguarding against transient thermal extremes like lithium battery thermal runaway. This study presents an all-inorganic flexible membrane fabricated via a facile electrospinning technique, which strategically embeds hollow silica (SiO2) microspheres (HSMs) within a scaffold of SiO2 nanofibers (SNF). This design yields a 3D self-lubricating architecture that confers extraordinary mechanical durability, withstanding over 100 000 bending cycles under 99% strain and 72 h of vibration without significant weight loss—a performance that surpasses conventional ceramics by orders of magnitude. Simultaneously, the composite membrane exhibits an ultralow and stable thermal conductivity of 31.39 mW m−1 K−1, together with a high specific airflow resistance of 122.11 (kPa S m−1) mm−1, synergistically inhibiting heat conduction and convection. The SNF/HSMs composite membrane demonstrates exceptional thermal resilience, enduring long-term exposure at 1100°C and surviving drastic thermal shocks from 1300°C to −196°C. When evaluated in a practical flame test at 700°C, a mere 5-mm-thick membrane effectively maintains a low backside temperature of ≈160°C. This work establishes a groundbreaking design principle for high-performance, flexible thermal protection systems.
将超高的热稳定性、最小的热导率和强大的机械灵活性整合到单一的隔热材料中仍然是一个关键的挑战，特别是在防止锂电池热失控等瞬态极端热的情况下。本研究提出了一种通过静电纺丝技术制备的全无机柔性膜，该膜将空心二氧化硅（SiO2）微球（hsm）策略性地嵌入二氧化硅纳米纤维（SNF）支架中。这种设计产生了一种3D自润滑结构，赋予了非凡的机械耐久性，在99%的应变和72小时的振动下承受了超过10万次的弯曲循环，而没有明显的重量减轻，这一性能超过了传统陶瓷的数量级。同时，复合膜具有31.39 mW m−1 K−1的超低稳定导热系数，以及122.11 (kPa S m−1)mm−1的高比气流阻力，协同抑制热传导和对流。SNF/ hsm复合膜具有优异的热弹性，可承受1100°C的长期暴露，并可承受1300°C至- 196°C的剧烈热冲击。当在700°C的实际火焰测试中进行评估时，仅仅5毫米厚的薄膜就能有效地保持约160°C的低背面温度。这项工作为高性能、灵活的热保护系统建立了开创性的设计原则。
{"title":"Self-Lubricating Nanofiber/Hollow Microsphere All-Ceramic Architecture for Robust Flexible Thermal Insulation","authors":"Kehan Qu, Yujie You, Qiangyu Xue, Sanyu Yi, Yinsong Si","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514094","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of ultrahigh thermal stability, minimal thermal conductivity, and robust mechanical flexibility into a single thermal insulation material remains a critical challenge, especially for safeguarding against transient thermal extremes like lithium battery thermal runaway. This study presents an all-inorganic flexible membrane fabricated via a facile electrospinning technique, which strategically embeds hollow silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) microspheres (HSMs) within a scaffold of SiO<sub>2</sub> nanofibers (SNF). This design yields a 3D self-lubricating architecture that confers extraordinary mechanical durability, withstanding over 100 000 bending cycles under 99% strain and 72 h of vibration without significant weight loss—a performance that surpasses conventional ceramics by orders of magnitude. Simultaneously, the composite membrane exhibits an ultralow and stable thermal conductivity of 31.39 mW m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, together with a high specific airflow resistance of 122.11 (kPa S m<sup>−1</sup>) mm<sup>−1</sup>, synergistically inhibiting heat conduction and convection. The SNF/HSMs composite membrane demonstrates exceptional thermal resilience, enduring long-term exposure at 1100°C and surviving drastic thermal shocks from 1300°C to −196°C. When evaluated in a practical flame test at 700°C, a mere 5-mm-thick membrane effectively maintains a low backside temperature of ≈160°C. This work establishes a groundbreaking design principle for high-performance, flexible thermal protection systems.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingwen Xu, Kaiqiang Lv, Sijuan Wang, Guangwen Luo, Shasha Chen, Ning Guo, Yijie Li, Guoliang Li
The by-products of thermally processed foods, carbon quantum dots (CQDs), pose unpredictable risks to human health due to their nanoscale size and abundant surface functional groups that can readily accumulate in organs. Herein, mice were oral-exposed to grilled lamb-derived CQDs (25 mg kg−1) for 9 weeks. The results indicated that CQDs exposure resulted in liver and intestinal barrier injury, as well as an increase in intestinal microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CQDs exposure directly and indirectly upregulated the expression of bile acid (BA) synthesis genes (Cyp7a1, Cyp8b1, and Cyp27a1) by activating MyD88 in the intestinal LPS-TLR4 pathway, as well as MyD88 and NFκB, downstream molecules of LPS-TLR4 pathway in the liver, leading to increased BA synthesis. Concurrently, the expression of BA excretion genes Bsep and Mrp2 was downregulated, contributing to cholestasis. With prolonged exposure, the levels of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) inhibitor tauro-β-muricholic acid increased, while that of agonists chenodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid decreased, further exacerbating cholestasis. Supplementation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC8014 mitigated cholestasis by reducing the relative abundance of g_Flexispira, increasing the relative abundance of g_Adlercreutzia, and remodeling the intestinal barrier. This study provides substantial evidence for the comprehensive assessment, control, and intervention regarding the hepatotoxicity of foodborne CQDs.
热加工食品的副产品碳量子点（CQDs）由于其纳米级尺寸和丰富的表面官能团易于在器官中积累，对人类健康构成不可预测的风险。在本研究中，小鼠口服暴露于烤羊肉来源的CQDs (25 mg kg - 1) 9周。结果表明，CQDs暴露导致肝脏和肠道屏障损伤，以及肠道微生物源性脂多糖（LPS）的增加。CQDs暴露通过激活肠道LPS-TLR4通路MyD88以及肝脏LPS-TLR4通路下游分子MyD88和NFκB，直接或间接上调胆汁酸（BA）合成基因Cyp7a1、Cyp8b1和Cyp27a1的表达，导致BA合成增加。同时，BA排泄基因Bsep和Mrp2表达下调，导致胆汁淤积。随着暴露时间的延长，法脂类X受体（FXR）抑制剂牛磺酸-β-胆酸的水平升高，而激动剂鹅去氧胆酸和牛磺酸去氧胆酸的水平下降，进一步加剧了胆汁淤积。补充植物乳杆菌ATCC8014可以通过降低g_Flexispira的相对丰度、增加g_Adlercreutzia的相对丰度和重塑肠道屏障来减轻胆汁淤积。本研究为食源性CQDs肝毒性的综合评估、控制和干预提供了有力证据。
{"title":"Exposure to Grilled Lamb-Borne Carbon Quantum Dots Induces Intrahepatic Cholestasis by Activating the Intestinal Microbial-Derived Lipopolysaccharide-TLR4 Pathway","authors":"Jingwen Xu, Kaiqiang Lv, Sijuan Wang, Guangwen Luo, Shasha Chen, Ning Guo, Yijie Li, Guoliang Li","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512173","url":null,"abstract":"The by-products of thermally processed foods, carbon quantum dots (CQDs), pose unpredictable risks to human health due to their nanoscale size and abundant surface functional groups that can readily accumulate in organs. Herein, mice were oral-exposed to grilled lamb-derived CQDs (25 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) for 9 weeks. The results indicated that CQDs exposure resulted in liver and intestinal barrier injury, as well as an increase in intestinal microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CQDs exposure directly and indirectly upregulated the expression of bile acid (BA) synthesis genes (<i>Cyp7a1</i>, <i>Cyp8b1</i>, and <i>Cyp27a1</i>) by activating MyD88 in the intestinal LPS-TLR4 pathway, as well as MyD88 and NFκB, downstream molecules of LPS-TLR4 pathway in the liver, leading to increased BA synthesis. Concurrently, the expression of BA excretion genes <i>Bsep</i> and <i>Mrp2</i> was downregulated, contributing to cholestasis. With prolonged exposure, the levels of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) inhibitor tauro-β-muricholic acid increased, while that of agonists chenodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid decreased, further exacerbating cholestasis. Supplementation with <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> ATCC8014 mitigated cholestasis by reducing the relative abundance of <i>g_Flexispira</i>, increasing the relative abundance of <i>g_Adlercreutzia</i>, and remodeling the intestinal barrier. This study provides substantial evidence for the comprehensive assessment, control, and intervention regarding the hepatotoxicity of foodborne CQDs.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shin Wei Chong, Li Liu, Daryan Kempe, Yingqi Zhang, Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh, Marcela M. M. Bilek, Lining Arnold Ju, Maté Biro, Daniele Vigolo
Microfabricated stiffness gradient hydrogels hold significant value for advancing mechanobiology, tissue engineering, and in vitro tissue models. However, it remains challenging to design these materials given their broad processing parameter space. The continuum of stiffness values also makes it difficult to precisely correlate the local substrate properties and observed biological responses, often relying on cumbersome characterization methods such as atomic force microscopy. To address these bottlenecks, we present a straightforward thermophoresis-based fabrication strategy to pattern stiffness gradients in a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled hydrogel network, which displays a polymer concentration-dependent fluorescence readout. This approach enables quantitative assessment of the gradient formation process and contactless stiffness mapping via standard microscopy imaging. Using gelatin methacryloyl and Gellan gum as model systems, it is shown that substrate stiffness and extracellular matrix protein composition work together to affect 3T3-L1 fibroblast cell morphology and migration, with the underlying hydrogel type also affecting the outcome. By offering a simple and reliable approach for characterizing stiffness gradient hydrogels, this work advances the thermophoretic fabrication platform, opening avenues for new biomaterial systems for understanding and controlling the cell-material interplay.
{"title":"Fluorescently Labeled Gradient Hydrogels Reveal Matrix-Dependent Cell Responses to Substrate Stiffness","authors":"Shin Wei Chong, Li Liu, Daryan Kempe, Yingqi Zhang, Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh, Marcela M. M. Bilek, Lining Arnold Ju, Maté Biro, Daniele Vigolo","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512198","url":null,"abstract":"Microfabricated stiffness gradient hydrogels hold significant value for advancing mechanobiology, tissue engineering, and in vitro tissue models. However, it remains challenging to design these materials given their broad processing parameter space. The continuum of stiffness values also makes it difficult to precisely correlate the local substrate properties and observed biological responses, often relying on cumbersome characterization methods such as atomic force microscopy. To address these bottlenecks, we present a straightforward thermophoresis-based fabrication strategy to pattern stiffness gradients in a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled hydrogel network, which displays a polymer concentration-dependent fluorescence readout. This approach enables quantitative assessment of the gradient formation process and contactless stiffness mapping via standard microscopy imaging. Using gelatin methacryloyl and Gellan gum as model systems, it is shown that substrate stiffness and extracellular matrix protein composition work together to affect 3T3-L1 fibroblast cell morphology and migration, with the underlying hydrogel type also affecting the outcome. By offering a simple and reliable approach for characterizing stiffness gradient hydrogels, this work advances the thermophoretic fabrication platform, opening avenues for new biomaterial systems for understanding and controlling the cell-material interplay.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiaomei Xiao, Guanfa Wang, Yan Chen, Gaixiu Yang, Jianlin Huang
Although modulating the d-band center (εd) is an effective strategy to improve electrocatalytic activity, precise regulation of εd for CO2 electroreduction to CO remains a substantial challenge. Here, we report a heterostructured catalyst consisting of In2O3-incorporated 3D nanowire copper foam (Cu2O/In2O3@CF), with tunable εd via Cu–O–In bridges for efficient electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (eCO2R) to CO. The optimized Cu2O/In2O3@CF delivers impressive CO Faradaic efficiency (FECO) exceeding 90% over a broad potential range from −0.47 to −0.87 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), with a peak FECO of 95.8% at −0.67 V (vs. RHE), and a high production rate of 1035.3 µmol cm−2 h−1, along with stable operation for over 130 h. In situ Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the formation of Cu2O/In2O3 heterointerface with Cu–O–In bridge facilitates charge redistribution, upshifting the εd of Cu sites and downshifting that of In sites, thereby optimizing the adsorption-desorption energies of reaction intermediates during eCO2R. This synergistic design of oxide-oxide heterointerface with an interconnected 1D nanowires architecture offers an innovative strategy for enhancing eCO2R performance.
虽然调节d波段中心（εd）是提高电催化活性的有效策略，但精确调节CO2电还原为CO的εd仍然是一个重大挑战。在这里,我们报告一个用In2O3-incorporated 3 d纳米线组成的催化剂铜泡沫(Cu2O / In2O3@CF),通过高效electrocatalytic Cu-O-In桥梁与可调εd减少二氧化碳(eCO2R)有限公司优化Cu2O / In2O3@CF提供令人印象深刻的公司感应电流的效率(摘要)超过90%在一个广泛的潜在范围从0.47−−0.87 V (vs可逆氢电极,流值),所以峰值的95.8%−0.67 V(和流值)和高产量的1035.3µ摩尔厘米−2 h−1,原位拉曼和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析结合密度泛函理论（DFT）计算表明，Cu2O/In2O3异质界面与Cu - o - In桥的形成促进了电荷的重新分配，提高了Cu位的εd，降低了In位的εd，从而优化了反应中间体在eCO2R过程中的吸附-解吸能。这种氧化物-氧化物异质界面与相互连接的一维纳米线结构的协同设计为提高eCO2R性能提供了一种创新策略。
{"title":"Cu–O–In Bridge Engineering in Cu2O/In2O3 Nanowires for Efficient CO2-to-CO Electroreduction","authors":"Jiaomei Xiao, Guanfa Wang, Yan Chen, Gaixiu Yang, Jianlin Huang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513217","url":null,"abstract":"Although modulating the d-band center (ε<sub>d</sub>) is an effective strategy to improve electrocatalytic activity, precise regulation of ε<sub>d</sub> for CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction to CO remains a substantial challenge. Here, we report a heterostructured catalyst consisting of In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-incorporated 3D nanowire copper foam (Cu<sub>2</sub>O/In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@CF), with tunable ε<sub>d</sub> via Cu–O–In bridges for efficient electrocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction (eCO<sub>2</sub>R) to CO. The optimized Cu<sub>2</sub>O/In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@CF delivers impressive CO Faradaic efficiency (FE<sub>CO</sub>) exceeding 90% over a broad potential range from −0.47 to −0.87 V (<i>vs</i>. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), with a peak FE<sub>CO</sub> of 95.8% at −0.67 V (vs. RHE), and a high production rate of 1035.3 µmol cm<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>, along with stable operation for over 130 h. In situ Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the formation of Cu<sub>2</sub>O/In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> heterointerface with Cu–O–In bridge facilitates charge redistribution, upshifting the ε<sub>d</sub> of Cu sites and downshifting that of In sites, thereby optimizing the adsorption-desorption energies of reaction intermediates during eCO<sub>2</sub>R. This synergistic design of oxide-oxide heterointerface with an interconnected 1D nanowires architecture offers an innovative strategy for enhancing eCO<sub>2</sub>R performance.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The photocatalytic performance of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is often restricted by the inefficient utilization of photogenerated charge carriers. Achieving precise regulation of their electronic structures to facilitate charge separation and transport remains a great challenge. Herein, two regioisomeric COFs bearing pyrene units substituted at the 1,6- or 2,7-positions were rationally designed and synthesized to elucidate the influence of isomerism on electron distribution and photocatalytic behavior. Despite their comparable chemical composition and framework topology, the two regioisomeric COFs exhibited distinct photocatalytic activities. The 2,7-substituted P-COF exhibited a remarkable hydrogen evolution rate of 12.3 mmol h−1 g−1, whereas the 1,6-substituted D-COF displayed only negligible activity of 0.42 mmol h−1 g−1. Furthermore, P-COF achieved a H2O2 generation rate of 4.25 mmol h−1 g−1 using benzyl alcohol as sacrificial agent, much higher than that of D-COF (0.64 mmol h−1 g−1). A combination of experimental characterization and theoretical analysis revealed that regioisomerism exerts a decisive effect on the electronic structures as well as charge separation and transport dynamics, thereby substantially enhancing photocatalytic performance of pyrene-based COFs.
{"title":"Regioisomeric Engineering of Covalent Organic Frameworks toward Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance","authors":"Guoye Yu, Guangchao Han, Xin Zhao, Jialin Cui, Yingjie Zhao, Yuancheng Wang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512472","url":null,"abstract":"The photocatalytic performance of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is often restricted by the inefficient utilization of photogenerated charge carriers. Achieving precise regulation of their electronic structures to facilitate charge separation and transport remains a great challenge. Herein, two regioisomeric COFs bearing pyrene units substituted at the 1,6- or 2,7-positions were rationally designed and synthesized to elucidate the influence of isomerism on electron distribution and photocatalytic behavior. Despite their comparable chemical composition and framework topology, the two regioisomeric COFs exhibited distinct photocatalytic activities. The 2,7-substituted P-COF exhibited a remarkable hydrogen evolution rate of 12.3 mmol h<sup>−1</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, whereas the 1,6-substituted D-COF displayed only negligible activity of 0.42 mmol h<sup>−1</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>. Furthermore, P-COF achieved a H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> generation rate of 4.25 mmol h<sup>−1</sup> g<sup>−1</sup> using benzyl alcohol as sacrificial agent, much higher than that of D-COF (0.64 mmol h<sup>−1</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>). A combination of experimental characterization and theoretical analysis revealed that regioisomerism exerts a decisive effect on the electronic structures as well as charge separation and transport dynamics, thereby substantially enhancing photocatalytic performance of pyrene-based COFs.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purifying ethylene from ternary acetylene/ethylene/ethane (C2H2/C2H4/C2H6) mixture in one-step requires preferential adsorption for C2H2 and C2H6, which is challenging due to the intermediate physicochemical property of C2H4. To address this problem, a synergistic host-guest interaction strategy is proposed for metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by taking open metal site (OMS) to preferentially bind with electron-rich C2H2 through π-coordination interaction, while saturated hydrocarbon C2H6 primarily adsorbed via C-H∙∙∙π interactions with aromatic rings (AR). The feasibility of this strategy was demonstrated by three conformational isomeric 8-connected [Fe3(µ3-O)(COO)6] trigonal prismatic trinuclear cluster-based robust MOFs (denoted as SNNU-705-α/β/γ regulated by amino groups). Combining one unoccupied OMS site and occupying AR groups in SNNU-705-α/β/γ boosts the C2H2 and C2H6 affinity and binds C2H4 the weakest. Aided by amino Lewis basic sites (LBSs) furtherly, SNNU-705-γ exhibits the highest C2H6 uptake at 298 K and 1 atm (6.13 mmol g−1) among all reported MOFs for one-step C2H4 purification. Breakthrough experiments indicate that all SNNU-705-α/β/γ can separate C2H4 from C2H2/C2H4/C2H6 mixture in one-step with exceptional productivity (purity > 99.9999%) of 7.07, 6.75, and 5.46 mmol g−1, far surpassing all adsorbents reported so far. In situ FT–IR spectra and DFT calculation validates this strategy and indicate their potential in industry applications.
{"title":"Optimizing HostGuest Interaction Sites in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Benchmark One-Step Ethylene Purification","authors":"Yan-Fei Li, Jiao Lei, Zhang-Lei Zhong, Li-Qiu Yang, Ying Wang, Wenyu Yuan, Quan-Guo Zhai","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514034","url":null,"abstract":"Purifying ethylene from ternary acetylene/ethylene/ethane (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>) mixture in one-step requires preferential adsorption for C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, which is challenging due to the intermediate physicochemical property of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>. To address this problem, a synergistic host-guest interaction strategy is proposed for metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by taking open metal site (OMS) to preferentially bind with electron-rich C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> through π-coordination interaction, while saturated hydrocarbon C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> primarily adsorbed via C-H∙∙∙π interactions with aromatic rings (AR). The feasibility of this strategy was demonstrated by three conformational isomeric 8-connected [Fe<sub>3</sub>(<i>µ</i><sub>3</sub>-O)(COO)<sub>6</sub>] trigonal prismatic trinuclear cluster-based robust MOFs (denoted as SNNU-705-α/β/γ regulated by amino groups). Combining one unoccupied OMS site and occupying AR groups in SNNU-705-α/β/γ boosts the C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> affinity and binds C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> the weakest. Aided by amino Lewis basic sites (LBSs) furtherly, SNNU-705-γ exhibits the highest C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> uptake at 298 K and 1 atm (6.13 mmol g<sup>−1</sup>) among all reported MOFs for one-step C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> purification. Breakthrough experiments indicate that all SNNU-705-α/β/γ can separate C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> from C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> mixture in one-step with exceptional productivity (purity > 99.9999%) of 7.07, 6.75, and 5.46 mmol g<sup>−1</sup>, far surpassing all adsorbents reported so far. In situ FT–IR spectra and DFT calculation validates this strategy and indicate their potential in industry applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nannan Geng, Chenkai Lu, Jiong Zheng, Ziqi Cai, Jiachen Wan, Guowei Geng, Tao Yang, Guobin Zhang, Yin Cui, E. Lora da Silva, Xidong Lin, Tao Liu
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are promising for high energy density but suffer from safety issues, dendrite growth and interfacial instability. Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) offer potential solutions, yet their practical application is limited by their unsatisfactory interfacial compatibility. This study develops a non-flammable quasi-solid electrolyte for LMBs, via incorporating a novel 3,3′-[oxybis(2,1-ethanediyloxy)]bispropanenitrile (OCN)-based DEE into a poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) matrix, denoted as OCN-PBA. By integrating both cyano and ether functional groups, the designed OCN molecule enables dual stabilization of both the cathode and anode interfaces, as the cyano group enhances oxidation stability while the ether chains improve lithium compatibility. OCN-PBA possesses a unique aggregated solvation structure, which results in a high ionic conductivity (2.0 × 10−4 S cm−1), a Li+ transference number (0.66), and a wide electrochemical window (5.0 V). Consequently, Li|OCN-PBA|Li symmetric cell delivers stable plating/stripping over 1500 h, and Li|OCN-PBA|LiFePO4 cell demonstrates over 2000 stable cycles. Moreover, the OCN-PBA enables excellent cyclic stability in high-voltage Li|LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 and Li|LiCoO2 cells. This work proposes a novel electrolyte design strategy, providing a feasible approach for developing practical high-performance LMBs with improved safety.
锂金属电池（lmb）具有很高的能量密度，但存在安全问题、枝晶生长和界面不稳定等问题。深共晶电解质（dee）提供了潜在的解决方案，但其实际应用受到其不理想的界面兼容性的限制。本研究通过将一种新型的3,3 ' -[氧双（2,1-乙二氧基）]双丙腈（OCN）基DEE加入到聚丙烯酸丁酯（PBA）基体（记为OCN-PBA）中，开发了一种用于lmb的非易燃准固体电解质。通过整合氰基和醚官能团，设计的OCN分子实现了阴极和阳极界面的双重稳定，因为氰基增强了氧化稳定性，而醚链提高了锂的相容性。OCN-PBA具有独特的聚合溶剂化结构，具有较高的离子电导率（2.0 × 10−4 S cm−1）、Li+转移数（0.66）和宽的电化学窗口（5.0 V）。因此，Li|OCN-PBA|锂对称电池可提供超过1500小时的稳定镀/剥离，Li|OCN-PBA|LiFePO4电池可提供超过2000个稳定循环。此外，OCN-PBA在高压Li|LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2和Li|LiCoO2电池中具有优异的循环稳定性。这项工作提出了一种新的电解质设计策略，为开发具有更高安全性的高性能lmb提供了可行的方法。
{"title":"Cyano-Ether Bifunctional Deep Eutectic Electrolytes for Stable Quasi-Solid Lithium Metal Batteries","authors":"Nannan Geng, Chenkai Lu, Jiong Zheng, Ziqi Cai, Jiachen Wan, Guowei Geng, Tao Yang, Guobin Zhang, Yin Cui, E. Lora da Silva, Xidong Lin, Tao Liu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513016","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are promising for high energy density but suffer from safety issues, dendrite growth and interfacial instability. Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) offer potential solutions, yet their practical application is limited by their unsatisfactory interfacial compatibility. This study develops a non-flammable quasi-solid electrolyte for LMBs, via incorporating a novel 3,3′-[oxybis(2,1-ethanediyloxy)]bispropanenitrile (OCN)-based DEE into a poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) matrix, denoted as OCN-PBA. By integrating both cyano and ether functional groups, the designed OCN molecule enables dual stabilization of both the cathode and anode interfaces, as the cyano group enhances oxidation stability while the ether chains improve lithium compatibility. OCN-PBA possesses a unique aggregated solvation structure, which results in a high ionic conductivity (2.0 × 10<sup>−4</sup> S cm<sup>−1</sup>), a Li<sup>+</sup> transference number (0.66), and a wide electrochemical window (5.0 V). Consequently, Li|OCN-PBA|Li symmetric cell delivers stable plating/stripping over 1500 h, and Li|OCN-PBA|LiFePO<sub>4</sub> cell demonstrates over 2000 stable cycles. Moreover, the OCN-PBA enables excellent cyclic stability in high-voltage Li|LiNi<sub>0.8</sub>Co<sub>0.1</sub>Mn<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and Li|LiCoO<sub>2</sub> cells. This work proposes a novel electrolyte design strategy, providing a feasible approach for developing practical high-performance LMBs with improved safety.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inspired by the hair structure of desert animals, the structure-engineered aerogel fiber (SAF) has effectively prepared through the utilization of the double-diffusion process in wet spinning. The SAF fabric exhibit high emissivity (96.1%) within the atmospheric window and high reflectivity (92.3%) within the solar spectrum, thereby effectively mitigating the impact of solar radiation on human thermal balance. Additionally, the fibers exhibit an internal porosity of ∼93.9%, which functions to reduce the penetration of external heat and facilitates the instantaneous absorption (over 80% of self-weight) and evaporation (∼5.7 g h−1) of sweat through capillary effect, thereby further enhancing the dissipation of heat from human body. The continuous and scalable technical routes also endow SAFs with outstanding mechanical strength, water resistance, and breathability. Practical application tests demonstrate that the temperature of SAF fabric is ∼10.6°C lower than the commercialized cotton fabric under direct sunlight (solar irradiation: ∼1511 W m−2) and ∼12.0°C under the simultaneous action of direct sunlight (solar irradiation: ∼1091 W m−2) and simulated sweat infiltration. These results underscore the cost-effectiveness and high performance of SAF fabric, which offers substantial solutions and broad application prospects for multifunctional textiles and evaporative and radiative synergistic cooling applications.
受沙漠动物毛发结构的启发，利用湿法纺丝的双扩散工艺制备了结构工程气凝胶纤维（SAF）。SAF织物在大气窗口内具有高发射率（96.1%），在太阳光谱内具有高反射率（92.3%），从而有效地减轻了太阳辐射对人体热平衡的影响。此外，纤维的内部孔隙率为~ 93.9%，这有助于减少外部热量的渗透，并通过毛细管效应促进汗液的瞬时吸收（超过自重的80%）和蒸发（~ 5.7 gh−1），从而进一步增强人体热量的散失。连续和可扩展的技术路线也赋予了SAFs出色的机械强度，耐水性和透气性。实际应用试验表明，在阳光直射（太阳照射：~ 1511 W m−2）下，SAF织物的温度比商品化棉织物低~ 10.6°C，在阳光直射（太阳照射：~ 1091 W m−2）和模拟汗液渗透同时作用下，SAF织物的温度比商品化棉织物低~ 12.0°C。这些结果表明，SAF织物的高性价比和高性能为多功能纺织品以及蒸发和辐射协同冷却应用提供了坚实的解决方案和广阔的应用前景。
{"title":"Biomimetic, Hierarchical-Porous Composite Aerogel Fiber with Spectral Selectivity and Water Microchannels for Synergistic Radiative-Evaporative Passive Cooling Textile","authors":"Yuhang Wang, Xinge Chen, Xiaoyun Zhang, Jianbin Zang, Lin Lu, Weizhong Yuan","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514581","url":null,"abstract":"Inspired by the hair structure of desert animals, the structure-engineered aerogel fiber (SAF) has effectively prepared through the utilization of the double-diffusion process in wet spinning. The SAF fabric exhibit high emissivity (96.1%) within the atmospheric window and high reflectivity (92.3%) within the solar spectrum, thereby effectively mitigating the impact of solar radiation on human thermal balance. Additionally, the fibers exhibit an internal porosity of ∼93.9%, which functions to reduce the penetration of external heat and facilitates the instantaneous absorption (over 80% of self-weight) and evaporation (∼5.7 g h<sup>−1</sup>) of sweat through capillary effect, thereby further enhancing the dissipation of heat from human body. The continuous and scalable technical routes also endow SAFs with outstanding mechanical strength, water resistance, and breathability. Practical application tests demonstrate that the temperature of SAF fabric is ∼10.6°C lower than the commercialized cotton fabric under direct sunlight (solar irradiation: ∼1511 W m<sup>−2</sup>) and ∼12.0°C under the simultaneous action of direct sunlight (solar irradiation: ∼1091 W m<sup>−2</sup>) and simulated sweat infiltration. These results underscore the cost-effectiveness and high performance of SAF fabric, which offers substantial solutions and broad application prospects for multifunctional textiles and evaporative and radiative synergistic cooling applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nannan Zheng, Qiuyue Ma, Renkai Zhang, Jikang Zhang, Qinghui Wang, Yuxin He, Bin Yang, Stefanie Steiger, Liangcan He, Shaoqin Liu
Serum oxalate levels can rapidly increase due to specific dietary factors or ethylene glycol exposure, triggering acute kidney injury (AKI). Disorders like nephrocalcinosis and calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephropathy cause inflammation and renal failure without effective therapy. To address this challenge, ultra-small platinum-selenium (Pt-Se) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized to inhibit CaOxcrystallization by adsorbing C2O42− to block nucleation and by binding to crystal growth sites. in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to assess the inhibition of CaOx crystallization and oxalate-induced AKI. Pt-Se NPs not only suppressed CaOx crystallization but also inhibited crystal-cell interactions, thereby reducing CaOx-induced cell damage. Furthermore, in a hyperoxaluria mouse model, these NPs significantly decreased renal CaOx crystal deposition and attenuated kidney injury with excellent biocompatibility. In conclusion, ultra-small Pt-Se NPs represent a promising therapeutic strategy for acute CaOx crystal-induced nephropathy.
{"title":"Dual Therapeutic Effects of Ultra-Small Platinum-Selenium Nanoparticles on Oxalate-Induced Acute Kidney Injury","authors":"Nannan Zheng, Qiuyue Ma, Renkai Zhang, Jikang Zhang, Qinghui Wang, Yuxin He, Bin Yang, Stefanie Steiger, Liangcan He, Shaoqin Liu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514825","url":null,"abstract":"Serum oxalate levels can rapidly increase due to specific dietary factors or ethylene glycol exposure, triggering acute kidney injury (AKI). Disorders like nephrocalcinosis and calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephropathy cause inflammation and renal failure without effective therapy. To address this challenge, ultra-small platinum-selenium (Pt-Se) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized to inhibit CaOxcrystallization by adsorbing C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> to block nucleation and by binding to crystal growth sites. in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to assess the inhibition of CaOx crystallization and oxalate-induced AKI. Pt-Se NPs not only suppressed CaOx crystallization but also inhibited crystal-cell interactions, thereby reducing CaOx-induced cell damage. Furthermore, in a hyperoxaluria mouse model, these NPs significantly decreased renal CaOx crystal deposition and attenuated kidney injury with excellent biocompatibility. In conclusion, ultra-small Pt-Se NPs represent a promising therapeutic strategy for acute CaOx crystal-induced nephropathy.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：