Silicon (Si) anodes possess remarkable theoretical capacity in Li‐ion batteries; however, they are facing challenges including huge volume‐expansion leading to structural failure and performance decay. Conventional coatings commonly exhibit poor adhesion to Si, resulting in interfacial degradation and non‐ideal electron/ion transport. Here, a heterojunction‐induced Si@FeSe@C anode, composing of a robust Fe–Se–Si bonding at the heterointerface followed by an external carbon coating is developed. This design enables both structural stability and highly efficient ion and electron transport. The Si@FeSe@C anode delivers a high capacity of 1092.8 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g −1 , and maintains a Coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.6% over 500 cycles at 1.0 A g −1 . The electrochemical performance of full‐cell configurations assembled with both conventional liquid and all‐solid‐state electrolytes, also revealing remarkable cycling performances. In situ X‐ray diffraction and in situ Raman analysis confirm reversible phase‐ and species‐change, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the heterojunction significantly reduces the energy barrier for Li + diffusion. These findings present a general design strategy that synergistically enhances electrochemical performance, which will find a broad set of applications in developing high‐performance secondary battery systems.
硅阳极在锂离子电池中具有显著的理论容量；然而，它们面临着巨大的体积膨胀导致结构失效和性能下降的挑战。传统的涂层通常表现出与Si的附着力差，导致界面降解和非理想的电子/离子传输。在这里，开发了一个异质结诱导的Si@FeSe@C阳极，由异质界面上坚固的Fe-Se-Si键和外部碳涂层组成。这种设计既能保证结构的稳定性，又能实现高效的离子和电子传输。Si@FeSe@C阳极在0.2 a g−1下循环100次后可提供1092.8 mAh g−1的高容量，在1.0 a g−1下循环500次可保持超过99.6%的库仑效率。采用传统液体和全固态电解质组合的全电池结构的电化学性能也显示出卓越的循环性能。原位X射线衍射和原位拉曼分析证实了可逆的相和种变化，密度泛函理论（DFT）计算表明，异质结显著降低了Li +扩散的能垒。这些发现提出了一种通用的设计策略，可以协同提高电化学性能，这将在开发高性能二次电池系统中找到广泛的应用。
{"title":"Designing a Silicon/Iron Selenide Heterojunction as Liquid and All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes Displaying Excellent Performances","authors":"Yajun Zhu, Kehao Tao, Yunmiao Fan, Zhongbing Li, Chuanjian Zhang, Fei Wang, Yikun Sun, Haojun Xu, Jinjin Li, Wentuan Bi, Huigang Zhang, Jinyun Liu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514216","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon (Si) anodes possess remarkable theoretical capacity in Li‐ion batteries; however, they are facing challenges including huge volume‐expansion leading to structural failure and performance decay. Conventional coatings commonly exhibit poor adhesion to Si, resulting in interfacial degradation and non‐ideal electron/ion transport. Here, a heterojunction‐induced Si@FeSe@C anode, composing of a robust Fe–Se–Si bonding at the heterointerface followed by an external carbon coating is developed. This design enables both structural stability and highly efficient ion and electron transport. The Si@FeSe@C anode delivers a high capacity of 1092.8 mAh g <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> , and maintains a Coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.6% over 500 cycles at 1.0 A g <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> . The electrochemical performance of full‐cell configurations assembled with both conventional liquid and all‐solid‐state electrolytes, also revealing remarkable cycling performances. In situ X‐ray diffraction and in situ Raman analysis confirm reversible phase‐ and species‐change, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the heterojunction significantly reduces the energy barrier for Li <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> diffusion. These findings present a general design strategy that synergistically enhances electrochemical performance, which will find a broad set of applications in developing high‐performance secondary battery systems.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)‐based Fenton‐like reactions have emerged as a promising strategy for wastewater treatment. However, conventional catalysts are affected by the sluggish reduction rate of Fe (III) to Fe (II) and interfacial electron transfer with PMS. Herein, an orbital‐hybridization strategy is proposed to construct directional N‐Fe‐Mo charge‐transfer bridges across amorphous FeMoO x and porous carbon nitride (pCN), thereby enabling ultrahigh PMS activation efficiency. The strong interfacial interaction of FeMoO x with pCN induces orbital hybridization between the N 2p and Fe 3d orbitals, while simultaneously promoting electron redistribution between Fe and Mo centers. Different characterization methods, experimental verification, and theoretical calculations demonstrated that the unique N‐Fe‐Mo structures act as electron highways to accelerate PMS activation and reduce the energy barrier of the reaction, further generating highly selective singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) as the main reactive oxygen species. A long‐term continuous‐flow experiment revealed >99% Rhodamine B (RhB) removal efficiency over 50 h of continuous operation, treating 75 L of wastewater. This work provides novel insights for designing atomic‐scale charge‐transfer bridges to enhance interfacial reactivity.
基于过氧单硫酸盐（PMS）的类芬顿反应已成为一种很有前途的废水处理策略。然而，传统的催化剂受到Fe （III）还原到Fe （II）的速度缓慢和与PMS的界面电子转移的影响。本文提出了一种轨道杂化策略，在非晶FeMoO x和多孔氮化碳（pCN）之间构建定向N - Fe - Mo电荷转移桥，从而实现了超高的PMS激活效率。feomo x与pCN的强界面相互作用诱导了n2p轨道和fe3 d轨道之间的杂化，同时促进了Fe和Mo中心之间的电子再分布。不同的表征方法、实验验证和理论计算表明，独特的N - Fe - Mo结构作为电子高速公路，加速了PMS的活化，降低了反应的能垒，进一步生成了高选择性的单线态氧（o2）作为主要的活性氧。长期连续流实验表明，在连续运行50小时内，处理75 L废水，Rhodamine B （RhB）的去除率为99%。这项工作为设计原子尺度的电荷转移桥以增强界面反应性提供了新的见解。
{"title":"Orbital‐Hybridization‐Driven N‐Fe‐Mo Interatomic Charge Bridges at Amorphous FeMoO x /Porous Carbon Nitride Interface Boosting Peroxymonosulfate Activation in Fenton‐like Reaction","authors":"Tongjiao Yin, Chao Wang, Siyuan Zou, Wenxin Guo, Haijiao Xie, Fei He, Qinghai Cai","doi":"10.1002/smll.202600010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202600010","url":null,"abstract":"Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)‐based Fenton‐like reactions have emerged as a promising strategy for wastewater treatment. However, conventional catalysts are affected by the sluggish reduction rate of Fe (III) to Fe (II) and interfacial electron transfer with PMS. Herein, an orbital‐hybridization strategy is proposed to construct directional N‐Fe‐Mo charge‐transfer bridges across amorphous FeMoO <jats:sub>x</jats:sub> and porous carbon nitride (pCN), thereby enabling ultrahigh PMS activation efficiency. The strong interfacial interaction of FeMoO <jats:sub>x</jats:sub> with pCN induces orbital hybridization between the N 2p and Fe 3d orbitals, while simultaneously promoting electron redistribution between Fe and Mo centers. Different characterization methods, experimental verification, and theoretical calculations demonstrated that the unique N‐Fe‐Mo structures act as electron highways to accelerate PMS activation and reduce the energy barrier of the reaction, further generating highly selective singlet oxygen ( <jats:sup>1</jats:sup> O <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> ) as the main reactive oxygen species. A long‐term continuous‐flow experiment revealed >99% Rhodamine B (RhB) removal efficiency over 50 h of continuous operation, treating 75 L of wastewater. This work provides novel insights for designing atomic‐scale charge‐transfer bridges to enhance interfacial reactivity.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spontaneous orientation polarization (SOP) of polar molecules is formed in vacuum‐deposited films by tilting their permanent dipole moment against the substrate surface direction. In this study, we developed SOP molecules with high structural asymmetry by introducing multiple fluoroalkyl groups into polar molecules because SOP is driven by asymmetric intermolecular interactions on the film surface during the vacuum deposition. The developed polar molecules exhibited high dipole orientation degrees in vacuum‐deposited films and achieved a high surface potential growth rate relative to the film thickness, over −350 mV nm −1 , which is a record high for the reported compounds. Furthermore, the dipolar layers introduced at organic thin‐film interfaces in hole‐only devices and organic photovoltaics to study the impact of dipole interlayers on device performance. The characteristics of the device were observed to be significantly influenced by the SOP polarity, suggesting that the SOP at the organic thin‐film interface plays a crucial role in charge transfer and energy level alignment. The findings of this study provide methodologies for the formation of highly anisotropic glassy films, leading to improved performance of organic devices.
{"title":"Spontaneously Formed Orientation Polarization Thin Films for Engineering Organic‐Organic Interfaces","authors":"Masaki Tanaka, Rena Sugimoto, Nobuhumi Nakamura","doi":"10.1002/smll.202506399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202506399","url":null,"abstract":"Spontaneous orientation polarization (SOP) of polar molecules is formed in vacuum‐deposited films by tilting their permanent dipole moment against the substrate surface direction. In this study, we developed SOP molecules with high structural asymmetry by introducing multiple fluoroalkyl groups into polar molecules because SOP is driven by asymmetric intermolecular interactions on the film surface during the vacuum deposition. The developed polar molecules exhibited high dipole orientation degrees in vacuum‐deposited films and achieved a high surface potential growth rate relative to the film thickness, over −350 mV nm <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> , which is a record high for the reported compounds. Furthermore, the dipolar layers introduced at organic thin‐film interfaces in hole‐only devices and organic photovoltaics to study the impact of dipole interlayers on device performance. The characteristics of the device were observed to be significantly influenced by the SOP polarity, suggesting that the SOP at the organic thin‐film interface plays a crucial role in charge transfer and energy level alignment. The findings of this study provide methodologies for the formation of highly anisotropic glassy films, leading to improved performance of organic devices.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yahya Shubbak, Katharina Eichhorn, Nikolai Weidt, Arne Vereijken, Rico Huhnstock, Arno Ehresmann
Magnetic microparticles (MPs) are at the core of a magnetic lab‐on‐a‐chip platform, where they can be used for liquid stirring, diffusion increase, and uptake, transport, concentration, and detection of analytes. A simple idea for analyte detection is to measure their change in magnetophoretic mobility upon analyte uptake. As typical biomolecular analytes are in the nanometer size range, they do not significantly increase the size of the MPs and, therefore, do not change their mobility away from any wall. Here, we show that MPs transported close to an underlying surface exhibit significantly different mobilities depending on their chemical surface properties. Specifically, traveling‐wave magnetophoresis leads to different average velocities for MPs with different molecular surface coverages despite having the same size and magnetic susceptibility. This effect is attributed to surface‐coverage‐dependent interactions between particle and substrate, mediated by the surrounding liquid, leading to different average distances between the substrate and MP. This, in turn, leads to different drag forces for their close‐to‐surface motion. We found that MPs of diameter covered by a polymer with carboxyl () end groups and a mixture of carboxyl and amino () groups showed a large difference in their average close‐to‐substrate transport velocities in water at high driving frequency.
{"title":"Separation of Magnetic Microparticles With Different Molecular Surface Functionalizations by Close‐to‐Surface Traveling‐Wave Magnetophoresis","authors":"Yahya Shubbak, Katharina Eichhorn, Nikolai Weidt, Arne Vereijken, Rico Huhnstock, Arno Ehresmann","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512290","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic microparticles (MPs) are at the core of a magnetic lab‐on‐a‐chip platform, where they can be used for liquid stirring, diffusion increase, and uptake, transport, concentration, and detection of analytes. A simple idea for analyte detection is to measure their change in magnetophoretic mobility upon analyte uptake. As typical biomolecular analytes are in the nanometer size range, they do not significantly increase the size of the MPs and, therefore, do not change their mobility away from any wall. Here, we show that MPs transported close to an underlying surface exhibit significantly different mobilities depending on their chemical surface properties. Specifically, traveling‐wave magnetophoresis leads to different average velocities for MPs with different molecular surface coverages despite having the same size and magnetic susceptibility. This effect is attributed to surface‐coverage‐dependent interactions between particle and substrate, mediated by the surrounding liquid, leading to different average distances between the substrate and MP. This, in turn, leads to different drag forces for their close‐to‐surface motion. We found that MPs of diameter covered by a polymer with carboxyl () end groups and a mixture of carboxyl and amino () groups showed a large difference in their average close‐to‐substrate transport velocities in water at high driving frequency.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Early transition metal (ETM)-based chalcogenides constitute a diverse family of layered materials with tunable structural, electronic, and chemical properties. While this materials class includes dichalcogenides, sesquichalcogenides, and polychalcogenides, research efforts and technological applications have been predominantly concentrated on layered transition metal dichalcogenides. This review provides a dichalcogenide-centered perspective on early transition metal chalcogenides, linking their crystal chemistry and structural polymorphism to functional performance. This review provides a detailed look at various types of ETM-based chalcogenides, including disulfides, sesquichalcogenides, trichalcogenides, and polychalcogenides, along with their crystal structures and coordination geometries. The review also explains how properties can be modified through doping, intercalation, and strain engineering, and how phase transitions and defects influence their performance. Special attention is given to their use in 2D materials, phase-change memory devices, and energy-related applications. By summarizing key experimental findings and structural features, this review offers insight into how ETM-based chalcogenides can be engineered for better functionality. The combination of their rich chemistry and practical tunability makes them promising materials for next-generation electronic, catalytic, and energy technologies. Finally, key challenges related to scalability, phase control, interfacial engineering, and environmental impact are critically discussed, and future research is outlined to guide the rational development of next-generation dichalcogenide-based technologies.
{"title":"Structure-Property-Application Correlations of Early Transition Metal Chalcogenides: A Dichalcogenide-Centered Perspective","authors":"Sachin Jaidka, Aayush Gupta, Daksh Shelly, Yashpreet Kaur, Anushka Garg, Seul‑Yi Lee, Soo‑Jin Park","doi":"10.1002/smll.202508246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202508246","url":null,"abstract":"Early transition metal (ETM)-based chalcogenides constitute a diverse family of layered materials with tunable structural, electronic, and chemical properties. While this materials class includes dichalcogenides, sesquichalcogenides, and polychalcogenides, research efforts and technological applications have been predominantly concentrated on layered transition metal dichalcogenides. This review provides a dichalcogenide-centered perspective on early transition metal chalcogenides, linking their crystal chemistry and structural polymorphism to functional performance. This review provides a detailed look at various types of ETM-based chalcogenides, including disulfides, sesquichalcogenides, trichalcogenides, and polychalcogenides, along with their crystal structures and coordination geometries. The review also explains how properties can be modified through doping, intercalation, and strain engineering, and how phase transitions and defects influence their performance. Special attention is given to their use in 2D materials, phase-change memory devices, and energy-related applications. By summarizing key experimental findings and structural features, this review offers insight into how ETM-based chalcogenides can be engineered for better functionality. The combination of their rich chemistry and practical tunability makes them promising materials for next-generation electronic, catalytic, and energy technologies. Finally, key challenges related to scalability, phase control, interfacial engineering, and environmental impact are critically discussed, and future research is outlined to guide the rational development of next-generation dichalcogenide-based technologies.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ye Li, Fangfei Li, Jing Wen, Yawen Xu, Botao Wei, Yizhi Du, Jingyi Zeng, Ming Liu, Bing Xue
Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage owing to their intrinsic safety and low cost. However, challenges such as dendrite growth, parasitic reactions, and unstable interfaces severely limit their performance. Herein, we reported a multifunctional artificial SEI layer with an engineered armored petalosphere heterostructure (ZnO@MX‐DE), constructed via a multi‐step strategy involving ZIF‐8 templating, MXene coating, ZnO converting, and dickite nanosheet compositing. This heterostructure induced significant interfacial electron reconstruction, wherein electrons migrated from Zn/Ti centers to oxygen‐rich dickite nanosheet, effectively adsorbing Zn 2+ and repelling SO 42− . The resultant SEI layer exhibited ultrahigh ionic conductivity (20.26 mS cm −1 ) and Zn 2+ transference number (0.89), enabling Zn//Zn cells to stably cycle over 4000 h. Remarkably, the Zn//MnO 2 full cell delivered 77.10% capacity retention after 700 cycles at 300 mA g −1 and achieved 40 000 cycles at 30 A g −1 . This work offers a rational interfacial engineering strategy integrating morphological design and electronic tuning, promoting the development of high‐performance AZIBs.
水锌离子电池（azib）由于其固有的安全性和低成本被认为是大规模储能的有希望的候选者。然而，枝晶生长、寄生反应和不稳定界面等挑战严重限制了它们的性能。在此，我们报道了一种多功能的人工SEI层，具有工程甲层异质结构（ZnO@MX‐DE），通过多步骤策略构建，包括ZIF‐8模板，MXene涂层，ZnO转化和dickite纳米片合成。这种异质结构诱导了显著的界面电子重建，其中电子从Zn/Ti中心迁移到富氧的dickite纳米片上，有效地吸附Zn 2+并排斥so4 2−。所得到的SEI层具有超高的离子电导率（20.26 mS cm−1）和Zn 2+转移数（0.89），使Zn//Zn电池能够稳定地循环超过4000 h。值得注意的是，在300 mA g−1下循环700次后，Zn// mno2电池的容量保持率达到77.10%，在30 mA g−1下循环40 000次。本研究提供了一种整合形态设计和电子调谐的合理的界面工程策略，促进了高性能azib的发展。
{"title":"Hierarchically Structured Artificial SEI with Interlayer Electronic Coupling for High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc Batteries","authors":"Ye Li, Fangfei Li, Jing Wen, Yawen Xu, Botao Wei, Yizhi Du, Jingyi Zeng, Ming Liu, Bing Xue","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514566","url":null,"abstract":"Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage owing to their intrinsic safety and low cost. However, challenges such as dendrite growth, parasitic reactions, and unstable interfaces severely limit their performance. Herein, we reported a multifunctional artificial SEI layer with an engineered armored petalosphere heterostructure (ZnO@MX‐DE), constructed via a multi‐step strategy involving ZIF‐8 templating, MXene coating, ZnO converting, and dickite nanosheet compositing. This heterostructure induced significant interfacial electron reconstruction, wherein electrons migrated from Zn/Ti centers to oxygen‐rich dickite nanosheet, effectively adsorbing Zn <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> and repelling SO <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> <jats:sup>2−</jats:sup> . The resultant SEI layer exhibited ultrahigh ionic conductivity (20.26 mS cm <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) and Zn <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> transference number (0.89), enabling Zn//Zn cells to stably cycle over 4000 h. Remarkably, the Zn//MnO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> full cell delivered 77.10% capacity retention after 700 cycles at 300 mA g <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> and achieved 40 000 cycles at 30 A g <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> . This work offers a rational interfacial engineering strategy integrating morphological design and electronic tuning, promoting the development of high‐performance AZIBs.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although substantial progress has been made in the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), achieving further breakthroughs in both efficiency and operational stability remains a significant challenge. Device stability is governed by a combination of intrinsic factors of the perovskite solar cell and extrinsic influences such as light, moisture, oxygen, and heat. Recent studies have highlighted down-conversion (DC) materials as a key strategy to simultaneously improve power conversion efficiency and long-term operational stability. This paper systematically examines the sources of photoinstability in devices and comprehensively surveys the design, classification, and function of DC materials, with particular emphasis on how their spatial integration within the device enhances the performance and stability of PSCs.
{"title":"Down-Conversion Strategies Toward High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Wenjie Liang, Qili Song, Dongqin Bi","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514486","url":null,"abstract":"Although substantial progress has been made in the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), achieving further breakthroughs in both efficiency and operational stability remains a significant challenge. Device stability is governed by a combination of intrinsic factors of the perovskite solar cell and extrinsic influences such as light, moisture, oxygen, and heat. Recent studies have highlighted down-conversion (DC) materials as a key strategy to simultaneously improve power conversion efficiency and long-term operational stability. This paper systematically examines the sources of photoinstability in devices and comprehensively surveys the design, classification, and function of DC materials, with particular emphasis on how their spatial integration within the device enhances the performance and stability of PSCs.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"176 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the growing demand for precise and minimally invasive intracellular delivery, photoporation has emerged as a powerful non-viral strategy. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of photoporation as a versatile intracellular delivery platform, with particular emphasis on the role of micro- and nanostructured materials in enabling efficient transport across a wide range of biomolecular sizes. A key novelty of this review is its size-centric organizational framework, which systematically classifies photoporation strategies based on biomolecular cargo size, from small molecules and nucleic acids to ultralarge assemblies and bacteria, rather than conventional material- or laser-based categorizations. The review examines laser-induced mechanisms responsible for transient membrane permeabilization and highlights critical material parameters, including composition, size, shape, surface charge, and optical properties, that govern light–matter interactions and delivery efficiency. Comparative evaluation of micro- and nanostructured materials across different size regimes provides a practical framework for rational material selection and platform design. In addition, key challenges related to delivery precision, biocompatibility, scalability, and clinical translation are critically discussed alongside emerging optimization strategies. By integrating mechanistic insights with translational considerations, this review provides a structured roadmap for developing safe, efficient, and size-adaptive photoporation platforms for biological research and therapeutic applications.
{"title":"Advanced Photoporation: Micro-Nanostructures for Size-Specific Highly Efficient Biomolecular Delivery","authors":"Ashwini Surendra Shinde, Gayathri R., Nandhini Balasubramaniam, Athira Prasad, Donia Dominic, Moeto Nagai, Srabani Kar, Tuhin Subhra Santra","doi":"10.1002/smll.202511843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202511843","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing demand for precise and minimally invasive intracellular delivery, photoporation has emerged as a powerful non-viral strategy. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of photoporation as a versatile intracellular delivery platform, with particular emphasis on the role of micro- and nanostructured materials in enabling efficient transport across a wide range of biomolecular sizes. A key novelty of this review is its size-centric organizational framework, which systematically classifies photoporation strategies based on biomolecular cargo size, from small molecules and nucleic acids to ultralarge assemblies and bacteria, rather than conventional material- or laser-based categorizations. The review examines laser-induced mechanisms responsible for transient membrane permeabilization and highlights critical material parameters, including composition, size, shape, surface charge, and optical properties, that govern light–matter interactions and delivery efficiency. Comparative evaluation of micro- and nanostructured materials across different size regimes provides a practical framework for rational material selection and platform design. In addition, key challenges related to delivery precision, biocompatibility, scalability, and clinical translation are critically discussed alongside emerging optimization strategies. By integrating mechanistic insights with translational considerations, this review provides a structured roadmap for developing safe, efficient, and size-adaptive photoporation platforms for biological research and therapeutic applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seon Tae Kim, Eun Ji Kim, Yun Ji Jung, Jaehun Han, Minho Yang, Jong Seob Choi, Jae Hwan Jung
Clinical translation of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) is hindered by critical challenges such as drug diffusion into the backing layer during fabrication and slow dissolution rates, which compromise dose accuracy, delivery efficiency, and user compliance. Although lyophilization has emerged as a strategy to accelerate microneedle dissolution by inducing a porous, amorphous microstructure, the resulting mechanical fragility limits effective skin insertion. To overcome these issues, we developed a Lyophilized Microneedle System using Biocompatible Glue (LMS-BG), wherein a lyophilized, drug-loaded microneedle tip is coupled with a prefabricated backing via a biodegradable, ethanol-based glue (BC glue). This system enables tip-localized drug confinement, rapid dissolution, and mechanical reinforcement through partial interpenetration of BC glue into the porous tip. Using lidocaine hydrochloride (LiH) as a model drug, LMS-BG exhibited an 11-fold faster dissolution rate than conventional DMNs, with over 96% of the drug retained in the tip and a transdermal delivery efficiency exceeding 90% within 2 min. In vivo studies in rats confirmed superior local anesthetic efficacy and biocompatibility of LMS-BG compared to commercial lidocaine gel. Furthermore, the LMS-BG fabrication method was successfully extended to various microneedle platforms using soluble polymers, hydrogels, and PLGA nanoparticles, demonstrating its scalability and versatility. Overall, the LMS-BG platform addresses key translational barriers of conventional DMNs and presents a modular strategy for rapid, efficient, and clinically viable transdermal drug delivery.
{"title":"Biocompatible Glue-Enabled Drug Localization and Mechanical Reinforcement of Lyophilized Microneedle Systems","authors":"Seon Tae Kim, Eun Ji Kim, Yun Ji Jung, Jaehun Han, Minho Yang, Jong Seob Choi, Jae Hwan Jung","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512379","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical translation of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) is hindered by critical challenges such as drug diffusion into the backing layer during fabrication and slow dissolution rates, which compromise dose accuracy, delivery efficiency, and user compliance. Although lyophilization has emerged as a strategy to accelerate microneedle dissolution by inducing a porous, amorphous microstructure, the resulting mechanical fragility limits effective skin insertion. To overcome these issues, we developed a Lyophilized Microneedle System using Biocompatible Glue (LMS-BG), wherein a lyophilized, drug-loaded microneedle tip is coupled with a prefabricated backing via a biodegradable, ethanol-based glue (BC glue). This system enables tip-localized drug confinement, rapid dissolution, and mechanical reinforcement through partial interpenetration of BC glue into the porous tip. Using lidocaine hydrochloride (LiH) as a model drug, LMS-BG exhibited an 11-fold faster dissolution rate than conventional DMNs, with over 96% of the drug retained in the tip and a transdermal delivery efficiency exceeding 90% within 2 min. In vivo studies in rats confirmed superior local anesthetic efficacy and biocompatibility of LMS-BG compared to commercial lidocaine gel. Furthermore, the LMS-BG fabrication method was successfully extended to various microneedle platforms using soluble polymers, hydrogels, and PLGA nanoparticles, demonstrating its scalability and versatility. Overall, the LMS-BG platform addresses key translational barriers of conventional DMNs and presents a modular strategy for rapid, efficient, and clinically viable transdermal drug delivery.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metal-free phthalocyanines (Pcs) have rarely been explored in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to poor solubility and limited processability. Here, we introduce CG-0, a fully substituted metal-free Pc bearing peripheral chlorine atoms and non-peripheral ethoxy chains that confer exceptional solubility, near-infrared absorption, and photochemical robustness. As an additive in wide-bandgap (WBG) PSCs, CG-0 promotes high-quality crystallization, passivates defects, and suppresses non-radiative recombination. Strikingly, ultra-high doping levels (1.75 mm) are tolerated without performance loss, yielding a PCE of 20.41% with an FF of 83.2% under AM 1.5G, and a PCE of 38.60% with an FF of 82.2% under 1000 lux white LED. At high loadings, CG-0 also imparts a vivid, tunable film color, enabling aesthetic and multifunctional device designs. This work establishes a rational molecular design paradigm in which solubility-driven processability, multi-point defect passivation, and interfacial stabilization are integrated into a single additive. The approach not only delivers record WBG PSC efficiencies under both solar and indoor light, but also breaks the constraint of fixed device appearance, opening avenues toward efficient, color-adaptive perovskite photovoltaics.
{"title":"A Metal-Free Phthalocyanine Additive for Defect Passivation and Processing Tolerance in High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Chuan-Hung Huang, Zhong-En Shi, Yi-Han Zheng, Yu-Cheng Chen, Chih-Ping Chen, Chih-Hsin Chen","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512151","url":null,"abstract":"Metal-free phthalocyanines (Pcs) have rarely been explored in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to poor solubility and limited processability. Here, we introduce CG-0, a fully substituted metal-free Pc bearing peripheral chlorine atoms and non-peripheral ethoxy chains that confer exceptional solubility, near-infrared absorption, and photochemical robustness. As an additive in wide-bandgap (WBG) PSCs, CG-0 promotes high-quality crystallization, passivates defects, and suppresses non-radiative recombination. Strikingly, ultra-high doping levels (1.75 m<span>m</span>) are tolerated without performance loss, yielding a PCE of 20.41% with an FF of 83.2% under AM 1.5G, and a PCE of 38.60% with an FF of 82.2% under 1000 lux white LED. At high loadings, CG-0 also imparts a vivid, tunable film color, enabling aesthetic and multifunctional device designs. This work establishes a rational molecular design paradigm in which solubility-driven processability, multi-point defect passivation, and interfacial stabilization are integrated into a single additive. The approach not only delivers record WBG PSC efficiencies under both solar and indoor light, but also breaks the constraint of fixed device appearance, opening avenues toward efficient, color-adaptive perovskite photovoltaics.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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