Bing-Bing Yu, Shuang-Long Wang, Xiao-Lan Yang, Yue-Ru Zhou, Wan-Ping Huang, Yuan-Hao Wang, Song Qin, Lijian Ma, Guo-Hong Tao, Ling He
In flexible wearable electronics, the mechanical demands on substrate materials such as polyimine (PI) membranes vary significantly with the application. Adding toughening fillers to adjust the mechanical properties is effective. However, such approaches typically enable only unidirectional enhancement, lacking the capacity for controllable, bidirectional regulation. Inspired by mixed matrix membrane design, this work introduces iCONs into ionic polyimine network (IPIN). By modulating hydrogen bond cross-linking density and molecular chain entanglement through iCONs loading, the mechanical behavior of the composite membranes can be tuned from flexible (76.10% elongation at break) to rigid (8.56 MPa tensile strength). Notably, the IPIN-TpPaSO3-30% based flexible wearable sensor shows rapid, accurate, and stable electrochemical response to volatile iodine, promising for real-time detection. This work demostrates iCONs' potential in controllably regulating the mechanical properties of membrane materials, offering a novel approach for creating flexible membranes tailored to different applications.
{"title":"Ionic Polyimine Nanocomposite Membranes with Bidirectionally Tunable Mechanics for Flexible Electronics","authors":"Bing-Bing Yu, Shuang-Long Wang, Xiao-Lan Yang, Yue-Ru Zhou, Wan-Ping Huang, Yuan-Hao Wang, Song Qin, Lijian Ma, Guo-Hong Tao, Ling He","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512363","url":null,"abstract":"In flexible wearable electronics, the mechanical demands on substrate materials such as polyimine (PI) membranes vary significantly with the application. Adding toughening fillers to adjust the mechanical properties is effective. However, such approaches typically enable only unidirectional enhancement, lacking the capacity for controllable, bidirectional regulation. Inspired by mixed matrix membrane design, this work introduces iCONs into ionic polyimine network (IPIN). By modulating hydrogen bond cross-linking density and molecular chain entanglement through iCONs loading, the mechanical behavior of the composite membranes can be tuned from flexible (76.10% elongation at break) to rigid (8.56 MPa tensile strength). Notably, the IPIN-TpPaSO<sub>3</sub>-30% based flexible wearable sensor shows rapid, accurate, and stable electrochemical response to volatile iodine, promising for real-time detection. This work demostrates iCONs' potential in controllably regulating the mechanical properties of membrane materials, offering a novel approach for creating flexible membranes tailored to different applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"211 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological deficits, and immune responses play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration and functional recovery. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown considerable potential for modulating injury-induced immune dysregulation. However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited by factors such as restricted cellular viability, delayed onset of action, and lack of sustained immune activity. Therefore, to address these challenges, a hybrid hydrogel composed of a methacrylate-modified decellularized lymph node extracellular matrix (DLMMA) and porous GelMA (pGelMA) carrying a neuroprotective DC (npDC) vaccine was developed in the form of cryomicroneedles (pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs), enabling efficient and sustained immunological regulation during SCI treatment. The pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs enhanced the viability of npDC vaccine and facilitated rapid npDC release, thereby inducing neuroprotective immunity at the injury site during the early stage. In addition, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs fostered the formation of a non-typical artificial tertiary lymphoid structure (naTLS) that lacked the complete organized structure of typical TLS yet effectively recruited and engaged immune cells to promote SCI repair. Moreover, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs maintained immunomodulatory activity for up to two weeks, facilitating neuronal regeneration in a mouse model of SCI. Overall, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs in promoting SCI repair by establishing a neuroprotective immune microenvironment.
{"title":"Hybrid Cryomicroneedles Enhance DC Vaccine Efficacy and Function as Non-Typical Artificial Tertiary Lymphoid Structures to Provide Neuroprotective Immunity in Spinal Cord Injury","authors":"Xuefeng Li, Kunrong Xie, Jiawen Niu, Fawang Zhang, Zexuan Wu, Sikai Wang, Guanglei Li, Yuanxiang Zhang, Jiawei Shen, Chengchao Song, Jing Li, Nanxiang Wang, Yufu Wang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513088","url":null,"abstract":"Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological deficits, and immune responses play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration and functional recovery. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown considerable potential for modulating injury-induced immune dysregulation. However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited by factors such as restricted cellular viability, delayed onset of action, and lack of sustained immune activity. Therefore, to address these challenges, a hybrid hydrogel composed of a methacrylate-modified decellularized lymph node extracellular matrix (DLMMA) and porous GelMA (pGelMA) carrying a neuroprotective DC (npDC) vaccine was developed in the form of cryomicroneedles (pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs), enabling efficient and sustained immunological regulation during SCI treatment. The pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs enhanced the viability of npDC vaccine and facilitated rapid npDC release, thereby inducing neuroprotective immunity at the injury site during the early stage. In addition, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs fostered the formation of a non-typical artificial tertiary lymphoid structure (naTLS) that lacked the complete organized structure of typical TLS yet effectively recruited and engaged immune cells to promote SCI repair. Moreover, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs maintained immunomodulatory activity for up to two weeks, facilitating neuronal regeneration in a mouse model of SCI. Overall, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs in promoting SCI repair by establishing a neuroprotective immune microenvironment.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"247 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Achieving efficient lanthanide upconversion excited by low-power incoherent light remains a daunting challenge due to the low extinction coefficients of lanthanide ions. Although dye sensitization is a promising route for enabling such excitation, dye-sensitized UCNPs (dsUCNPs) typically suffer from hydrophobicity and photolability, thus hindering their practical applications. In order to overcome these limitations, we present a “one-stone-two-birds” strategy by coating dsUCNPs with unsaturated fatty acid salts (UFAS). By leveraging the amphiphilic and antioxidant properties of UFAS, the coating imparts both excellent water dispersibility and photostability to dsUCNPs. We demonstrate that the photostability of UFAS-coated dsUCNPs increases with the increasing degree of unsaturation (i.e., the content of carbon-carbon double bond) in the UFAS molecules, with sodium linolenate (SLn) offering the most significant improvement. SLn-coated dsUCNPs exhibit a photobleaching half-life of 260 min, which is 87 times longer than those coated with conventional materials such as F-127, DSPE-PEG2000, and mesoporous silica. Importantly, SLn-coated dsUCNPs are excitable under low-power incoherent-light excitation (100 mW/cm2) and enable high-contrast cell imaging using light-emitting diodes (LED), making it possible to obviate the need for a high-intensity laser as an excitation source and significantly minimizing phototoxicity. This work offers a simple and effective strategy for producing highly hydrophilic and photostable dsUCNPs of practical significance, paving the way for their practical use in a broad range of applications involving incoherent low-power light excitation.
{"title":"Incoherent-Light-Excitable Lanthanide Upconversion Enabled by Highly Hydrophilic and Photostable Dye Sensitization","authors":"Xukai Chen, Longfei Song, Wang Chen, Yong Liu, Yu Chen, Yuyan Cai, Weidong Du, Xiangyu Peng, Zichen Li, Huan Zuo, Baoju Wang, Rui Pu, Zhengfei Zhuang, Tongsheng Chen, Wei Wei, Qiuqiang Zhan","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512083","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving efficient lanthanide upconversion excited by low-power incoherent light remains a daunting challenge due to the low extinction coefficients of lanthanide ions. Although dye sensitization is a promising route for enabling such excitation, dye-sensitized UCNPs (dsUCNPs) typically suffer from hydrophobicity and photolability, thus hindering their practical applications. In order to overcome these limitations, we present a “one-stone-two-birds” strategy by coating dsUCNPs with unsaturated fatty acid salts (UFAS). By leveraging the amphiphilic and antioxidant properties of UFAS, the coating imparts both excellent water dispersibility and photostability to dsUCNPs. We demonstrate that the photostability of UFAS-coated dsUCNPs increases with the increasing degree of unsaturation (i.e., the content of carbon-carbon double bond) in the UFAS molecules, with sodium linolenate (SLn) offering the most significant improvement. SLn-coated dsUCNPs exhibit a photobleaching half-life of 260 min, which is 87 times longer than those coated with conventional materials such as F-127, DSPE-PEG2000, and mesoporous silica. Importantly, SLn-coated dsUCNPs are excitable under low-power incoherent-light excitation (100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>) and enable high-contrast cell imaging using light-emitting diodes (LED), making it possible to obviate the need for a high-intensity laser as an excitation source and significantly minimizing phototoxicity. This work offers a simple and effective strategy for producing highly hydrophilic and photostable dsUCNPs of practical significance, paving the way for their practical use in a broad range of applications involving incoherent low-power light excitation.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jihao Li, Nannan Sun, Le Cao, Yueming Liu, Bao-Lian Su, Haijiao Zhang
Mesoporous carbon materials have emerged as promising candidates for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) as anode materials due to their tunable pore structure, excellent conductivity, and high surface area. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics caused by the larger radius of K ions results in poor potassium storage performance. Here, we report a facile tetraethyl orthosilicate-mediated co-assembly strategy for anchoring cobalt single atoms into highly nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon/carbon nanotubes (Co-NMC@CNTs). The resulting composite features large mesopore size of approximately 23.7 nm, robust 1D structure, and abundant active sites introduced by Co single atoms and a high nitrogen doping of 13.6 at.%. Synchrotron radiation analysis and theoretical simulation further demonstrate that the presence of Co single atoms significantly reduces diffusion barriers of K ions and increases energy storage centers. When used as PIB anodes, the newly designed Co-NMC@CNTs electrode demonstrates an exceptional electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity of 362.3 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 300 cycles and an outstanding cycling stability with a capacity of 192.0 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 4000 cycles. This work opens up a new blueprint for achieving high-performance mesoporous carbon-based electrodes in next-generation energy storage applications.
{"title":"Atomically Dispersed Co Anchored into Highly Nitrogen-Doped One-Dimensional Mesoporous Carbon with Large Pore Size for Ultra-Stable Potassium-Ion Storage","authors":"Jihao Li, Nannan Sun, Le Cao, Yueming Liu, Bao-Lian Su, Haijiao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smll.72778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.72778","url":null,"abstract":"Mesoporous carbon materials have emerged as promising candidates for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) as anode materials due to their tunable pore structure, excellent conductivity, and high surface area. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics caused by the larger radius of K ions results in poor potassium storage performance. Here, we report a facile tetraethyl orthosilicate-mediated co-assembly strategy for anchoring cobalt single atoms into highly nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon/carbon nanotubes (Co-NMC@CNTs). The resulting composite features large mesopore size of approximately 23.7 nm, robust 1D structure, and abundant active sites introduced by Co single atoms and a high nitrogen doping of 13.6 at.%. Synchrotron radiation analysis and theoretical simulation further demonstrate that the presence of Co single atoms significantly reduces diffusion barriers of K ions and increases energy storage centers. When used as PIB anodes, the newly designed Co-NMC@CNTs electrode demonstrates an exceptional electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity of 362.3 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 100 mA g<sup>−1</sup> after 300 cycles and an outstanding cycling stability with a capacity of 192.0 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 1000 mA g<sup>−1</sup> after 4000 cycles. This work opens up a new blueprint for achieving high-performance mesoporous carbon-based electrodes in next-generation energy storage applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"314 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Early transition metal (ETM)-based chalcogenides constitute a diverse family of layered materials with tunable structural, electronic, and chemical properties. While this materials class includes dichalcogenides, sesquichalcogenides, and polychalcogenides, research efforts and technological applications have been predominantly concentrated on layered transition metal dichalcogenides. This review provides a dichalcogenide-centered perspective on early transition metal chalcogenides, linking their crystal chemistry and structural polymorphism to functional performance. This review provides a detailed look at various types of ETM-based chalcogenides, including disulfides, sesquichalcogenides, trichalcogenides, and polychalcogenides, along with their crystal structures and coordination geometries. The review also explains how properties can be modified through doping, intercalation, and strain engineering, and how phase transitions and defects influence their performance. Special attention is given to their use in 2D materials, phase-change memory devices, and energy-related applications. By summarizing key experimental findings and structural features, this review offers insight into how ETM-based chalcogenides can be engineered for better functionality. The combination of their rich chemistry and practical tunability makes them promising materials for next-generation electronic, catalytic, and energy technologies. Finally, key challenges related to scalability, phase control, interfacial engineering, and environmental impact are critically discussed, and future research is outlined to guide the rational development of next-generation dichalcogenide-based technologies.
{"title":"Structure-Property-Application Correlations of Early Transition Metal Chalcogenides: A Dichalcogenide-Centered Perspective","authors":"Sachin Jaidka, Aayush Gupta, Daksh Shelly, Yashpreet Kaur, Anushka Garg, Seul‑Yi Lee, Soo‑Jin Park","doi":"10.1002/smll.202508246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202508246","url":null,"abstract":"Early transition metal (ETM)-based chalcogenides constitute a diverse family of layered materials with tunable structural, electronic, and chemical properties. While this materials class includes dichalcogenides, sesquichalcogenides, and polychalcogenides, research efforts and technological applications have been predominantly concentrated on layered transition metal dichalcogenides. This review provides a dichalcogenide-centered perspective on early transition metal chalcogenides, linking their crystal chemistry and structural polymorphism to functional performance. This review provides a detailed look at various types of ETM-based chalcogenides, including disulfides, sesquichalcogenides, trichalcogenides, and polychalcogenides, along with their crystal structures and coordination geometries. The review also explains how properties can be modified through doping, intercalation, and strain engineering, and how phase transitions and defects influence their performance. Special attention is given to their use in 2D materials, phase-change memory devices, and energy-related applications. By summarizing key experimental findings and structural features, this review offers insight into how ETM-based chalcogenides can be engineered for better functionality. The combination of their rich chemistry and practical tunability makes them promising materials for next-generation electronic, catalytic, and energy technologies. Finally, key challenges related to scalability, phase control, interfacial engineering, and environmental impact are critically discussed, and future research is outlined to guide the rational development of next-generation dichalcogenide-based technologies.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although substantial progress has been made in the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), achieving further breakthroughs in both efficiency and operational stability remains a significant challenge. Device stability is governed by a combination of intrinsic factors of the perovskite solar cell and extrinsic influences such as light, moisture, oxygen, and heat. Recent studies have highlighted down-conversion (DC) materials as a key strategy to simultaneously improve power conversion efficiency and long-term operational stability. This paper systematically examines the sources of photoinstability in devices and comprehensively surveys the design, classification, and function of DC materials, with particular emphasis on how their spatial integration within the device enhances the performance and stability of PSCs.
{"title":"Down-Conversion Strategies Toward High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Wenjie Liang, Qili Song, Dongqin Bi","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514486","url":null,"abstract":"Although substantial progress has been made in the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), achieving further breakthroughs in both efficiency and operational stability remains a significant challenge. Device stability is governed by a combination of intrinsic factors of the perovskite solar cell and extrinsic influences such as light, moisture, oxygen, and heat. Recent studies have highlighted down-conversion (DC) materials as a key strategy to simultaneously improve power conversion efficiency and long-term operational stability. This paper systematically examines the sources of photoinstability in devices and comprehensively surveys the design, classification, and function of DC materials, with particular emphasis on how their spatial integration within the device enhances the performance and stability of PSCs.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"176 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seon Tae Kim, Eun Ji Kim, Yun Ji Jung, Jaehun Han, Minho Yang, Jong Seob Choi, Jae Hwan Jung
Clinical translation of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) is hindered by critical challenges such as drug diffusion into the backing layer during fabrication and slow dissolution rates, which compromise dose accuracy, delivery efficiency, and user compliance. Although lyophilization has emerged as a strategy to accelerate microneedle dissolution by inducing a porous, amorphous microstructure, the resulting mechanical fragility limits effective skin insertion. To overcome these issues, we developed a Lyophilized Microneedle System using Biocompatible Glue (LMS-BG), wherein a lyophilized, drug-loaded microneedle tip is coupled with a prefabricated backing via a biodegradable, ethanol-based glue (BC glue). This system enables tip-localized drug confinement, rapid dissolution, and mechanical reinforcement through partial interpenetration of BC glue into the porous tip. Using lidocaine hydrochloride (LiH) as a model drug, LMS-BG exhibited an 11-fold faster dissolution rate than conventional DMNs, with over 96% of the drug retained in the tip and a transdermal delivery efficiency exceeding 90% within 2 min. In vivo studies in rats confirmed superior local anesthetic efficacy and biocompatibility of LMS-BG compared to commercial lidocaine gel. Furthermore, the LMS-BG fabrication method was successfully extended to various microneedle platforms using soluble polymers, hydrogels, and PLGA nanoparticles, demonstrating its scalability and versatility. Overall, the LMS-BG platform addresses key translational barriers of conventional DMNs and presents a modular strategy for rapid, efficient, and clinically viable transdermal drug delivery.
{"title":"Biocompatible Glue-Enabled Drug Localization and Mechanical Reinforcement of Lyophilized Microneedle Systems","authors":"Seon Tae Kim, Eun Ji Kim, Yun Ji Jung, Jaehun Han, Minho Yang, Jong Seob Choi, Jae Hwan Jung","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512379","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical translation of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) is hindered by critical challenges such as drug diffusion into the backing layer during fabrication and slow dissolution rates, which compromise dose accuracy, delivery efficiency, and user compliance. Although lyophilization has emerged as a strategy to accelerate microneedle dissolution by inducing a porous, amorphous microstructure, the resulting mechanical fragility limits effective skin insertion. To overcome these issues, we developed a Lyophilized Microneedle System using Biocompatible Glue (LMS-BG), wherein a lyophilized, drug-loaded microneedle tip is coupled with a prefabricated backing via a biodegradable, ethanol-based glue (BC glue). This system enables tip-localized drug confinement, rapid dissolution, and mechanical reinforcement through partial interpenetration of BC glue into the porous tip. Using lidocaine hydrochloride (LiH) as a model drug, LMS-BG exhibited an 11-fold faster dissolution rate than conventional DMNs, with over 96% of the drug retained in the tip and a transdermal delivery efficiency exceeding 90% within 2 min. In vivo studies in rats confirmed superior local anesthetic efficacy and biocompatibility of LMS-BG compared to commercial lidocaine gel. Furthermore, the LMS-BG fabrication method was successfully extended to various microneedle platforms using soluble polymers, hydrogels, and PLGA nanoparticles, demonstrating its scalability and versatility. Overall, the LMS-BG platform addresses key translational barriers of conventional DMNs and presents a modular strategy for rapid, efficient, and clinically viable transdermal drug delivery.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the growing demand for precise and minimally invasive intracellular delivery, photoporation has emerged as a powerful non-viral strategy. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of photoporation as a versatile intracellular delivery platform, with particular emphasis on the role of micro- and nanostructured materials in enabling efficient transport across a wide range of biomolecular sizes. A key novelty of this review is its size-centric organizational framework, which systematically classifies photoporation strategies based on biomolecular cargo size, from small molecules and nucleic acids to ultralarge assemblies and bacteria, rather than conventional material- or laser-based categorizations. The review examines laser-induced mechanisms responsible for transient membrane permeabilization and highlights critical material parameters, including composition, size, shape, surface charge, and optical properties, that govern light–matter interactions and delivery efficiency. Comparative evaluation of micro- and nanostructured materials across different size regimes provides a practical framework for rational material selection and platform design. In addition, key challenges related to delivery precision, biocompatibility, scalability, and clinical translation are critically discussed alongside emerging optimization strategies. By integrating mechanistic insights with translational considerations, this review provides a structured roadmap for developing safe, efficient, and size-adaptive photoporation platforms for biological research and therapeutic applications.
{"title":"Advanced Photoporation: Micro-Nanostructures for Size-Specific Highly Efficient Biomolecular Delivery","authors":"Ashwini Surendra Shinde, Gayathri R., Nandhini Balasubramaniam, Athira Prasad, Donia Dominic, Moeto Nagai, Srabani Kar, Tuhin Subhra Santra","doi":"10.1002/smll.202511843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202511843","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing demand for precise and minimally invasive intracellular delivery, photoporation has emerged as a powerful non-viral strategy. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of photoporation as a versatile intracellular delivery platform, with particular emphasis on the role of micro- and nanostructured materials in enabling efficient transport across a wide range of biomolecular sizes. A key novelty of this review is its size-centric organizational framework, which systematically classifies photoporation strategies based on biomolecular cargo size, from small molecules and nucleic acids to ultralarge assemblies and bacteria, rather than conventional material- or laser-based categorizations. The review examines laser-induced mechanisms responsible for transient membrane permeabilization and highlights critical material parameters, including composition, size, shape, surface charge, and optical properties, that govern light–matter interactions and delivery efficiency. Comparative evaluation of micro- and nanostructured materials across different size regimes provides a practical framework for rational material selection and platform design. In addition, key challenges related to delivery precision, biocompatibility, scalability, and clinical translation are critically discussed alongside emerging optimization strategies. By integrating mechanistic insights with translational considerations, this review provides a structured roadmap for developing safe, efficient, and size-adaptive photoporation platforms for biological research and therapeutic applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metal-free phthalocyanines (Pcs) have rarely been explored in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to poor solubility and limited processability. Here, we introduce CG-0, a fully substituted metal-free Pc bearing peripheral chlorine atoms and non-peripheral ethoxy chains that confer exceptional solubility, near-infrared absorption, and photochemical robustness. As an additive in wide-bandgap (WBG) PSCs, CG-0 promotes high-quality crystallization, passivates defects, and suppresses non-radiative recombination. Strikingly, ultra-high doping levels (1.75 mm) are tolerated without performance loss, yielding a PCE of 20.41% with an FF of 83.2% under AM 1.5G, and a PCE of 38.60% with an FF of 82.2% under 1000 lux white LED. At high loadings, CG-0 also imparts a vivid, tunable film color, enabling aesthetic and multifunctional device designs. This work establishes a rational molecular design paradigm in which solubility-driven processability, multi-point defect passivation, and interfacial stabilization are integrated into a single additive. The approach not only delivers record WBG PSC efficiencies under both solar and indoor light, but also breaks the constraint of fixed device appearance, opening avenues toward efficient, color-adaptive perovskite photovoltaics.
{"title":"A Metal-Free Phthalocyanine Additive for Defect Passivation and Processing Tolerance in High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Chuan-Hung Huang, Zhong-En Shi, Yi-Han Zheng, Yu-Cheng Chen, Chih-Ping Chen, Chih-Hsin Chen","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512151","url":null,"abstract":"Metal-free phthalocyanines (Pcs) have rarely been explored in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to poor solubility and limited processability. Here, we introduce CG-0, a fully substituted metal-free Pc bearing peripheral chlorine atoms and non-peripheral ethoxy chains that confer exceptional solubility, near-infrared absorption, and photochemical robustness. As an additive in wide-bandgap (WBG) PSCs, CG-0 promotes high-quality crystallization, passivates defects, and suppresses non-radiative recombination. Strikingly, ultra-high doping levels (1.75 m<span>m</span>) are tolerated without performance loss, yielding a PCE of 20.41% with an FF of 83.2% under AM 1.5G, and a PCE of 38.60% with an FF of 82.2% under 1000 lux white LED. At high loadings, CG-0 also imparts a vivid, tunable film color, enabling aesthetic and multifunctional device designs. This work establishes a rational molecular design paradigm in which solubility-driven processability, multi-point defect passivation, and interfacial stabilization are integrated into a single additive. The approach not only delivers record WBG PSC efficiencies under both solar and indoor light, but also breaks the constraint of fixed device appearance, opening avenues toward efficient, color-adaptive perovskite photovoltaics.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peptide-based self-assembled nanostructures offer great promise for targeted drug delivery due to their intrinsic biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural tunability. However, their limited optical properties and lack of functional sites for selective targeting restrict their use in theranostics. Here, we report a fluorophore-integrated, pH-responsive dipeptide nanocarrier engineered from phenylalanine–tryptophan (F–W) conjugated with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) as a fluorescent probe and vitamin B6 (VitB6) as a pH-sensitive unit. The resulting vitamin B6-modified nanoparticles (PS-Dox) exhibited charge reversal from negative to positive under mildly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), promoting doxorubicin (Dox) release, endosomal escape, and nuclear localization. PS-Dox demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and apoptosis induction in multiple cancer cell lines, while showing negligible toxicity toward non-malignant cardiomyocytes (AC-16 and H9C2). In vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies revealed increased tumour accumulation and superior tumour growth inhibition compared with Dox. Importantly, PS-mediated encapsulation effectively mitigated Dox-associated cardiotoxicity, a major limitation of conventional chemotherapy. Overall, this study establishes a vitamin B6-mediated, charge-reversible peptide nanocarrier as a biocompatible and efficient platform for targeted anticancer drug delivery, combining tumour-specific therapeutic efficacy with improved cardiac safety.
{"title":"NBD Integrated and Vitamin B6-Driven Charge-Reversible Peptide-Based Nanocarriers for Targeted Therapeutic Delivery","authors":"Suman Nayak, Anushree Lye, Subhabrata Guha, Nanjundan Raghul, Adele Stewart, Gaurav Das, Biswanath Maity, Priyadip Das","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513436","url":null,"abstract":"Peptide-based self-assembled nanostructures offer great promise for targeted drug delivery due to their intrinsic biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural tunability. However, their limited optical properties and lack of functional sites for selective targeting restrict their use in theranostics. Here, we report a fluorophore-integrated, pH-responsive dipeptide nanocarrier engineered from phenylalanine–tryptophan (F–W) conjugated with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) as a fluorescent probe and vitamin B6 (VitB6) as a pH-sensitive unit. The resulting vitamin B6-modified nanoparticles (<b>PS-Dox</b>) exhibited charge reversal from negative to positive under mildly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), promoting doxorubicin (Dox) release, endosomal escape, and nuclear localization. <b>PS-Dox</b> demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and apoptosis induction in multiple cancer cell lines, while showing negligible toxicity toward non-malignant cardiomyocytes (AC-16 and H9C2). <i>In vivo</i> biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies revealed increased tumour accumulation and superior tumour growth inhibition compared with Dox. Importantly, <b>PS</b>-mediated encapsulation effectively mitigated Dox-associated cardiotoxicity, a major limitation of conventional chemotherapy. Overall, this study establishes a vitamin B6-mediated, charge-reversible peptide nanocarrier as a biocompatible and efficient platform for targeted anticancer drug delivery, combining tumour-specific therapeutic efficacy with improved cardiac safety.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：