Rong Hu, Jing Yang, Xi Zhang, Jiayi Liu, Zongyu Huang, Hui Qiao, Xiang Qi
Graphene aerogel (GA) is characterized by its 3D interconnected conductive network, ultra‐high specific surface area, and exceptional chemical stability, and has emerged as the preferred skeleton material for supercapacitors. However, the double‐layer mechanism that exclusively relies on physical ion adsorption presents challenges in further enhancing its specific capacitance. Fortunately, cobalt (Co) exhibits multiple valence states and possesses a high theoretical specific capacitance. This characteristic not only enhances the capacity for ion adsorption on its surface but also introduces redox‐active sites, thereby significantly contributing to the achievement of high pseudocapacitance. In this study, we successfully synthesized Co/nitrogen (N) co‐doped graphene aerogel (Co‐NGA) by a one‐step hydrothermal co‐doping strategy. By leveraging the coordination capability of N atoms within the graphene lattice, the atomic‐level dispersion and stable anchoring of Co atoms were achieved. The synergistic effect resulting from the combination of a porous structure and Co/N co‐doping endows this aerogel with outstanding electrochemical performance in supercapacitor applications. At a current density of 1 A/g, the specific capacitance of 5.6%Co‐NGA achieves an impressive value of 2092 F/g, significantly surpassing that of NGA (390 F/g) and GA (239 F/g). Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor assembled using 5.6%Co‐NGA and activated carbon (AC) demonstrates great energy storage capabilities. This work presents a promising strategy for designing high‐performance capacitor electrode materials and highlights the promising application prospects within the realm of supercapacitors.
{"title":"High‐Density Co and N Dual‐Doping in Self‐Supporting 3D Graphene Aerogel for Synergistically Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance","authors":"Rong Hu, Jing Yang, Xi Zhang, Jiayi Liu, Zongyu Huang, Hui Qiao, Xiang Qi","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512977","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene aerogel (GA) is characterized by its 3D interconnected conductive network, ultra‐high specific surface area, and exceptional chemical stability, and has emerged as the preferred skeleton material for supercapacitors. However, the double‐layer mechanism that exclusively relies on physical ion adsorption presents challenges in further enhancing its specific capacitance. Fortunately, cobalt (Co) exhibits multiple valence states and possesses a high theoretical specific capacitance. This characteristic not only enhances the capacity for ion adsorption on its surface but also introduces redox‐active sites, thereby significantly contributing to the achievement of high pseudocapacitance. In this study, we successfully synthesized Co/nitrogen (N) co‐doped graphene aerogel (Co‐NGA) by a one‐step hydrothermal co‐doping strategy. By leveraging the coordination capability of N atoms within the graphene lattice, the atomic‐level dispersion and stable anchoring of Co atoms were achieved. The synergistic effect resulting from the combination of a porous structure and Co/N co‐doping endows this aerogel with outstanding electrochemical performance in supercapacitor applications. At a current density of 1 A/g, the specific capacitance of 5.6%Co‐NGA achieves an impressive value of 2092 F/g, significantly surpassing that of NGA (390 F/g) and GA (239 F/g). Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor assembled using 5.6%Co‐NGA and activated carbon (AC) demonstrates great energy storage capabilities. This work presents a promising strategy for designing high‐performance capacitor electrode materials and highlights the promising application prospects within the realm of supercapacitors.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"284 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bing-Bing Yu, Shuang-Long Wang, Xiao-Lan Yang, Yue-Ru Zhou, Wan-Ping Huang, Yuan-Hao Wang, Song Qin, Lijian Ma, Guo-Hong Tao, Ling He
In flexible wearable electronics, the mechanical demands on substrate materials such as polyimine (PI) membranes vary significantly with the application. Adding toughening fillers to adjust the mechanical properties is effective. However, such approaches typically enable only unidirectional enhancement, lacking the capacity for controllable, bidirectional regulation. Inspired by mixed matrix membrane design, this work introduces iCONs into ionic polyimine network (IPIN). By modulating hydrogen bond cross-linking density and molecular chain entanglement through iCONs loading, the mechanical behavior of the composite membranes can be tuned from flexible (76.10% elongation at break) to rigid (8.56 MPa tensile strength). Notably, the IPIN-TpPaSO3-30% based flexible wearable sensor shows rapid, accurate, and stable electrochemical response to volatile iodine, promising for real-time detection. This work demostrates iCONs' potential in controllably regulating the mechanical properties of membrane materials, offering a novel approach for creating flexible membranes tailored to different applications.
{"title":"Ionic Polyimine Nanocomposite Membranes with Bidirectionally Tunable Mechanics for Flexible Electronics","authors":"Bing-Bing Yu, Shuang-Long Wang, Xiao-Lan Yang, Yue-Ru Zhou, Wan-Ping Huang, Yuan-Hao Wang, Song Qin, Lijian Ma, Guo-Hong Tao, Ling He","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512363","url":null,"abstract":"In flexible wearable electronics, the mechanical demands on substrate materials such as polyimine (PI) membranes vary significantly with the application. Adding toughening fillers to adjust the mechanical properties is effective. However, such approaches typically enable only unidirectional enhancement, lacking the capacity for controllable, bidirectional regulation. Inspired by mixed matrix membrane design, this work introduces iCONs into ionic polyimine network (IPIN). By modulating hydrogen bond cross-linking density and molecular chain entanglement through iCONs loading, the mechanical behavior of the composite membranes can be tuned from flexible (76.10% elongation at break) to rigid (8.56 MPa tensile strength). Notably, the IPIN-TpPaSO<sub>3</sub>-30% based flexible wearable sensor shows rapid, accurate, and stable electrochemical response to volatile iodine, promising for real-time detection. This work demostrates iCONs' potential in controllably regulating the mechanical properties of membrane materials, offering a novel approach for creating flexible membranes tailored to different applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"211 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dielectric capacitors are critical for pulsed power systems, yet their energy storage performance (ESP) requires further enhancement. While high‐entropy design improves breakdown strength ( Eb ), it often stabilizes a non‐polar phase, limiting polarization ( Pm ) and restricting high ESP to impractically high electric fields. Here, we propose an inverse high‐entropy design strategy to overcome this limitation. Using the quasi‐linear high‐entropy ceramic Bi 1/6 Na 1/6 Sr 1/6 Ca 1/6 Li 1/6 La 1/6 TiO 3 (BNSCLLT) as a matrix, we incorporated the classical ferroelectric BaTiO 3 (BT) to precisely regulate the polar structure. Introducing BT successfully induced a weakly polar tetragonal phase within the primarily cubic matrix, promoting polar nanoregions and optimizing the polarization response. This strategy effectively balances a significant increase in Pm with a controlled reduction in Eb . Consequently, the 0.7BNSCLLT‐0.3BT and 0.6BNSCLLT‐0.4BT compositions achieved superior performance with Wrec ∼ 10.9 J/cm 3 , η ∼ 88% at 600 kV/cm and Wrec ∼ 11.6 J/cm 3 , η ∼ 86% at 580 kV/cm, respectively. Notably, the 0.5BNSCLLT‐0.5BT composition also attained excellent ESP ( Wrec ∼ 9.8 J/cm 3 , η ∼ 80%) at a moderate field of 475 kV/cm. This work demonstrates the efficacy of the inverse high‐entropy design in achieving high‐performance energy storage across both high and moderate electric fields, offering a new paradigm for developing advanced dielectric materials.
{"title":"Inverse High‐Entropy Design Enables Superior Energy Storage in Moderate and High Electric Fields","authors":"Siyu Zhao, Wenjun Cao, Chunchang Wang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514898","url":null,"abstract":"Dielectric capacitors are critical for pulsed power systems, yet their energy storage performance (ESP) requires further enhancement. While high‐entropy design improves breakdown strength ( <jats:italic>E</jats:italic> <jats:sub>b</jats:sub> ), it often stabilizes a non‐polar phase, limiting polarization ( <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> <jats:sub>m</jats:sub> ) and restricting high ESP to impractically high electric fields. Here, we propose an inverse high‐entropy design strategy to overcome this limitation. Using the quasi‐linear high‐entropy ceramic Bi <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> Na <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> Sr <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> Ca <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> Li <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> La <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> TiO <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> (BNSCLLT) as a matrix, we incorporated the classical ferroelectric BaTiO <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> (BT) to precisely regulate the polar structure. Introducing BT successfully induced a weakly polar tetragonal phase within the primarily cubic matrix, promoting polar nanoregions and optimizing the polarization response. This strategy effectively balances a significant increase in <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> <jats:sub>m</jats:sub> with a controlled reduction in <jats:italic>E</jats:italic> <jats:sub>b</jats:sub> . Consequently, the 0.7BNSCLLT‐0.3BT and 0.6BNSCLLT‐0.4BT compositions achieved superior performance with <jats:italic>W</jats:italic> <jats:sub>rec</jats:sub> ∼ 10.9 J/cm <jats:sup>3</jats:sup> , <jats:italic>η</jats:italic> ∼ 88% at 600 kV/cm and <jats:italic>W</jats:italic> <jats:sub>rec</jats:sub> ∼ 11.6 J/cm <jats:sup>3</jats:sup> , <jats:italic>η</jats:italic> ∼ 86% at 580 kV/cm, respectively. Notably, the 0.5BNSCLLT‐0.5BT composition also attained excellent ESP ( <jats:italic>W</jats:italic> <jats:sub>rec</jats:sub> ∼ 9.8 J/cm <jats:sup>3</jats:sup> , <jats:italic>η</jats:italic> ∼ 80%) at a moderate field of 475 kV/cm. This work demonstrates the efficacy of the inverse high‐entropy design in achieving high‐performance energy storage across both high and moderate electric fields, offering a new paradigm for developing advanced dielectric materials.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takeshi Nakagawa, Kejun Bu, Yang Ding, Anna Moliterni, Cinzia Giannini, Jasminka Popović, Tianyao Pei, Yonggang Wang, Hirofumi Ishii, Anna Z. Szeremeta, Marian Paluch, Martina Vrankić
Advances in hybrid organic–inorganic ferroelectrics (HOIFs) plateau; high‐pressure studies offer powerful approaches to deepen understanding of structure‐property relationships and enable rational phase engineering of lead‐free HOIFs as viable inorganic alternatives. To date, high‐pressure studies focus on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and lead‐based HOIFs, constrained by toxicity, stability, and limited pressure ranges. Structure‐stability‐compressibility correlations prove essential for understanding lead‐free HOIFs under ultrawide pressure conditions, yet remain scarcely explored. We present high‐pressure studies of the lead‐free HOIF [N(C 2 H 5 ) 3 CH 3 ]FeCl 4 (EMAFC), which stays stable and mechanochromic up to 51.5 GPa with a reversible P 6 3mc ‐to‐ P 1 phase transition at 0.75 GPa. Pressure‐triggered synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction, Raman, UV–vis, dielectric, and second‐harmonic‐generation switching data reveal coupling between structural changes and bandgap modulation. With a bulk modulus of K0 = 42.0(5) GPa, EMAFC sets a record for compressibility among HOIFs. Beyond low compressibility, the tunability of EMAFC manifests through reversible retention of the SHG “on” state up to 9.5 GPa and transition to “off” by 20.0 GPa. Our results show that halide choice and lattice dynamics govern the compressibility and functional properties of HOIFs. EMAFC exhibits the lowest compressibility reported, establishing key structure‐compressibility relationships and enabling advanced phase and property control in hybrid ferroelectrics.
{"title":"Record‐Low Compressibility in [N(C 2 H 5 ) 3 CH 3 ]FeCl 4 Expands Phase Engineering Horizons in Hybrid Molecular Ferroelectrics","authors":"Takeshi Nakagawa, Kejun Bu, Yang Ding, Anna Moliterni, Cinzia Giannini, Jasminka Popović, Tianyao Pei, Yonggang Wang, Hirofumi Ishii, Anna Z. Szeremeta, Marian Paluch, Martina Vrankić","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514648","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in hybrid organic–inorganic ferroelectrics (HOIFs) plateau; high‐pressure studies offer powerful approaches to deepen understanding of structure‐property relationships and enable rational phase engineering of lead‐free HOIFs as viable inorganic alternatives. To date, high‐pressure studies focus on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and lead‐based HOIFs, constrained by toxicity, stability, and limited pressure ranges. Structure‐stability‐compressibility correlations prove essential for understanding lead‐free HOIFs under ultrawide pressure conditions, yet remain scarcely explored. We present high‐pressure studies of the lead‐free HOIF [N(C <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> H <jats:sub>5</jats:sub> ) <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> CH <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> ]FeCl <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> (EMAFC), which stays stable and mechanochromic up to 51.5 GPa with a reversible <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> 6 <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> <jats:italic>mc</jats:italic> ‐to‐ <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> 1 phase transition at 0.75 GPa. Pressure‐triggered synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction, Raman, UV–vis, dielectric, and second‐harmonic‐generation switching data reveal coupling between structural changes and bandgap modulation. With a bulk modulus of <jats:italic>K</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> = 42.0(5) GPa, EMAFC sets a record for compressibility among HOIFs. Beyond low compressibility, the tunability of EMAFC manifests through reversible retention of the SHG “on” state up to 9.5 GPa and transition to “off” by 20.0 GPa. Our results show that halide choice and lattice dynamics govern the compressibility and functional properties of HOIFs. EMAFC exhibits the lowest compressibility reported, establishing key structure‐compressibility relationships and enabling advanced phase and property control in hybrid ferroelectrics.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological deficits, and immune responses play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration and functional recovery. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown considerable potential for modulating injury-induced immune dysregulation. However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited by factors such as restricted cellular viability, delayed onset of action, and lack of sustained immune activity. Therefore, to address these challenges, a hybrid hydrogel composed of a methacrylate-modified decellularized lymph node extracellular matrix (DLMMA) and porous GelMA (pGelMA) carrying a neuroprotective DC (npDC) vaccine was developed in the form of cryomicroneedles (pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs), enabling efficient and sustained immunological regulation during SCI treatment. The pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs enhanced the viability of npDC vaccine and facilitated rapid npDC release, thereby inducing neuroprotective immunity at the injury site during the early stage. In addition, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs fostered the formation of a non-typical artificial tertiary lymphoid structure (naTLS) that lacked the complete organized structure of typical TLS yet effectively recruited and engaged immune cells to promote SCI repair. Moreover, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs maintained immunomodulatory activity for up to two weeks, facilitating neuronal regeneration in a mouse model of SCI. Overall, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs in promoting SCI repair by establishing a neuroprotective immune microenvironment.
{"title":"Hybrid Cryomicroneedles Enhance DC Vaccine Efficacy and Function as Non-Typical Artificial Tertiary Lymphoid Structures to Provide Neuroprotective Immunity in Spinal Cord Injury","authors":"Xuefeng Li, Kunrong Xie, Jiawen Niu, Fawang Zhang, Zexuan Wu, Sikai Wang, Guanglei Li, Yuanxiang Zhang, Jiawei Shen, Chengchao Song, Jing Li, Nanxiang Wang, Yufu Wang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513088","url":null,"abstract":"Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological deficits, and immune responses play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration and functional recovery. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown considerable potential for modulating injury-induced immune dysregulation. However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited by factors such as restricted cellular viability, delayed onset of action, and lack of sustained immune activity. Therefore, to address these challenges, a hybrid hydrogel composed of a methacrylate-modified decellularized lymph node extracellular matrix (DLMMA) and porous GelMA (pGelMA) carrying a neuroprotective DC (npDC) vaccine was developed in the form of cryomicroneedles (pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs), enabling efficient and sustained immunological regulation during SCI treatment. The pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs enhanced the viability of npDC vaccine and facilitated rapid npDC release, thereby inducing neuroprotective immunity at the injury site during the early stage. In addition, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs fostered the formation of a non-typical artificial tertiary lymphoid structure (naTLS) that lacked the complete organized structure of typical TLS yet effectively recruited and engaged immune cells to promote SCI repair. Moreover, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs maintained immunomodulatory activity for up to two weeks, facilitating neuronal regeneration in a mouse model of SCI. Overall, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs in promoting SCI repair by establishing a neuroprotective immune microenvironment.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"247 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Achieving efficient lanthanide upconversion excited by low-power incoherent light remains a daunting challenge due to the low extinction coefficients of lanthanide ions. Although dye sensitization is a promising route for enabling such excitation, dye-sensitized UCNPs (dsUCNPs) typically suffer from hydrophobicity and photolability, thus hindering their practical applications. In order to overcome these limitations, we present a “one-stone-two-birds” strategy by coating dsUCNPs with unsaturated fatty acid salts (UFAS). By leveraging the amphiphilic and antioxidant properties of UFAS, the coating imparts both excellent water dispersibility and photostability to dsUCNPs. We demonstrate that the photostability of UFAS-coated dsUCNPs increases with the increasing degree of unsaturation (i.e., the content of carbon-carbon double bond) in the UFAS molecules, with sodium linolenate (SLn) offering the most significant improvement. SLn-coated dsUCNPs exhibit a photobleaching half-life of 260 min, which is 87 times longer than those coated with conventional materials such as F-127, DSPE-PEG2000, and mesoporous silica. Importantly, SLn-coated dsUCNPs are excitable under low-power incoherent-light excitation (100 mW/cm2) and enable high-contrast cell imaging using light-emitting diodes (LED), making it possible to obviate the need for a high-intensity laser as an excitation source and significantly minimizing phototoxicity. This work offers a simple and effective strategy for producing highly hydrophilic and photostable dsUCNPs of practical significance, paving the way for their practical use in a broad range of applications involving incoherent low-power light excitation.
{"title":"Incoherent-Light-Excitable Lanthanide Upconversion Enabled by Highly Hydrophilic and Photostable Dye Sensitization","authors":"Xukai Chen, Longfei Song, Wang Chen, Yong Liu, Yu Chen, Yuyan Cai, Weidong Du, Xiangyu Peng, Zichen Li, Huan Zuo, Baoju Wang, Rui Pu, Zhengfei Zhuang, Tongsheng Chen, Wei Wei, Qiuqiang Zhan","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512083","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving efficient lanthanide upconversion excited by low-power incoherent light remains a daunting challenge due to the low extinction coefficients of lanthanide ions. Although dye sensitization is a promising route for enabling such excitation, dye-sensitized UCNPs (dsUCNPs) typically suffer from hydrophobicity and photolability, thus hindering their practical applications. In order to overcome these limitations, we present a “one-stone-two-birds” strategy by coating dsUCNPs with unsaturated fatty acid salts (UFAS). By leveraging the amphiphilic and antioxidant properties of UFAS, the coating imparts both excellent water dispersibility and photostability to dsUCNPs. We demonstrate that the photostability of UFAS-coated dsUCNPs increases with the increasing degree of unsaturation (i.e., the content of carbon-carbon double bond) in the UFAS molecules, with sodium linolenate (SLn) offering the most significant improvement. SLn-coated dsUCNPs exhibit a photobleaching half-life of 260 min, which is 87 times longer than those coated with conventional materials such as F-127, DSPE-PEG2000, and mesoporous silica. Importantly, SLn-coated dsUCNPs are excitable under low-power incoherent-light excitation (100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>) and enable high-contrast cell imaging using light-emitting diodes (LED), making it possible to obviate the need for a high-intensity laser as an excitation source and significantly minimizing phototoxicity. This work offers a simple and effective strategy for producing highly hydrophilic and photostable dsUCNPs of practical significance, paving the way for their practical use in a broad range of applications involving incoherent low-power light excitation.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have rapidly advanced as one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies, achieving certified power conversion efficiencies comparable to traditional Si‐based solar cells. Despite this progress, widespread commercialization of PVSCs is still hindered by challenges in upscaling high‐performance devices, ensuring long‐term operational stability, and achieving cost‐effectiveness. This perspective article overviews the status, key strategies, and persistent hurdles in addressing these barriers, with a particular focus on the commercialization pathways of perovskite photovoltaic technology tailored to niche applications. The potential of perovskite‐based tandem solar cells, alignment with specialized market segments, and the role of government supportive policies and pioneering companies are discussed. By outlining targeted development roadmaps and showcasing successful commercialization efforts, this perspective offers a multidimensional view of advancing PVSCs from laboratory breakthroughs to viable renewable energy technologies.
{"title":"A Perspective on Commercializing Perovskite Solar Cells: Unlocking Opportunities in Niche Applications","authors":"Xiao Wu, Guoqing Xiong, Ziyao Yue, Ruihao Chen, Sai‐Wing Tsang, Yuanhang Cheng","doi":"10.1002/smll.202511874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202511874","url":null,"abstract":"Perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have rapidly advanced as one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies, achieving certified power conversion efficiencies comparable to traditional Si‐based solar cells. Despite this progress, widespread commercialization of PVSCs is still hindered by challenges in upscaling high‐performance devices, ensuring long‐term operational stability, and achieving cost‐effectiveness. This perspective article overviews the status, key strategies, and persistent hurdles in addressing these barriers, with a particular focus on the commercialization pathways of perovskite photovoltaic technology tailored to niche applications. The potential of perovskite‐based tandem solar cells, alignment with specialized market segments, and the role of government supportive policies and pioneering companies are discussed. By outlining targeted development roadmaps and showcasing successful commercialization efforts, this perspective offers a multidimensional view of advancing PVSCs from laboratory breakthroughs to viable renewable energy technologies.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jihao Li, Nannan Sun, Le Cao, Yueming Liu, Bao-Lian Su, Haijiao Zhang
Mesoporous carbon materials have emerged as promising candidates for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) as anode materials due to their tunable pore structure, excellent conductivity, and high surface area. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics caused by the larger radius of K ions results in poor potassium storage performance. Here, we report a facile tetraethyl orthosilicate-mediated co-assembly strategy for anchoring cobalt single atoms into highly nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon/carbon nanotubes (Co-NMC@CNTs). The resulting composite features large mesopore size of approximately 23.7 nm, robust 1D structure, and abundant active sites introduced by Co single atoms and a high nitrogen doping of 13.6 at.%. Synchrotron radiation analysis and theoretical simulation further demonstrate that the presence of Co single atoms significantly reduces diffusion barriers of K ions and increases energy storage centers. When used as PIB anodes, the newly designed Co-NMC@CNTs electrode demonstrates an exceptional electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity of 362.3 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 300 cycles and an outstanding cycling stability with a capacity of 192.0 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 4000 cycles. This work opens up a new blueprint for achieving high-performance mesoporous carbon-based electrodes in next-generation energy storage applications.
{"title":"Atomically Dispersed Co Anchored into Highly Nitrogen-Doped One-Dimensional Mesoporous Carbon with Large Pore Size for Ultra-Stable Potassium-Ion Storage","authors":"Jihao Li, Nannan Sun, Le Cao, Yueming Liu, Bao-Lian Su, Haijiao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smll.72778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.72778","url":null,"abstract":"Mesoporous carbon materials have emerged as promising candidates for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) as anode materials due to their tunable pore structure, excellent conductivity, and high surface area. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics caused by the larger radius of K ions results in poor potassium storage performance. Here, we report a facile tetraethyl orthosilicate-mediated co-assembly strategy for anchoring cobalt single atoms into highly nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon/carbon nanotubes (Co-NMC@CNTs). The resulting composite features large mesopore size of approximately 23.7 nm, robust 1D structure, and abundant active sites introduced by Co single atoms and a high nitrogen doping of 13.6 at.%. Synchrotron radiation analysis and theoretical simulation further demonstrate that the presence of Co single atoms significantly reduces diffusion barriers of K ions and increases energy storage centers. When used as PIB anodes, the newly designed Co-NMC@CNTs electrode demonstrates an exceptional electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity of 362.3 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 100 mA g<sup>−1</sup> after 300 cycles and an outstanding cycling stability with a capacity of 192.0 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 1000 mA g<sup>−1</sup> after 4000 cycles. This work opens up a new blueprint for achieving high-performance mesoporous carbon-based electrodes in next-generation energy storage applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"314 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pannan I. Kyesmen, Eugen Klein, Brindhu Malani S, Rostyslav Lesyuk, Christian Klinke
The search for non‐toxic lead‐free halide perovskites that can compete with the lead‐based counterparts has led to the emergence of double perovskites as potential candidates. Among many options, Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 stands out as one of the most suitable eco‐friendly materials for numerous optoelectronic applications. In this study, quasi‐2D Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 nanosheets (NSs) were prepared via the low‐temperature injection colloidal synthesis and used to fabricate high‐performance photodetectors in a transport‐layer‐free architecture. The reaction temperature and ligands played vital roles in the structural purity, shape, and size of the synthesized Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 NSs. The fabricated NSs disclosed lateral sizes of up to 1.4 µm and are only a few nanometers thick. The high‐performance photodetectors fabricated using the Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 NSs yielded a high detectivity ( D ) of 1.15 × 10 12 Jones, responsivity ( R ) of 121 mA/W, a notable on‐off ratio of 2.39 × 10 4 , and a fast rise and decay time of 857 and 829 µs, respectively. The device demonstrates remarkable stability. Basically, it sustains its entire photocurrent after storage in ambient conditions for 80 days. This work showcases a pathway for the colloidal synthesis of quasi‐2D Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 lead‐free double perovskite NSs with suitable properties for high‐performance photodetection and other optoelectronic applications.
{"title":"Colloidal Quasi‐2D Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 Double Perovskite Nanosheets: Synthesis and Application as High‐Performance Photodetectors","authors":"Pannan I. Kyesmen, Eugen Klein, Brindhu Malani S, Rostyslav Lesyuk, Christian Klinke","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513500","url":null,"abstract":"The search for non‐toxic lead‐free halide perovskites that can compete with the lead‐based counterparts has led to the emergence of double perovskites as potential candidates. Among many options, Cs <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiBr <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> stands out as one of the most suitable eco‐friendly materials for numerous optoelectronic applications. In this study, quasi‐2D Cs <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiBr <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> nanosheets (NSs) were prepared via the low‐temperature injection colloidal synthesis and used to fabricate high‐performance photodetectors in a transport‐layer‐free architecture. The reaction temperature and ligands played vital roles in the structural purity, shape, and size of the synthesized Cs <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiBr <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> NSs. The fabricated NSs disclosed lateral sizes of up to 1.4 µm and are only a few nanometers thick. The high‐performance photodetectors fabricated using the Cs <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiBr <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> NSs yielded a high detectivity ( <jats:italic>D</jats:italic> ) of 1.15 × 10 <jats:sup>12</jats:sup> Jones, responsivity ( <jats:italic>R</jats:italic> ) of 121 mA/W, a notable on‐off ratio of 2.39 × 10 <jats:sup>4</jats:sup> , and a fast rise and decay time of 857 and 829 µs, respectively. The device demonstrates remarkable stability. Basically, it sustains its entire photocurrent after storage in ambient conditions for 80 days. This work showcases a pathway for the colloidal synthesis of quasi‐2D Cs <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiBr <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> lead‐free double perovskite NSs with suitable properties for high‐performance photodetection and other optoelectronic applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
So‐Yeol Yoo, Jiyeon Kim, Sang Min Lee, Sangwoo Lee, Taejung Kim, JungHun Kang, Le Bich Hang Pham, Hyeonwoo Lim, Minkyung Kim, Ka‐Young Lim, Jeeyeon Lee, Jae‐Young Lee
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is often hindered by poor tumor selectivity and inefficient drug delivery. Herein, a lipid‐hybridized phototherapeutic nanoplatform, LBCIN, is presented to overcome these barriers by integrating a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐triggered molecular logic gate with a synergistic dual‐light strategy. The molecular core consists of BdTT‐BNBE, a novel photosensitizer prodrug designed for tumor microenvironment‐selective activation. Upon triggering by endogenous ROS, BdTT‐BNBE undergoes cleavage to release the active photosensitizer and a para ‐quinone methide ( p QM) intermediate. This mechanism creates a dual‐action cascade: generating a potent ROS offense while simultaneously scavenging glutathione (GSH) via p QM, thereby systematically dismantling the tumor's antioxidant defense. For stable delivery, the payload is encapsulated within a chondroitin sulfate‐based core with a lipid corona, offering superior colloidal stability and CD44‐mediated targeting. Furthermore, a unique dual‐light sequence is employed to maximize efficacy. Initial 808 nm laser irradiation activates the carrier‐conjugated indocyanine green derivative (psICG), providing a “photothermal priming” effect that enhances membrane permeability and nanoparticle uptake. This facilitates subsequent white light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation, triggering a potent PDT effect amplified by intermolecular energy transfer and ferroptosis induction. This engineered integration of ROS‐responsive chemistry and sequential light activation results in durable tumor eradication with a high safety profile.
{"title":"Dual‐Light‐Primed GSH‐Scavenging Lipid Hybrid Nanoplatform for Cascade‐Activated Photodynamic Therapy","authors":"So‐Yeol Yoo, Jiyeon Kim, Sang Min Lee, Sangwoo Lee, Taejung Kim, JungHun Kang, Le Bich Hang Pham, Hyeonwoo Lim, Minkyung Kim, Ka‐Young Lim, Jeeyeon Lee, Jae‐Young Lee","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512546","url":null,"abstract":"Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is often hindered by poor tumor selectivity and inefficient drug delivery. Herein, a lipid‐hybridized phototherapeutic nanoplatform, LBCIN, is presented to overcome these barriers by integrating a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐triggered molecular logic gate with a synergistic dual‐light strategy. The molecular core consists of BdTT‐BNBE, a novel photosensitizer prodrug designed for tumor microenvironment‐selective activation. Upon triggering by endogenous ROS, BdTT‐BNBE undergoes cleavage to release the active photosensitizer and a <jats:italic>para</jats:italic> ‐quinone methide ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> QM) intermediate. This mechanism creates a dual‐action cascade: generating a potent ROS offense while simultaneously scavenging glutathione (GSH) via <jats:italic> p</jats:italic> QM, thereby systematically dismantling the tumor's antioxidant defense. For stable delivery, the payload is encapsulated within a chondroitin sulfate‐based core with a lipid corona, offering superior colloidal stability and CD44‐mediated targeting. Furthermore, a unique dual‐light sequence is employed to maximize efficacy. Initial 808 nm laser irradiation activates the carrier‐conjugated indocyanine green derivative (psICG), providing a “photothermal priming” effect that enhances membrane permeability and nanoparticle uptake. This facilitates subsequent white light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation, triggering a potent PDT effect amplified by intermolecular energy transfer and ferroptosis induction. This engineered integration of ROS‐responsive chemistry and sequential light activation results in durable tumor eradication with a high safety profile.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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