Ruiyan Sun, Ping Hu, Jin Wang, Fan Yang, Fei Zhu, Hairui Xing, Jiao Luo, Lili Gao, Kuaishe Wang, Zongyou Yin
Refractory metal-based MXenes refer to MXenes with M as a refractory metal. Due to their high conductivity, large specific surface area, multiple active sites, high photothermal conversion efficiency, adjustable surface groups, and controllable nanolayer spacing, they hold broad application prospects in various fields such as photoelectrocatalysis, biomedicine, water treatment, electromagnetic shielding, and sensors. The unique physical properties of refractory metal-based MXenes are related to their electronic and crystal structures. The interstitial layer causes the carbides to exhibit different behavior compared to the original metal. At the same time, different preparation methods have a great influence on the interlayer spacing and surface termination of refractory metal-based MXenes, thus affecting their performance. This review systematically summarizes the latest progress in the preparation methods and frontier applications of refractory metal-based MXenes, offering new insights for further development. Additionally, various characterization techniques and first-principles calculations are summarized, which are crucial for optimizing refractory metal-based MXenes for applications such as catalysis, energy storage, and sensors. In summary, the current challenges and future development prospects of refractory metal-based Mxenes are addressed, aiming to provide indispensable information for the intelligent design of 2D materials in the future.
{"title":"Refractory Metal-Based MXenes: Cutting-Edge Preparation and Applications","authors":"Ruiyan Sun, Ping Hu, Jin Wang, Fan Yang, Fei Zhu, Hairui Xing, Jiao Luo, Lili Gao, Kuaishe Wang, Zongyou Yin","doi":"10.1002/smll.202408331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202408331","url":null,"abstract":"Refractory metal-based MXenes refer to MXenes with M as a refractory metal. Due to their high conductivity, large specific surface area, multiple active sites, high photothermal conversion efficiency, adjustable surface groups, and controllable nanolayer spacing, they hold broad application prospects in various fields such as photoelectrocatalysis, biomedicine, water treatment, electromagnetic shielding, and sensors. The unique physical properties of refractory metal-based MXenes are related to their electronic and crystal structures. The interstitial layer causes the carbides to exhibit different behavior compared to the original metal. At the same time, different preparation methods have a great influence on the interlayer spacing and surface termination of refractory metal-based MXenes, thus affecting their performance. This review systematically summarizes the latest progress in the preparation methods and frontier applications of refractory metal-based MXenes, offering new insights for further development. Additionally, various characterization techniques and first-principles calculations are summarized, which are crucial for optimizing refractory metal-based MXenes for applications such as catalysis, energy storage, and sensors. In summary, the current challenges and future development prospects of refractory metal-based Mxenes are addressed, aiming to provide indispensable information for the intelligent design of 2D materials in the future.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142673502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Misuse of antibiotics and pesticides has led to hazardous effects on human health, livestock, agriculture, and aquaculture, which urges researchers to find simple, rapid, efficient, and cost-effective methods for quick on-site analysis of these organic pollutants with functional materials. Herein, a 2D chemically robust MOF: IITKGP-71, {[Cd(MBPz)(2,6-NDC)]·2H2O}n is strategically developed with ease in scalability and exploited as dual sensors toward the toxic antibiotic and pesticide detection via luminescence quenching in aqueous medium. The framework displays exceptional chemical robustness in water for 3 months, in an open atmosphere over 2 months, and wide range of aqueous pH solution (pH = 3–12) for a day. IITKGP-71 can selectively quench the nitrofuran antibiotics (NFZ and NFT) and organochlorine pesticide DCN while remaining unaffected by other interfering antibiotics and pesticides, respectively. An excellent trade-off between high effectivity (high Ksv) and high sensitivity (low LOD) was achieved for the targeted analytes. The easy scalability, high chemical stability, fast responsivity, multi-responsive nature, recyclability with outstanding structural stability made this framework viable in playing a crucial role in safeguarding aquatic ecosystems and public health from the hazardous effects of antibiotics and pesticides.
{"title":"Highly Water-Stable 2D MOF as Dual Sensor for the Ultra-Sensitive Aqueous Phase Detection of Nitrofuran Antibiotics and Organochlorine Pesticides","authors":"Supriya Mondal, Rupam Sahoo, Madhab C. Das","doi":"10.1002/smll.202409095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202409095","url":null,"abstract":"Misuse of antibiotics and pesticides has led to hazardous effects on human health, livestock, agriculture, and aquaculture, which urges researchers to find simple, rapid, efficient, and cost-effective methods for quick on-site analysis of these organic pollutants with functional materials. Herein, a 2D chemically robust MOF: <b>IITKGP-71</b>, {[Cd(MBPz)(2,6-NDC)]·2H<sub>2</sub>O}<i><sub>n</sub></i> is strategically developed with ease in scalability and exploited as dual sensors toward the toxic antibiotic and pesticide detection via luminescence quenching in <i>aqueous medium</i>. The framework displays exceptional chemical robustness in water for 3 months, in an open atmosphere over 2 months, and wide range of aqueous pH solution (pH = 3–12) for a day. <b>IITKGP-71</b> can selectively quench the nitrofuran antibiotics (NFZ and NFT) and organochlorine pesticide DCN while remaining unaffected by other interfering antibiotics and pesticides, respectively. An excellent <i>trade-off</i> between high effectivity (high K<sub>sv</sub>) and high sensitivity (low LOD) was achieved for the targeted analytes. The easy scalability, high chemical stability, fast responsivity, multi-responsive nature, recyclability with outstanding structural stability made this framework viable in playing a crucial role in safeguarding aquatic ecosystems and public health from the hazardous effects of antibiotics and pesticides.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142673501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viruses can infiltrate the central nervous system and contribute to depression, which may include alterations in dopamine (DA) metabolism triggered by immune responses though the specific mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, an electrochemical system to realize the real-time dynamic monitoring of DA with high sensitivity is proposed and it is demonstrated that the viral simulator polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) can inhibit the release of DA (from 5.595 to 0.137 µm) in neurons from the perspective of single cells, cell populations and even in vivo through the combination of multiscale electrodes, including single nanowires, carbon fibers (CFs) and 2D flexible electrodes. These findings are associated with the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by microglia. At the molecular level, poly(I:C) significantly decreases the expression of α-synuclein and increases its phosphorylation level, whereas ROS inhibitors can reverse these pathological changes and salvage DA release to half the initial level (≈2.6 µM). These results suggest that viruses may indirectly inhibit DA system function through ROS produced in inflammatory responses and that antioxidant activity may be a potential therapeutic strategy.
病毒可侵入中枢神经系统并导致抑郁症,其中可能包括由免疫反应引发的多巴胺(DA)代谢的改变,但其中涉及的具体机制仍不清楚。本文提出了一种实现高灵敏度多巴胺实时动态监测的电化学系统,并通过单纳米线、碳纤维(CF)和二维柔性电极等多尺度电极的组合,证明病毒模拟物聚肌苷酸(poly(I:C))能从单细胞、细胞群甚至体内的角度抑制神经元中多巴胺的释放(从 5.595 微米到 0.137 微米)。这些发现与小胶质细胞产生的活性氧(ROS)增加有关。在分子水平上,poly(I:C)能显著降低α-突触核蛋白的表达并增加其磷酸化水平,而ROS抑制剂能逆转这些病理变化,并将DA释放量恢复到初始水平的一半(≈2.6 µM)。这些结果表明,病毒可能会通过炎症反应中产生的 ROS 间接抑制 DA 系统的功能,而抗氧化活性可能是一种潜在的治疗策略。
{"title":"Electrochemical Probing of Dopamine Dynamics During Poly(I:C)-Induced Neuroinflammation","authors":"Jian Wang, Qiang Zhou, Yuchan Zhang, Shuang Zhao, Li Li, Zhongyuan Zeng, Jiajia Chen, Yangmingxu Meng, Xianglong Zhao, Tianqi Wang, Zexuan Meng, Haihan Yuan, Jianhua Ran, Guixue Wang, Chen-zhong Li, Guangchao Zang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202407685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202407685","url":null,"abstract":"Viruses can infiltrate the central nervous system and contribute to depression, which may include alterations in dopamine (DA) metabolism triggered by immune responses though the specific mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, an electrochemical system to realize the real-time dynamic monitoring of DA with high sensitivity is proposed and it is demonstrated that the viral simulator polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) can inhibit the release of DA (from 5.595 to 0.137 µ<span>m</span>) in neurons from the perspective of single cells, cell populations and even in vivo through the combination of multiscale electrodes, including single nanowires, carbon fibers (CFs) and 2D flexible electrodes. These findings are associated with the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by microglia. At the molecular level, poly(I:C) significantly decreases the expression of α-synuclein and increases its phosphorylation level, whereas ROS inhibitors can reverse these pathological changes and salvage DA release to half the initial level (≈2.6 µM). These results suggest that viruses may indirectly inhibit DA system function through ROS produced in inflammatory responses and that antioxidant activity may be a potential therapeutic strategy.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142673430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research reports a continuous output ionic thermoelectric (i-TE) system based on MXene/PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) hydrogel, by utilizing thermo-diffusion of Cu2+ and Cl− ions and the redox reaction involving Cu/Cu2+ at the electrode interfaces. The thermopower of the i-TE system can be independently tuned to a value of −3.13 mVK−1 by adjusting the ion diffusivity via MXene (Ti3C2Tx). The i-TE system demonstrates a rapid response time of less than 100 s, outperforming any other polyelectrolyte-based system. Crucially, the i-TE system achieves continuous current output when equipped with copper electrodes, facilitated by the redox reaction involving Cu/Cu2+, and maintains stable long-term outputs across a range of resistances from 1 kΩ to 1 MΩ. A three-serial-connected i-TE module demonstrates an output voltage of 26 mV with 6 °C temperature difference, confirming the feasibility of creating an array of i-TE devices for substantial energy output. Beyond energy harvesting, the MXene/PVA hydrogel serves as multifunctional strain/temperature sensors, capable of detecting mechanical strains via the piezoresistive effect and locating finger contact points via the ionic thermoelectric effect.
{"title":"A Multifunctional MXene/PVA Hydrogel as a Continuous Ionic Thermoelectric Generator and a Strain/Temperature Sensor","authors":"Dezhuang Ji, Baosong Li, Dawei Zhang, Balamurugan Thirumal Raj, Moh'd Rezeq, Wesley Cantwell, Lianxi Zheng","doi":"10.1002/smll.202407529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202407529","url":null,"abstract":"This research reports a continuous output ionic thermoelectric (<i>i</i>-TE) system based on MXene/PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) hydrogel, by utilizing thermo-diffusion of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> ions and the redox reaction involving Cu/Cu<sup>2+</sup> at the electrode interfaces. The thermopower of the <i>i</i>-TE system can be independently tuned to a value of −3.13 mVK<sup>−1</sup> by adjusting the ion diffusivity via MXene (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i>). The <i>i</i>-TE system demonstrates a rapid response time of less than 100 s, outperforming any other polyelectrolyte-based system. Crucially, the <i>i</i>-TE system achieves continuous current output when equipped with copper electrodes, facilitated by the redox reaction involving Cu/Cu<sup>2+</sup>, and maintains stable long-term outputs across a range of resistances from 1 kΩ to 1 MΩ. A three-serial-connected <i>i</i>-TE module demonstrates an output voltage of 26 mV with 6 °C temperature difference, confirming the feasibility of creating an array of <i>i</i>-TE devices for substantial energy output. Beyond energy harvesting, the MXene/PVA hydrogel serves as multifunctional strain/temperature sensors, capable of detecting mechanical strains via the piezoresistive effect and locating finger contact points via the ionic thermoelectric effect.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142673503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marta Gordo-Lozano, Marcos Martínez-Fernández, Rajendra Prasad Paitandi, José I. Martínez, José L. Segura, Shu Seki
The assessment of the photoconductivity of Donor-Acceptor (D-A) ordered bulk heterojunctions is gaining attention for the development of innovative organic semiconductors in optoelectronics. Here, the synthesis of pyrene-based (D) Covalent Organic Frameworks, achieve through a multivariate reaction involving two distinct acceptors is reported (A). The products are characterized using powder x-ray diffraction, N2 sorption isotherms, electronic microscopy, and in silico calculations, among other techniques. These characterizations reveal that the multicomponent synthesis enables the modification of properties (e.g., bandgap) of the framework while preserving its structural features, such as crystallinity and porosity. The ordered D-A arrays position these materials as promising candidates for photoconductive semiconductors, particularly regarding the variation in the composition of isotopological frameworks. Photoconductivity experiments demonstrate a volcano-type correlation with respect to the A moiety content, with the optimal value reaching 7.9 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 for the bare NIP25%-COF. This study illustrates how introducing diverse acceptor units through multivariate synthesis can enhance the photoconductivity of these materials via “defect” engineering, without sacrificing their crystalline or porous characteristics and avoiding the need for de novo synthesis.
为开发光电子学中的创新型有机半导体,对供体-受体(D-A)有序体异质结的光导率进行评估正日益受到关注。本文报告了通过涉及两种不同受体的多元反应合成芘基 (D) 共价有机框架的过程(A)。利用粉末 X 射线衍射、N2 吸附等温线、电子显微镜和硅计算等技术对产品进行了表征。这些表征结果表明,多组分合成可以在保留晶体度和孔隙率等结构特征的同时,改变框架的特性(如带隙)。有序的 D-A 阵列使这些材料有望成为光导半导体的候选材料,特别是在同素异形框架的组成变化方面。光电导实验证明了 A 分子含量的火山型相关性,裸 NIP25%-COF 的最佳值达到 7.9 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1。这项研究说明了如何通过多元合成引入不同的受体单元,从而通过 "缺陷 "工程提高这些材料的光导率,同时又不牺牲其晶体或多孔特性,避免了从头合成的需要。
{"title":"Boosting Photoconductivity by Increasing the Structural Complexity of Multivariate Covalent Organic Frameworks","authors":"Marta Gordo-Lozano, Marcos Martínez-Fernández, Rajendra Prasad Paitandi, José I. Martínez, José L. Segura, Shu Seki","doi":"10.1002/smll.202406211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202406211","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment of the photoconductivity of Donor-Acceptor (D-A) ordered bulk heterojunctions is gaining attention for the development of innovative organic semiconductors in optoelectronics. Here, the synthesis of pyrene-based (D) Covalent Organic Frameworks, achieve through a multivariate reaction involving two distinct acceptors is reported (A). The products are characterized using powder x-ray diffraction, N<sub>2</sub> sorption isotherms, electronic microscopy, and <i>in silico</i> calculations, among other techniques. These characterizations reveal that the multicomponent synthesis enables the modification of properties (e.g., bandgap) of the framework while preserving its structural features, such as crystallinity and porosity. The ordered D-A arrays position these materials as promising candidates for photoconductive semiconductors, particularly regarding the variation in the composition of isotopological frameworks. Photoconductivity experiments demonstrate a volcano-type correlation with respect to the A moiety content, with the optimal value reaching 7.9 × 10<sup>−5</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> for the bare NIP<sub>25%</sub>-COF. This study illustrates how introducing diverse acceptor units through multivariate synthesis can enhance the photoconductivity of these materials via “defect” engineering, without sacrificing their crystalline or porous characteristics and avoiding the need for <i>de novo</i> synthesis.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142673504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Borui Cai, Wenhao Wu, Xiaozeng Miao, Xi Yang, Limin Duan, Daohui Lin, Kun Yang
Separation of benzene and cyclohexane is essential for obtaining high-purity cyclohexane in the chemical industry and for resource recovery from exhaust gas, but is one of the most challenging separation processes due to their highly similar boiling points and kinetic diameters. Herein, based on the isoreticular contraction strategy, a novel covalent organic framework (i.e., HFPB-TAB-COF) with kgd topological structure and average pore size of 5.70 Å, between the kinetic diameters of benzene (5.60 Å) and cyclohexane (6.10 Å), is synthesized for benzene/cyclohexane separation by pore confinement effect. HFPB-TAB-COF has the highest ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) selectivity of 36.0 for benzene/cyclohexane separation, and can produce 0.48 mmol g−1 cyclohexane with purity of +99% from 50:50 (v:v) benzene/cyclohexane mixture under dynamic condition, higher than reported separation materials. Optimizing the pore size of COFs by isoreticular contraction strategy can trigger the pore confinement effect for better meeting the separation challenge in industry.
{"title":"A Novel kgd-Topological Covalent Organic Framework with Optimum Pore Size for Efficient Benzene/Cyclohexane Separation","authors":"Borui Cai, Wenhao Wu, Xiaozeng Miao, Xi Yang, Limin Duan, Daohui Lin, Kun Yang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202408742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202408742","url":null,"abstract":"Separation of benzene and cyclohexane is essential for obtaining high-purity cyclohexane in the chemical industry and for resource recovery from exhaust gas, but is one of the most challenging separation processes due to their highly similar boiling points and kinetic diameters. Herein, based on the isoreticular contraction strategy, a novel covalent organic framework (i.e., HFPB-TAB-COF) with <b>kgd</b> topological structure and average pore size of 5.70 Å, between the kinetic diameters of benzene (5.60 Å) and cyclohexane (6.10 Å), is synthesized for benzene/cyclohexane separation by pore confinement effect. HFPB-TAB-COF has the highest ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) selectivity of 36.0 for benzene/cyclohexane separation, and can produce 0.48 mmol g<sup>−1</sup> cyclohexane with purity of +99% from 50:50 (v:v) benzene/cyclohexane mixture under dynamic condition, higher than reported separation materials. Optimizing the pore size of COFs by isoreticular contraction strategy can trigger the pore confinement effect for better meeting the separation challenge in industry.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142673428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In article number 2403835, Yong He, Jue Shi, Zhijian Xie, and co-workers propose a versatile Janus microsphere delivery system based on a bottom-up concept, targeting individual biological events with fine-tuned delivery profiles. This system is very much like a magic Rubik's cube, which can be manipulated to various appearances with different “therapeutical efficiency”, aiming to treat different organs with distinct biological demands.