Bing-Bing Yu, Shuang-Long Wang, Xiao-Lan Yang, Yue-Ru Zhou, Wan-Ping Huang, Yuan-Hao Wang, Song Qin, Lijian Ma, Guo-Hong Tao, Ling He
In flexible wearable electronics, the mechanical demands on substrate materials such as polyimine (PI) membranes vary significantly with the application. Adding toughening fillers to adjust the mechanical properties is effective. However, such approaches typically enable only unidirectional enhancement, lacking the capacity for controllable, bidirectional regulation. Inspired by mixed matrix membrane design, this work introduces iCONs into ionic polyimine network (IPIN). By modulating hydrogen bond cross-linking density and molecular chain entanglement through iCONs loading, the mechanical behavior of the composite membranes can be tuned from flexible (76.10% elongation at break) to rigid (8.56 MPa tensile strength). Notably, the IPIN-TpPaSO3-30% based flexible wearable sensor shows rapid, accurate, and stable electrochemical response to volatile iodine, promising for real-time detection. This work demostrates iCONs' potential in controllably regulating the mechanical properties of membrane materials, offering a novel approach for creating flexible membranes tailored to different applications.
{"title":"Ionic Polyimine Nanocomposite Membranes with Bidirectionally Tunable Mechanics for Flexible Electronics","authors":"Bing-Bing Yu, Shuang-Long Wang, Xiao-Lan Yang, Yue-Ru Zhou, Wan-Ping Huang, Yuan-Hao Wang, Song Qin, Lijian Ma, Guo-Hong Tao, Ling He","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512363","url":null,"abstract":"In flexible wearable electronics, the mechanical demands on substrate materials such as polyimine (PI) membranes vary significantly with the application. Adding toughening fillers to adjust the mechanical properties is effective. However, such approaches typically enable only unidirectional enhancement, lacking the capacity for controllable, bidirectional regulation. Inspired by mixed matrix membrane design, this work introduces iCONs into ionic polyimine network (IPIN). By modulating hydrogen bond cross-linking density and molecular chain entanglement through iCONs loading, the mechanical behavior of the composite membranes can be tuned from flexible (76.10% elongation at break) to rigid (8.56 MPa tensile strength). Notably, the IPIN-TpPaSO<sub>3</sub>-30% based flexible wearable sensor shows rapid, accurate, and stable electrochemical response to volatile iodine, promising for real-time detection. This work demostrates iCONs' potential in controllably regulating the mechanical properties of membrane materials, offering a novel approach for creating flexible membranes tailored to different applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"211 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dielectric capacitors are critical for pulsed power systems, yet their energy storage performance (ESP) requires further enhancement. While high‐entropy design improves breakdown strength ( Eb ), it often stabilizes a non‐polar phase, limiting polarization ( Pm ) and restricting high ESP to impractically high electric fields. Here, we propose an inverse high‐entropy design strategy to overcome this limitation. Using the quasi‐linear high‐entropy ceramic Bi 1/6 Na 1/6 Sr 1/6 Ca 1/6 Li 1/6 La 1/6 TiO 3 (BNSCLLT) as a matrix, we incorporated the classical ferroelectric BaTiO 3 (BT) to precisely regulate the polar structure. Introducing BT successfully induced a weakly polar tetragonal phase within the primarily cubic matrix, promoting polar nanoregions and optimizing the polarization response. This strategy effectively balances a significant increase in Pm with a controlled reduction in Eb . Consequently, the 0.7BNSCLLT‐0.3BT and 0.6BNSCLLT‐0.4BT compositions achieved superior performance with Wrec ∼ 10.9 J/cm 3 , η ∼ 88% at 600 kV/cm and Wrec ∼ 11.6 J/cm 3 , η ∼ 86% at 580 kV/cm, respectively. Notably, the 0.5BNSCLLT‐0.5BT composition also attained excellent ESP ( Wrec ∼ 9.8 J/cm 3 , η ∼ 80%) at a moderate field of 475 kV/cm. This work demonstrates the efficacy of the inverse high‐entropy design in achieving high‐performance energy storage across both high and moderate electric fields, offering a new paradigm for developing advanced dielectric materials.
介质电容器是脉冲电源系统的关键器件，但其储能性能有待进一步提高。虽然高熵设计提高了击穿强度（E b），但它通常会稳定非极性相，限制极化（P m），并将高ESP限制在不实际的高电场中。在这里，我们提出了一种逆高熵设计策略来克服这一限制。采用准线性高熵陶瓷bi1 /6 Na 1/6 Sr 1/6 Ca 1/6 Li 1/6 La 1/6 tio3 （BNSCLLT）为基体，加入经典铁电batio3 （BT）来精确调节其极性结构。BT的引入成功地诱导了原立方矩阵内的弱极性四方相，促进了极性纳米区，优化了极化响应。这一策略有效地平衡了P m的显著增加和E b的可控减少。因此，0.7BNSCLLT‐0.3BT和0.6BNSCLLT‐0.4BT组合物在600 kV/cm和580 kV/cm下分别获得了W rec ~ 10.9 J/cm， η ~ 88%和W rec ~ 11.6 J/cm， η ~ 86%的优异性能。值得注意的是，0.5BNSCLLT‐0.5BT组合物在475 kV/cm的中等电场下也获得了优异的ESP （W rec ~ 9.8 J/ cm3, η ~ 80%）。这项工作证明了逆高熵设计在高电场和中等电场中实现高性能储能的有效性，为开发先进的介电材料提供了新的范例。
{"title":"Inverse High‐Entropy Design Enables Superior Energy Storage in Moderate and High Electric Fields","authors":"Siyu Zhao, Wenjun Cao, Chunchang Wang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514898","url":null,"abstract":"Dielectric capacitors are critical for pulsed power systems, yet their energy storage performance (ESP) requires further enhancement. While high‐entropy design improves breakdown strength ( <jats:italic>E</jats:italic> <jats:sub>b</jats:sub> ), it often stabilizes a non‐polar phase, limiting polarization ( <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> <jats:sub>m</jats:sub> ) and restricting high ESP to impractically high electric fields. Here, we propose an inverse high‐entropy design strategy to overcome this limitation. Using the quasi‐linear high‐entropy ceramic Bi <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> Na <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> Sr <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> Ca <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> Li <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> La <jats:sub>1/6</jats:sub> TiO <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> (BNSCLLT) as a matrix, we incorporated the classical ferroelectric BaTiO <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> (BT) to precisely regulate the polar structure. Introducing BT successfully induced a weakly polar tetragonal phase within the primarily cubic matrix, promoting polar nanoregions and optimizing the polarization response. This strategy effectively balances a significant increase in <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> <jats:sub>m</jats:sub> with a controlled reduction in <jats:italic>E</jats:italic> <jats:sub>b</jats:sub> . Consequently, the 0.7BNSCLLT‐0.3BT and 0.6BNSCLLT‐0.4BT compositions achieved superior performance with <jats:italic>W</jats:italic> <jats:sub>rec</jats:sub> ∼ 10.9 J/cm <jats:sup>3</jats:sup> , <jats:italic>η</jats:italic> ∼ 88% at 600 kV/cm and <jats:italic>W</jats:italic> <jats:sub>rec</jats:sub> ∼ 11.6 J/cm <jats:sup>3</jats:sup> , <jats:italic>η</jats:italic> ∼ 86% at 580 kV/cm, respectively. Notably, the 0.5BNSCLLT‐0.5BT composition also attained excellent ESP ( <jats:italic>W</jats:italic> <jats:sub>rec</jats:sub> ∼ 9.8 J/cm <jats:sup>3</jats:sup> , <jats:italic>η</jats:italic> ∼ 80%) at a moderate field of 475 kV/cm. This work demonstrates the efficacy of the inverse high‐entropy design in achieving high‐performance energy storage across both high and moderate electric fields, offering a new paradigm for developing advanced dielectric materials.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takeshi Nakagawa, Kejun Bu, Yang Ding, Anna Moliterni, Cinzia Giannini, Jasminka Popović, Tianyao Pei, Yonggang Wang, Hirofumi Ishii, Anna Z. Szeremeta, Marian Paluch, Martina Vrankić
Advances in hybrid organic–inorganic ferroelectrics (HOIFs) plateau; high‐pressure studies offer powerful approaches to deepen understanding of structure‐property relationships and enable rational phase engineering of lead‐free HOIFs as viable inorganic alternatives. To date, high‐pressure studies focus on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and lead‐based HOIFs, constrained by toxicity, stability, and limited pressure ranges. Structure‐stability‐compressibility correlations prove essential for understanding lead‐free HOIFs under ultrawide pressure conditions, yet remain scarcely explored. We present high‐pressure studies of the lead‐free HOIF [N(C 2 H 5 ) 3 CH 3 ]FeCl 4 (EMAFC), which stays stable and mechanochromic up to 51.5 GPa with a reversible P 6 3mc ‐to‐ P 1 phase transition at 0.75 GPa. Pressure‐triggered synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction, Raman, UV–vis, dielectric, and second‐harmonic‐generation switching data reveal coupling between structural changes and bandgap modulation. With a bulk modulus of K0 = 42.0(5) GPa, EMAFC sets a record for compressibility among HOIFs. Beyond low compressibility, the tunability of EMAFC manifests through reversible retention of the SHG “on” state up to 9.5 GPa and transition to “off” by 20.0 GPa. Our results show that halide choice and lattice dynamics govern the compressibility and functional properties of HOIFs. EMAFC exhibits the lowest compressibility reported, establishing key structure‐compressibility relationships and enabling advanced phase and property control in hybrid ferroelectrics.
有机-无机杂化铁电体（HOIFs）平台研究进展高压研究提供了强大的方法来加深对结构-性能关系的理解，并使无铅hoif作为可行的无机替代品的合理相位工程成为可能。迄今为止，高压研究主要集中在金属有机框架（mof）和铅基hoif上，受到毒性、稳定性和有限压力范围的限制。结构-稳定性-可压缩性相关性对于理解超宽压力条件下的无铅hoif至关重要，但尚未得到充分研究。我们对无铅HOIF [N(c2h5) 3ch3] fecl4 （EMAFC）进行了高压研究，该材料在高达51.5 GPa时保持稳定和机械变色，并在0.75 GPa时发生可逆的p6.3 mc - to - p1相变。压力触发同步加速器粉末X射线衍射、拉曼、UV-vis、介电和二次谐波产生的开关数据揭示了结构变化和带隙调制之间的耦合。EMAFC的体积模量k0 = 42.0(5) GPa，创下了hoif中压缩性的记录。除了低压缩性外，EMAFC的可调性还表现为SHG在高达9.5 GPa时可逆保持“开”状态，并在20.0 GPa时过渡到“关”状态。我们的研究结果表明，卤化物选择和晶格动力学决定了hoif的可压缩性和功能性质。EMAFC表现出最低的可压缩性，建立了关键的结构-可压缩性关系，并实现了混合铁电材料的高级相位和性能控制。
{"title":"Record‐Low Compressibility in [N(C 2 H 5 ) 3 CH 3 ]FeCl 4 Expands Phase Engineering Horizons in Hybrid Molecular Ferroelectrics","authors":"Takeshi Nakagawa, Kejun Bu, Yang Ding, Anna Moliterni, Cinzia Giannini, Jasminka Popović, Tianyao Pei, Yonggang Wang, Hirofumi Ishii, Anna Z. Szeremeta, Marian Paluch, Martina Vrankić","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514648","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in hybrid organic–inorganic ferroelectrics (HOIFs) plateau; high‐pressure studies offer powerful approaches to deepen understanding of structure‐property relationships and enable rational phase engineering of lead‐free HOIFs as viable inorganic alternatives. To date, high‐pressure studies focus on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and lead‐based HOIFs, constrained by toxicity, stability, and limited pressure ranges. Structure‐stability‐compressibility correlations prove essential for understanding lead‐free HOIFs under ultrawide pressure conditions, yet remain scarcely explored. We present high‐pressure studies of the lead‐free HOIF [N(C <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> H <jats:sub>5</jats:sub> ) <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> CH <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> ]FeCl <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> (EMAFC), which stays stable and mechanochromic up to 51.5 GPa with a reversible <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> 6 <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> <jats:italic>mc</jats:italic> ‐to‐ <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> 1 phase transition at 0.75 GPa. Pressure‐triggered synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction, Raman, UV–vis, dielectric, and second‐harmonic‐generation switching data reveal coupling between structural changes and bandgap modulation. With a bulk modulus of <jats:italic>K</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> = 42.0(5) GPa, EMAFC sets a record for compressibility among HOIFs. Beyond low compressibility, the tunability of EMAFC manifests through reversible retention of the SHG “on” state up to 9.5 GPa and transition to “off” by 20.0 GPa. Our results show that halide choice and lattice dynamics govern the compressibility and functional properties of HOIFs. EMAFC exhibits the lowest compressibility reported, establishing key structure‐compressibility relationships and enabling advanced phase and property control in hybrid ferroelectrics.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological deficits, and immune responses play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration and functional recovery. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown considerable potential for modulating injury-induced immune dysregulation. However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited by factors such as restricted cellular viability, delayed onset of action, and lack of sustained immune activity. Therefore, to address these challenges, a hybrid hydrogel composed of a methacrylate-modified decellularized lymph node extracellular matrix (DLMMA) and porous GelMA (pGelMA) carrying a neuroprotective DC (npDC) vaccine was developed in the form of cryomicroneedles (pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs), enabling efficient and sustained immunological regulation during SCI treatment. The pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs enhanced the viability of npDC vaccine and facilitated rapid npDC release, thereby inducing neuroprotective immunity at the injury site during the early stage. In addition, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs fostered the formation of a non-typical artificial tertiary lymphoid structure (naTLS) that lacked the complete organized structure of typical TLS yet effectively recruited and engaged immune cells to promote SCI repair. Moreover, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs maintained immunomodulatory activity for up to two weeks, facilitating neuronal regeneration in a mouse model of SCI. Overall, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs in promoting SCI repair by establishing a neuroprotective immune microenvironment.
{"title":"Hybrid Cryomicroneedles Enhance DC Vaccine Efficacy and Function as Non-Typical Artificial Tertiary Lymphoid Structures to Provide Neuroprotective Immunity in Spinal Cord Injury","authors":"Xuefeng Li, Kunrong Xie, Jiawen Niu, Fawang Zhang, Zexuan Wu, Sikai Wang, Guanglei Li, Yuanxiang Zhang, Jiawei Shen, Chengchao Song, Jing Li, Nanxiang Wang, Yufu Wang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513088","url":null,"abstract":"Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological deficits, and immune responses play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration and functional recovery. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown considerable potential for modulating injury-induced immune dysregulation. However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited by factors such as restricted cellular viability, delayed onset of action, and lack of sustained immune activity. Therefore, to address these challenges, a hybrid hydrogel composed of a methacrylate-modified decellularized lymph node extracellular matrix (DLMMA) and porous GelMA (pGelMA) carrying a neuroprotective DC (npDC) vaccine was developed in the form of cryomicroneedles (pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs), enabling efficient and sustained immunological regulation during SCI treatment. The pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs enhanced the viability of npDC vaccine and facilitated rapid npDC release, thereby inducing neuroprotective immunity at the injury site during the early stage. In addition, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs fostered the formation of a non-typical artificial tertiary lymphoid structure (naTLS) that lacked the complete organized structure of typical TLS yet effectively recruited and engaged immune cells to promote SCI repair. Moreover, pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs maintained immunomodulatory activity for up to two weeks, facilitating neuronal regeneration in a mouse model of SCI. Overall, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of pG/DL@npDC-cryoMNs in promoting SCI repair by establishing a neuroprotective immune microenvironment.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"247 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Achieving efficient lanthanide upconversion excited by low-power incoherent light remains a daunting challenge due to the low extinction coefficients of lanthanide ions. Although dye sensitization is a promising route for enabling such excitation, dye-sensitized UCNPs (dsUCNPs) typically suffer from hydrophobicity and photolability, thus hindering their practical applications. In order to overcome these limitations, we present a “one-stone-two-birds” strategy by coating dsUCNPs with unsaturated fatty acid salts (UFAS). By leveraging the amphiphilic and antioxidant properties of UFAS, the coating imparts both excellent water dispersibility and photostability to dsUCNPs. We demonstrate that the photostability of UFAS-coated dsUCNPs increases with the increasing degree of unsaturation (i.e., the content of carbon-carbon double bond) in the UFAS molecules, with sodium linolenate (SLn) offering the most significant improvement. SLn-coated dsUCNPs exhibit a photobleaching half-life of 260 min, which is 87 times longer than those coated with conventional materials such as F-127, DSPE-PEG2000, and mesoporous silica. Importantly, SLn-coated dsUCNPs are excitable under low-power incoherent-light excitation (100 mW/cm2) and enable high-contrast cell imaging using light-emitting diodes (LED), making it possible to obviate the need for a high-intensity laser as an excitation source and significantly minimizing phototoxicity. This work offers a simple and effective strategy for producing highly hydrophilic and photostable dsUCNPs of practical significance, paving the way for their practical use in a broad range of applications involving incoherent low-power light excitation.
{"title":"Incoherent-Light-Excitable Lanthanide Upconversion Enabled by Highly Hydrophilic and Photostable Dye Sensitization","authors":"Xukai Chen, Longfei Song, Wang Chen, Yong Liu, Yu Chen, Yuyan Cai, Weidong Du, Xiangyu Peng, Zichen Li, Huan Zuo, Baoju Wang, Rui Pu, Zhengfei Zhuang, Tongsheng Chen, Wei Wei, Qiuqiang Zhan","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512083","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving efficient lanthanide upconversion excited by low-power incoherent light remains a daunting challenge due to the low extinction coefficients of lanthanide ions. Although dye sensitization is a promising route for enabling such excitation, dye-sensitized UCNPs (dsUCNPs) typically suffer from hydrophobicity and photolability, thus hindering their practical applications. In order to overcome these limitations, we present a “one-stone-two-birds” strategy by coating dsUCNPs with unsaturated fatty acid salts (UFAS). By leveraging the amphiphilic and antioxidant properties of UFAS, the coating imparts both excellent water dispersibility and photostability to dsUCNPs. We demonstrate that the photostability of UFAS-coated dsUCNPs increases with the increasing degree of unsaturation (i.e., the content of carbon-carbon double bond) in the UFAS molecules, with sodium linolenate (SLn) offering the most significant improvement. SLn-coated dsUCNPs exhibit a photobleaching half-life of 260 min, which is 87 times longer than those coated with conventional materials such as F-127, DSPE-PEG2000, and mesoporous silica. Importantly, SLn-coated dsUCNPs are excitable under low-power incoherent-light excitation (100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>) and enable high-contrast cell imaging using light-emitting diodes (LED), making it possible to obviate the need for a high-intensity laser as an excitation source and significantly minimizing phototoxicity. This work offers a simple and effective strategy for producing highly hydrophilic and photostable dsUCNPs of practical significance, paving the way for their practical use in a broad range of applications involving incoherent low-power light excitation.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have rapidly advanced as one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies, achieving certified power conversion efficiencies comparable to traditional Si‐based solar cells. Despite this progress, widespread commercialization of PVSCs is still hindered by challenges in upscaling high‐performance devices, ensuring long‐term operational stability, and achieving cost‐effectiveness. This perspective article overviews the status, key strategies, and persistent hurdles in addressing these barriers, with a particular focus on the commercialization pathways of perovskite photovoltaic technology tailored to niche applications. The potential of perovskite‐based tandem solar cells, alignment with specialized market segments, and the role of government supportive policies and pioneering companies are discussed. By outlining targeted development roadmaps and showcasing successful commercialization efforts, this perspective offers a multidimensional view of advancing PVSCs from laboratory breakthroughs to viable renewable energy technologies.
{"title":"A Perspective on Commercializing Perovskite Solar Cells: Unlocking Opportunities in Niche Applications","authors":"Xiao Wu, Guoqing Xiong, Ziyao Yue, Ruihao Chen, Sai‐Wing Tsang, Yuanhang Cheng","doi":"10.1002/smll.202511874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202511874","url":null,"abstract":"Perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have rapidly advanced as one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies, achieving certified power conversion efficiencies comparable to traditional Si‐based solar cells. Despite this progress, widespread commercialization of PVSCs is still hindered by challenges in upscaling high‐performance devices, ensuring long‐term operational stability, and achieving cost‐effectiveness. This perspective article overviews the status, key strategies, and persistent hurdles in addressing these barriers, with a particular focus on the commercialization pathways of perovskite photovoltaic technology tailored to niche applications. The potential of perovskite‐based tandem solar cells, alignment with specialized market segments, and the role of government supportive policies and pioneering companies are discussed. By outlining targeted development roadmaps and showcasing successful commercialization efforts, this perspective offers a multidimensional view of advancing PVSCs from laboratory breakthroughs to viable renewable energy technologies.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jihao Li, Nannan Sun, Le Cao, Yueming Liu, Bao-Lian Su, Haijiao Zhang
Mesoporous carbon materials have emerged as promising candidates for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) as anode materials due to their tunable pore structure, excellent conductivity, and high surface area. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics caused by the larger radius of K ions results in poor potassium storage performance. Here, we report a facile tetraethyl orthosilicate-mediated co-assembly strategy for anchoring cobalt single atoms into highly nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon/carbon nanotubes (Co-NMC@CNTs). The resulting composite features large mesopore size of approximately 23.7 nm, robust 1D structure, and abundant active sites introduced by Co single atoms and a high nitrogen doping of 13.6 at.%. Synchrotron radiation analysis and theoretical simulation further demonstrate that the presence of Co single atoms significantly reduces diffusion barriers of K ions and increases energy storage centers. When used as PIB anodes, the newly designed Co-NMC@CNTs electrode demonstrates an exceptional electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity of 362.3 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 300 cycles and an outstanding cycling stability with a capacity of 192.0 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 4000 cycles. This work opens up a new blueprint for achieving high-performance mesoporous carbon-based electrodes in next-generation energy storage applications.
介孔碳材料由于其可调节的孔隙结构、优异的导电性和高的比表面积而成为钾离子电池（PIBs）阳极材料的有希望的候选者。但由于K离子半径较大，反应动力学迟缓，导致储钾性能较差。在这里，我们报告了一种简单的四乙基正硅酸盐介导的共组装策略，用于将钴单原子锚定到高度氮掺杂的介孔碳/碳纳米管中（Co-NMC@CNTs）。该复合材料具有约23.7 nm的大介孔尺寸，坚固的一维结构，丰富的Co单原子引入的活性位点和13.6% at.%的高氮掺杂。同步辐射分析和理论模拟进一步证明，Co单原子的存在显著降低了K离子的扩散势垒，增加了能量存储中心。当用作PIB阳极时，新设计的Co-NMC@CNTs电极表现出优异的电化学性能，在100 mA g−1循环300次后具有362.3 mAh g−1的高可逆容量，在1000 mA g−1循环4000次后具有192.0 mAh g−1的出色循环稳定性。这项工作为在下一代储能应用中实现高性能介孔碳基电极开辟了新的蓝图。
{"title":"Atomically Dispersed Co Anchored into Highly Nitrogen-Doped One-Dimensional Mesoporous Carbon with Large Pore Size for Ultra-Stable Potassium-Ion Storage","authors":"Jihao Li, Nannan Sun, Le Cao, Yueming Liu, Bao-Lian Su, Haijiao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smll.72778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.72778","url":null,"abstract":"Mesoporous carbon materials have emerged as promising candidates for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) as anode materials due to their tunable pore structure, excellent conductivity, and high surface area. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics caused by the larger radius of K ions results in poor potassium storage performance. Here, we report a facile tetraethyl orthosilicate-mediated co-assembly strategy for anchoring cobalt single atoms into highly nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon/carbon nanotubes (Co-NMC@CNTs). The resulting composite features large mesopore size of approximately 23.7 nm, robust 1D structure, and abundant active sites introduced by Co single atoms and a high nitrogen doping of 13.6 at.%. Synchrotron radiation analysis and theoretical simulation further demonstrate that the presence of Co single atoms significantly reduces diffusion barriers of K ions and increases energy storage centers. When used as PIB anodes, the newly designed Co-NMC@CNTs electrode demonstrates an exceptional electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity of 362.3 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 100 mA g<sup>−1</sup> after 300 cycles and an outstanding cycling stability with a capacity of 192.0 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 1000 mA g<sup>−1</sup> after 4000 cycles. This work opens up a new blueprint for achieving high-performance mesoporous carbon-based electrodes in next-generation energy storage applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"314 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pannan I. Kyesmen, Eugen Klein, Brindhu Malani S, Rostyslav Lesyuk, Christian Klinke
The search for non‐toxic lead‐free halide perovskites that can compete with the lead‐based counterparts has led to the emergence of double perovskites as potential candidates. Among many options, Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 stands out as one of the most suitable eco‐friendly materials for numerous optoelectronic applications. In this study, quasi‐2D Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 nanosheets (NSs) were prepared via the low‐temperature injection colloidal synthesis and used to fabricate high‐performance photodetectors in a transport‐layer‐free architecture. The reaction temperature and ligands played vital roles in the structural purity, shape, and size of the synthesized Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 NSs. The fabricated NSs disclosed lateral sizes of up to 1.4 µm and are only a few nanometers thick. The high‐performance photodetectors fabricated using the Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 NSs yielded a high detectivity ( D ) of 1.15 × 10 12 Jones, responsivity ( R ) of 121 mA/W, a notable on‐off ratio of 2.39 × 10 4 , and a fast rise and decay time of 857 and 829 µs, respectively. The device demonstrates remarkable stability. Basically, it sustains its entire photocurrent after storage in ambient conditions for 80 days. This work showcases a pathway for the colloidal synthesis of quasi‐2D Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 lead‐free double perovskite NSs with suitable properties for high‐performance photodetection and other optoelectronic applications.
{"title":"Colloidal Quasi‐2D Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 Double Perovskite Nanosheets: Synthesis and Application as High‐Performance Photodetectors","authors":"Pannan I. Kyesmen, Eugen Klein, Brindhu Malani S, Rostyslav Lesyuk, Christian Klinke","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513500","url":null,"abstract":"The search for non‐toxic lead‐free halide perovskites that can compete with the lead‐based counterparts has led to the emergence of double perovskites as potential candidates. Among many options, Cs <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiBr <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> stands out as one of the most suitable eco‐friendly materials for numerous optoelectronic applications. In this study, quasi‐2D Cs <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiBr <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> nanosheets (NSs) were prepared via the low‐temperature injection colloidal synthesis and used to fabricate high‐performance photodetectors in a transport‐layer‐free architecture. The reaction temperature and ligands played vital roles in the structural purity, shape, and size of the synthesized Cs <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiBr <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> NSs. The fabricated NSs disclosed lateral sizes of up to 1.4 µm and are only a few nanometers thick. The high‐performance photodetectors fabricated using the Cs <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiBr <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> NSs yielded a high detectivity ( <jats:italic>D</jats:italic> ) of 1.15 × 10 <jats:sup>12</jats:sup> Jones, responsivity ( <jats:italic>R</jats:italic> ) of 121 mA/W, a notable on‐off ratio of 2.39 × 10 <jats:sup>4</jats:sup> , and a fast rise and decay time of 857 and 829 µs, respectively. The device demonstrates remarkable stability. Basically, it sustains its entire photocurrent after storage in ambient conditions for 80 days. This work showcases a pathway for the colloidal synthesis of quasi‐2D Cs <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> AgBiBr <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> lead‐free double perovskite NSs with suitable properties for high‐performance photodetection and other optoelectronic applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
So‐Yeol Yoo, Jiyeon Kim, Sang Min Lee, Sangwoo Lee, Taejung Kim, JungHun Kang, Le Bich Hang Pham, Hyeonwoo Lim, Minkyung Kim, Ka‐Young Lim, Jeeyeon Lee, Jae‐Young Lee
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is often hindered by poor tumor selectivity and inefficient drug delivery. Herein, a lipid‐hybridized phototherapeutic nanoplatform, LBCIN, is presented to overcome these barriers by integrating a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐triggered molecular logic gate with a synergistic dual‐light strategy. The molecular core consists of BdTT‐BNBE, a novel photosensitizer prodrug designed for tumor microenvironment‐selective activation. Upon triggering by endogenous ROS, BdTT‐BNBE undergoes cleavage to release the active photosensitizer and a para ‐quinone methide ( p QM) intermediate. This mechanism creates a dual‐action cascade: generating a potent ROS offense while simultaneously scavenging glutathione (GSH) via p QM, thereby systematically dismantling the tumor's antioxidant defense. For stable delivery, the payload is encapsulated within a chondroitin sulfate‐based core with a lipid corona, offering superior colloidal stability and CD44‐mediated targeting. Furthermore, a unique dual‐light sequence is employed to maximize efficacy. Initial 808 nm laser irradiation activates the carrier‐conjugated indocyanine green derivative (psICG), providing a “photothermal priming” effect that enhances membrane permeability and nanoparticle uptake. This facilitates subsequent white light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation, triggering a potent PDT effect amplified by intermolecular energy transfer and ferroptosis induction. This engineered integration of ROS‐responsive chemistry and sequential light activation results in durable tumor eradication with a high safety profile.
{"title":"Dual‐Light‐Primed GSH‐Scavenging Lipid Hybrid Nanoplatform for Cascade‐Activated Photodynamic Therapy","authors":"So‐Yeol Yoo, Jiyeon Kim, Sang Min Lee, Sangwoo Lee, Taejung Kim, JungHun Kang, Le Bich Hang Pham, Hyeonwoo Lim, Minkyung Kim, Ka‐Young Lim, Jeeyeon Lee, Jae‐Young Lee","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512546","url":null,"abstract":"Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is often hindered by poor tumor selectivity and inefficient drug delivery. Herein, a lipid‐hybridized phototherapeutic nanoplatform, LBCIN, is presented to overcome these barriers by integrating a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐triggered molecular logic gate with a synergistic dual‐light strategy. The molecular core consists of BdTT‐BNBE, a novel photosensitizer prodrug designed for tumor microenvironment‐selective activation. Upon triggering by endogenous ROS, BdTT‐BNBE undergoes cleavage to release the active photosensitizer and a <jats:italic>para</jats:italic> ‐quinone methide ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> QM) intermediate. This mechanism creates a dual‐action cascade: generating a potent ROS offense while simultaneously scavenging glutathione (GSH) via <jats:italic> p</jats:italic> QM, thereby systematically dismantling the tumor's antioxidant defense. For stable delivery, the payload is encapsulated within a chondroitin sulfate‐based core with a lipid corona, offering superior colloidal stability and CD44‐mediated targeting. Furthermore, a unique dual‐light sequence is employed to maximize efficacy. Initial 808 nm laser irradiation activates the carrier‐conjugated indocyanine green derivative (psICG), providing a “photothermal priming” effect that enhances membrane permeability and nanoparticle uptake. This facilitates subsequent white light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation, triggering a potent PDT effect amplified by intermolecular energy transfer and ferroptosis induction. This engineered integration of ROS‐responsive chemistry and sequential light activation results in durable tumor eradication with a high safety profile.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yue Sun, Shuang Li, Xiaoyu Shi, Yuxi Li, Lu Sun, Qingsong Ji, Xiulan Chen, Jingya Nan, Chunpeng Wang, Fuxiang Chu
The development of sustainable, high‐performance bio‐adhesives to replace formaldehyde‐based resins remains a critical challenge for the wood industry. However, the low water resistance, poor penetration, and weak adhesion strength severely bottleneck the practical application of bio‐adhesives. Here, we present a strong, tough, and flame‐retardant soybean meal (SM)‐based adhesive with high penetration through a hierarchical dual bio‐inspired strategy, combining the hard‐soft phase combination of bivalve hinges and the root‐like topological entanglement of plants. In this system, calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) acts as rigid fillers to prompt crack deflection and energy dissipation, while polyacrylamide (PAM) entanglement further enhances the toughness of the SM matrix and mechanical interlocking at the interface. The prepared SM‐adhesive achieves significant enhancements in dry shear strengths and wet work of adhesive, which were 6.0 folds and 37.5 folds higher than those of the primary SM. Furthermore, prepared adhesive exhibits excellent flame retardancy with limiting oxygen index of 32.5%, attributing to the gas‐phase protective layer and condensed‐phase flame retardancy of CSA. This work establishes a sustainable pathway for replacing traditional petroleum‐based adhesives in plywood, and it has potential to develop on industrial‐scale and achieve eco‐friendly alternatives in the future.
{"title":"Strong, Tough and Flame‐Retardant Bio‐Adhesives of Soybean Meal with High Penetrability by Hierarchical Dual Bio‐Inspired Strategy","authors":"Yue Sun, Shuang Li, Xiaoyu Shi, Yuxi Li, Lu Sun, Qingsong Ji, Xiulan Chen, Jingya Nan, Chunpeng Wang, Fuxiang Chu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202511261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202511261","url":null,"abstract":"The development of sustainable, high‐performance bio‐adhesives to replace formaldehyde‐based resins remains a critical challenge for the wood industry. However, the low water resistance, poor penetration, and weak adhesion strength severely bottleneck the practical application of bio‐adhesives. Here, we present a strong, tough, and flame‐retardant soybean meal (SM)‐based adhesive with high penetration through a hierarchical dual bio‐inspired strategy, combining the hard‐soft phase combination of bivalve hinges and the root‐like topological entanglement of plants. In this system, calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) acts as rigid fillers to prompt crack deflection and energy dissipation, while polyacrylamide (PAM) entanglement further enhances the toughness of the SM matrix and mechanical interlocking at the interface. The prepared SM‐adhesive achieves significant enhancements in dry shear strengths and wet work of adhesive, which were 6.0 folds and 37.5 folds higher than those of the primary SM. Furthermore, prepared adhesive exhibits excellent flame retardancy with limiting oxygen index of 32.5%, attributing to the gas‐phase protective layer and condensed‐phase flame retardancy of CSA. This work establishes a sustainable pathway for replacing traditional petroleum‐based adhesives in plywood, and it has potential to develop on industrial‐scale and achieve eco‐friendly alternatives in the future.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146145915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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