Advances in research in electronic textiles (E-textiles) that primarily cater to wearable sensing technology have found amalgamation with self-powered technology, especially with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). However, developing E-textiles with triboelectric properties involves a multi-step process and a complex device structure, which is unsuitable for actual wearables. Also, the cellulose-based fabrics with the highest wearability are unsuitable for TENG fabrication, limiting the usage to synthetic fabrics. Apart from wearability, self-healing behavior is another significant property recently being looked upon for wearable sensors, providing long-term functionality. Herein, a simple yet effective approach is proposed to develop dielectrically optimized coatings for developing cellulose fabric-based self-powered sensors by leveraging elastomers with tunable dielectric and other properties, otherwise catering to the domain of electronic skin separately. The record high output performance with a power density of 4.69 W m−2 accomplished using a single fabric layer with a thickness of 0.56 mm supports the amalgamation of dielectrically optimized elastomeric coatings with textiles for next-generation self-powered wearables. Also, the strategic utilization of dynamic covalent chemistry imparted self-healing properties to the coating. This report provides a single-step dip coating method for developing a self-powered and self-healable next-generation E-textile.
{"title":"Graphene-Based Vitrimeric Ink with Self-Healing Properties Enables Simple E-Textile Triboelectric Coating Development","authors":"Simran Sharma, Titash Mondal","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500481","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in research in electronic textiles (E-textiles) that primarily cater to wearable sensing technology have found amalgamation with self-powered technology, especially with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). However, developing E-textiles with triboelectric properties involves a multi-step process and a complex device structure, which is unsuitable for actual wearables. Also, the cellulose-based fabrics with the highest wearability are unsuitable for TENG fabrication, limiting the usage to synthetic fabrics. Apart from wearability, self-healing behavior is another significant property recently being looked upon for wearable sensors, providing long-term functionality. Herein, a simple yet effective approach is proposed to develop dielectrically optimized coatings for developing cellulose fabric-based self-powered sensors by leveraging elastomers with tunable dielectric and other properties, otherwise catering to the domain of electronic skin separately. The record high output performance with a power density of 4.69 W m<sup>−2</sup> accomplished using a single fabric layer with a thickness of 0.56 mm supports the amalgamation of dielectrically optimized elastomeric coatings with textiles for next-generation self-powered wearables. Also, the strategic utilization of dynamic covalent chemistry imparted self-healing properties to the coating. This report provides a single-step dip coating method for developing a self-powered and self-healable next-generation E-textile.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143435779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) represent a promising option for cost-effective grid-scale energy storage due to their combination of high energy and power densities, as well as excellent cycle stability. However, the practical application of SIHCs is hindered by the lack of advanced anode materials that exhibit fast ion diffusion kinetics and robust structures. Herein, a novel design featuring a nano-sized Fe3O4 is developed, that is double-reinforced by porous carbon derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as the inner core support and N, P-co-doped carbon from a polymer decomposition as the outer shell, resulting in a robust pencil-like core–shell structural composite (Fe3O4/NPC). The Fe3O4 nanograins and abundant surface groups containing N and P reduce the charge/electron transfer distance and provide numerous pseudocapacitive active sites, guaranteeing high energy output and superior rate capability. The optimized core–shell structure and interconnected carbon framework effectively accommodate volume changes, prevent nanoparticle agglomeration, and facilitate ion/electron transport, thereby ensuring structural integrity and rapid kinetics. In testing, Fe3O4/NPC demonstrated superior cycling durability, retaining 86.6% of its initial capacity after 2500 cycles in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Impressively, the assembled SIHC achieved a notable energy density of 147.1 W h kg−1 and maintained 92% capacity after 8000 cycles.
{"title":"Double-Reinforced Nano-Sized Ferrosoferric Oxide/Carbon Core–Shell Nanorods Enabling Durable Sodium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors","authors":"Zengwei Pang, Miaomiao Liu, Shenteng Wan, Yongdong Liu, Xiaohui Niu, Deyi Zhang, Kunjie Wang, Hongxia Li","doi":"10.1002/smll.202411436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202411436","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) represent a promising option for cost-effective grid-scale energy storage due to their combination of high energy and power densities, as well as excellent cycle stability. However, the practical application of SIHCs is hindered by the lack of advanced anode materials that exhibit fast ion diffusion kinetics and robust structures. Herein, a novel design featuring a nano-sized Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> is developed, that is double-reinforced by porous carbon derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as the inner core support and N, P-co-doped carbon from a polymer decomposition as the outer shell, resulting in a robust pencil-like core–shell structural composite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/NPC). The Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanograins and abundant surface groups containing N and P reduce the charge/electron transfer distance and provide numerous pseudocapacitive active sites, guaranteeing high energy output and superior rate capability. The optimized core–shell structure and interconnected carbon framework effectively accommodate volume changes, prevent nanoparticle agglomeration, and facilitate ion/electron transport, thereby ensuring structural integrity and rapid kinetics. In testing, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/NPC demonstrated superior cycling durability, retaining 86.6% of its initial capacity after 2500 cycles in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Impressively, the assembled SIHC achieved a notable energy density of 147.1 W h kg<sup>−1</sup> and maintained 92% capacity after 8000 cycles.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143435782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kohei Okubo, Showa Kitajima, Hitoshi Kasai, Kouki Oka
Amorphous porous organic polymers (POPs) feature high specific surface area and chemical and thermal stability; therefore, they are applied in various fields. It is previously reported that chemical polymerization using iodine as an oxidant enables the synthesis of amorphous POPs without impurities. In this study, an iodine-based chemical polymerization method is employed to maximize the specific surface area of polytriphenylamine, a typical amorphous POP. Furthermore, 1,3,5-tris[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]benzene, a monomer with three triphenylamine moieties connected by a benzene core, is used to increase the number of reaction points and construct a rigid structure. The resulting poly[1,3,5-tris[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]benzene] (pTTPA) exhibited a high specific surface area. Using 200 equivalents of iodine resulted in a pTTPA with the largest Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area (2134.6 m2 g−1) among previously reported triphenylamine-based amorphous POPs, and demonstrated a high CO2 adsorption capacity (3.31 mmol g−1 at 25 °C). Furthermore, pTTPA exhibited significant water–vapor adsorption when the BET specific surface area reached 1500 m2 g−1, leading to the emergence of proton conductivity (e.g., 4.33 × 10−6 S cm−1 at 95% RH and 90 °C). The findings demonstrate that iodine-based chemical polymerization enables the maximization of the porosity of amorphous POPs and the development of proton conductivity within them.
{"title":"Triphenylamine-Based Porous Organic Polymers with High Porosity: their High Carbon-Dioxide Adsorption and Proton-Conductivity Emergence","authors":"Kohei Okubo, Showa Kitajima, Hitoshi Kasai, Kouki Oka","doi":"10.1002/smll.202410794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410794","url":null,"abstract":"Amorphous porous organic polymers (<b>POP</b>s) feature high specific surface area and chemical and thermal stability; therefore, they are applied in various fields. It is previously reported that chemical polymerization using iodine as an oxidant enables the synthesis of amorphous <b>POP</b>s without impurities. In this study, an iodine-based chemical polymerization method is employed to maximize the specific surface area of polytriphenylamine, a typical amorphous <b>POP</b>. Furthermore, 1,3,5-tris[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]benzene, a monomer with three triphenylamine moieties connected by a benzene core, is used to increase the number of reaction points and construct a rigid structure. The resulting poly[1,3,5-tris[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]benzene] (<b>pTTPA</b>) exhibited a high specific surface area. Using 200 equivalents of iodine resulted in a <b>pTTPA</b> with the largest Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (<b>BET</b>) specific surface area (2134.6 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) among previously reported triphenylamine-based amorphous <b>POP</b>s, and demonstrated a high CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacity (3.31 mmol g<sup>−1</sup> at 25 °C). Furthermore, <b>pTTPA</b> exhibited significant water–vapor adsorption when the <b>BET</b> specific surface area reached 1500 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, leading to the emergence of proton conductivity (e.g., 4.33 × 10<sup>−6</sup> S cm<sup>−1</sup> at 95% RH and 90 °C). The findings demonstrate that iodine-based chemical polymerization enables the maximization of the porosity of amorphous <b>POP</b>s and the development of proton conductivity within them.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143427279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Breitfeld, C. L. Dietsche, M. A. Saucedo-Espinosa, S. F. Berlanda, P. S. Dittrich
High throughput assays including enzymatic reactions are usually conducted in multiwell plates and analyzed in plate readers. This approach has limitations in i) upscaling and ii) the choice of reactions, as labeled compounds are required. A technique is introduced to rapidly generate dense microdroplet arrays by stream shearing (MASS). The fluid is delivered via a capillary onto a glass plate that carries a pattern of hydrophilic spots surrounded by a hydrophobic coating. Moving the glass plate shears off droplets from the fluid stream that are retained on the hydrophilic spot. Arrays of up to 24 192 homogenous droplets (coefficient of variation: 2.9 %) with defined volumes from 280 to 980 pL are generated in less than 22 min. Thereby, the droplet content is varied, and fine chemical gradients are obtained across the plate, which are analyzed with both fluorescence microscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). This method is employed for label-free kinetic studies of an enzymatic reaction. For the cleavage of angiotensin II-fluorescein by the angiotensin II-converting enzyme, a maximum reaction velocity (vmax) of 5.7 µm min−1 is determined and the Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) of 84.8 µm is found. The platform can be further upscaled for biochemical assays as required for drug discovery and protein engineering.
{"title":"Ultrafast Formation of Microdroplet Arrays with Chemical Gradients for Label-Free Determination of Enzymatic Reaction Kinetics","authors":"M. Breitfeld, C. L. Dietsche, M. A. Saucedo-Espinosa, S. F. Berlanda, P. S. Dittrich","doi":"10.1002/smll.202410275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410275","url":null,"abstract":"High throughput assays including enzymatic reactions are usually conducted in multiwell plates and analyzed in plate readers. This approach has limitations in i) upscaling and ii) the choice of reactions, as labeled compounds are required. A technique is introduced to rapidly generate dense microdroplet arrays by stream shearing (MASS). The fluid is delivered via a capillary onto a glass plate that carries a pattern of hydrophilic spots surrounded by a hydrophobic coating. Moving the glass plate shears off droplets from the fluid stream that are retained on the hydrophilic spot. Arrays of up to 24 192 homogenous droplets (coefficient of variation: 2.9 %) with defined volumes from 280 to 980 pL are generated in less than 22 min. Thereby, the droplet content is varied, and fine chemical gradients are obtained across the plate, which are analyzed with both fluorescence microscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). This method is employed for label-free kinetic studies of an enzymatic reaction. For the cleavage of angiotensin II-fluorescein by the angiotensin II-converting enzyme, a maximum reaction velocity (<i>v<sub>max</sub></i>) of 5.7 µ<span>m</span> min<sup>−1</sup> is determined and the Michaelis-Menten constant (<i>K<sub>M</sub></i>) of 84.8 µ<span>m</span> is found. The platform can be further upscaled for biochemical assays as required for drug discovery and protein engineering.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143435783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi Shi, Xiao Wang, Lingling Zhang, Xiang Chu, Li Liu, Baokang Geng, Ruize Jiang, Shibo Zhang, Shuyan Song, Hongjie Zhang
γ-Mo2N catalysts exhibit excellent activity and stability in ammonia decomposition reactions. However, the influence of oxygen on its activity is still unknown. In this work, two γ-Mo2N catalysts with different oxygen content are synthesized using temperature-programmed nitridation of α-MoO3. The γ-Mo2N catalysts are highly oxidized and their ammonia decomposition performance is closely related to their oxygen content. The activity of γ-Mo2N with high oxygen content (HO-γ-Mo2N) is much higher, whose H2 formation rate at 550 °C is 3.3 times higher than the γ-Mo2N with low oxygen content (LO-γ-Mo2N). This is mainly attributed to two aspects: on the one hand, the higher valence state of Mo in the HO-γ-Mo2N leads to stronger Mo─NH3 bonds, which promotes the adsorption and activation of NH3. On the other hand, the H generated by N─H bond breaking is more easily migrated to O, which avoids excessive H occupying the γ-Mo2N active sites and alleviates the negative effect of hydrogen poisoning.
{"title":"Oxygen-Doped γ-Mo2N as High-Performance Catalyst for Ammonia Decomposition","authors":"Yi Shi, Xiao Wang, Lingling Zhang, Xiang Chu, Li Liu, Baokang Geng, Ruize Jiang, Shibo Zhang, Shuyan Song, Hongjie Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202410803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410803","url":null,"abstract":"γ-Mo<sub>2</sub>N catalysts exhibit excellent activity and stability in ammonia decomposition reactions. However, the influence of oxygen on its activity is still unknown. In this work, two γ-Mo<sub>2</sub>N catalysts with different oxygen content are synthesized using temperature-programmed nitridation of α-MoO<sub>3</sub>. The γ-Mo<sub>2</sub>N catalysts are highly oxidized and their ammonia decomposition performance is closely related to their oxygen content. The activity of γ-Mo<sub>2</sub>N with high oxygen content (HO-γ-Mo<sub>2</sub>N) is much higher, whose H<sub>2</sub> formation rate at 550 °C is 3.3 times higher than the γ-Mo<sub>2</sub>N with low oxygen content (LO-γ-Mo<sub>2</sub>N). This is mainly attributed to two aspects: on the one hand, the higher valence state of Mo in the HO-γ-Mo<sub>2</sub>N leads to stronger Mo─NH<sub>3</sub> bonds, which promotes the adsorption and activation of NH<sub>3</sub>. On the other hand, the H generated by N─H bond breaking is more easily migrated to O, which avoids excessive H occupying the γ-Mo<sub>2</sub>N active sites and alleviates the negative effect of hydrogen poisoning.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental pollution threatens human health and ecosystem sustainability, boosting a huge demand for filters. However, the petroleum-based filters are likewise environmentally hazardous since their non-degradability results in disposal in landfills. Although biodegradable synthetic polymers have been contemplated as alternative filtration materials, their utilization in fabricating ultrafine fibers to construct effective 3D filters remains an obstacle. In this study, all-biomass nanofibrous filters are developed with versatility and biodegradability based on silk nanofibrils (SNFs). Bulk aerogels with tunable structures can be fabricated through solvent-mediated ice crystal growth by using SNFs as a building block. The SNF-based aerogel exhibited excellent water purification performance, as evidenced by their ability to remove micro-nano plastics, organic dyes, and heavy metal ions. The practicability of this filter system is demonstrated by the successful production of purified water from simulated polluted water and dirty river water. Moreover, the versatility of the SNF aerogel is further proven by superior air filtration performance against PM0.3 and oily smoking. Furthermore, the SNF aerogel filter has a low environmental impact as it can be safely biodegraded in the natural environment, with a ratio of 73.8% after one year of landfill. This work provides a path toward sustainable purification treatment of environmental pollution.
{"title":"Silk Nanofibrillar Aerogel as Sustainable Filters for Environmental Purification","authors":"Xiufang Li, Xiaorong Ba, Yunfeng Dai, Yanfei Feng, Shuqin Yan, Qiang Zhang, Renchuan You","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500226","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental pollution threatens human health and ecosystem sustainability, boosting a huge demand for filters. However, the petroleum-based filters are likewise environmentally hazardous since their non-degradability results in disposal in landfills. Although biodegradable synthetic polymers have been contemplated as alternative filtration materials, their utilization in fabricating ultrafine fibers to construct effective 3D filters remains an obstacle. In this study, all-biomass nanofibrous filters are developed with versatility and biodegradability based on silk nanofibrils (SNFs). Bulk aerogels with tunable structures can be fabricated through solvent-mediated ice crystal growth by using SNFs as a building block. The SNF-based aerogel exhibited excellent water purification performance, as evidenced by their ability to remove micro-nano plastics, organic dyes, and heavy metal ions. The practicability of this filter system is demonstrated by the successful production of purified water from simulated polluted water and dirty river water. Moreover, the versatility of the SNF aerogel is further proven by superior air filtration performance against PM<sub>0.3</sub> and oily smoking. Furthermore, the SNF aerogel filter has a low environmental impact as it can be safely biodegraded in the natural environment, with a ratio of 73.8% after one year of landfill. This work provides a path toward sustainable purification treatment of environmental pollution.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Developing highly efficient nonprecious heterogeneous catalysts for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to cyclic carbonates is crucial but challenging in the modern chemical industry. Here, a facile and scalable molecules-confined pyrolysis approach is demonstrated for the synthesis of nitrogen-coordinated transition-metal (TM) single-atom catalysts (SACs). Moreover, the various coordination structures of metal centers and the forms of nitrogen species are successfully revealed. The designed TM SACs show excellent catalytic performance for the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides to cyclic carbonates under solvent-free mild conditions. Among them, the optimum Zn SAC with 13.2 wt.% Zn content achieves a >99% yield at 80 °C within 2 h for the cycloaddition of propylene oxide to propylene carbonate. The crucial comprehension of the relationship between performance and reaction mechanism over TM SACs with various metal centers and adjacent N species is further enhanced through experimental investigations and theoretical simulations. Significantly, the high density of Lewis acid–base sites (Zn and N species) can appropriately regulate the activation of epoxide and CO2 and the reaction energy of cycloaddition, respectively, thus improving the CO2 cycloaddition performance. This work provides a new insight into the design of highly active and stable SACs for efficient cycloaddition reactions.
{"title":"Engineering Nitrogen-Coordinated Single-Atom Catalysts for Efficient CO2 Cycloaddition","authors":"Jiayi Li, Keke Mao, Wanbing Gong, Zheyue Li, Shuaikang Sang, Jiawei Li, Guangyu Chen, Chuansheng Hu, Ran Long, Yujie Xiong","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500594","url":null,"abstract":"Developing highly efficient nonprecious heterogeneous catalysts for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) to cyclic carbonates is crucial but challenging in the modern chemical industry. Here, a facile and scalable molecules-confined pyrolysis approach is demonstrated for the synthesis of nitrogen-coordinated transition-metal (TM) single-atom catalysts (SACs). Moreover, the various coordination structures of metal centers and the forms of nitrogen species are successfully revealed. The designed TM SACs show excellent catalytic performance for the cycloaddition of CO<sub>2</sub> with epoxides to cyclic carbonates under solvent-free mild conditions. Among them, the optimum Zn SAC with 13.2 wt.% Zn content achieves a >99% yield at 80 °C within 2 h for the cycloaddition of propylene oxide to propylene carbonate. The crucial comprehension of the relationship between performance and reaction mechanism over TM SACs with various metal centers and adjacent N species is further enhanced through experimental investigations and theoretical simulations. Significantly, the high density of Lewis acid–base sites (Zn and N species) can appropriately regulate the activation of epoxide and CO<sub>2</sub> and the reaction energy of cycloaddition, respectively, thus improving the CO<sub>2</sub> cycloaddition performance. This work provides a new insight into the design of highly active and stable SACs for efficient cycloaddition reactions.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yipu Du, Jinyu Yang, Kaidong Song, Qiang Jiang, Md Omarsany Bappy, Yuchen Zhu, David B. Go, Yanliang Zhang
Additive manufacturing of metallic materials holds the potential to revolutionize the fabrication of functional devices unattainable via traditional methods. Despite recent advancements, printing metallic materials typically requires thermal processing at elevated temperatures to form dense structures with desired properties, which presents a major challenge for direct printing and integration with temperature-sensitive materials. Herein, a unique co-jet printing (CJP) method is reported integrating an aerosol jet and a non-thermal, atmospheric pressure plasma jet to enable concurrent aerosol deposition of metal nanoparticle inks and in situ sintering at ambient temperature. A machine learning algorithm is integrated with the CJP to perform real-time defect detection and autonomous correction, enhancing the yield of printed films with high electrical conductivity from 44% to 94%. Concurrent printing and sintering eliminate the need for post-printing processing, reducing the overall manufacturing time by multiple folds depending on product size. CJP enables direct printing of functional devices on a variety of temperature-sensitive materials including biological materials. Direct printing of hydration sensors on living plant leaves is demonstrated for long-duration monitoring of hydration level in the plant. The versatile CJP method opens tremendous opportunities to harmoniously integrate abiotic and biotic materials for emerging applications in wearable/implantable devices and biohybrid systems.
{"title":"Autonomous Aerosol and Plasma Co-Jet Printing of Metallic Devices at Ambient Temperature","authors":"Yipu Du, Jinyu Yang, Kaidong Song, Qiang Jiang, Md Omarsany Bappy, Yuchen Zhu, David B. Go, Yanliang Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202409751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202409751","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing of metallic materials holds the potential to revolutionize the fabrication of functional devices unattainable via traditional methods. Despite recent advancements, printing metallic materials typically requires thermal processing at elevated temperatures to form dense structures with desired properties, which presents a major challenge for direct printing and integration with temperature-sensitive materials. Herein, a unique co-jet printing (CJP) method is reported integrating an aerosol jet and a non-thermal, atmospheric pressure plasma jet to enable concurrent aerosol deposition of metal nanoparticle inks and in situ sintering at ambient temperature. A machine learning algorithm is integrated with the CJP to perform real-time defect detection and autonomous correction, enhancing the yield of printed films with high electrical conductivity from 44% to 94%. Concurrent printing and sintering eliminate the need for post-printing processing, reducing the overall manufacturing time by multiple folds depending on product size. CJP enables direct printing of functional devices on a variety of temperature-sensitive materials including biological materials. Direct printing of hydration sensors on living plant leaves is demonstrated for long-duration monitoring of hydration level in the plant. The versatile CJP method opens tremendous opportunities to harmoniously integrate abiotic and biotic materials for emerging applications in wearable/implantable devices and biohybrid systems.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yue Wang, Siming Wu, Giorgio Zoppellaro, Zdeněk Baďura, Patrik Schmuki
The selective reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide is one of the key reactions in electrochemistry and photocatalysis. Here the effect of Pt co-catalysts, dispersed on titania, either as single atoms or as nanoparticles, on the photocatalytic superoxide (•O2−) formation in O2 containing solutions is investigated. The •O2− formation is traced by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assays and in detail by EPR measurements using TEMPO as •O2− radical scavenger. The results show that the photocatalytic formation rate of •O2− on titania can strongly be enhanced by using Pt single atoms as a co-catalyst, whereas Pt nanoparticles hardly exhibit any accelerating effect. This finding is of considerable significance regarding photocatalytic degradation and photocatalytic oxidative synthesis processes.
{"title":"Platinum Single Atoms Strongly Promote Superoxide Formation in Titania-Based Photocatalysis – Platinum Nanoparticles Don't","authors":"Yue Wang, Siming Wu, Giorgio Zoppellaro, Zdeněk Baďura, Patrik Schmuki","doi":"10.1002/smll.202412097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412097","url":null,"abstract":"The selective reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide is one of the key reactions in electrochemistry and photocatalysis. Here the effect of Pt co-catalysts, dispersed on titania, either as single atoms or as nanoparticles, on the photocatalytic superoxide (<sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) formation in O<sub>2</sub> containing solutions is investigated. The <sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> formation is traced by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assays and in detail by EPR measurements using TEMPO as <sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> radical scavenger. The results show that the photocatalytic formation rate of <sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> on titania can strongly be enhanced by using Pt single atoms as a co-catalyst, whereas Pt nanoparticles hardly exhibit any accelerating effect. This finding is of considerable significance regarding photocatalytic degradation and photocatalytic oxidative synthesis processes.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"166 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Osmotic energy, also called blue energy, promotes sustainable energy development. Nanofluidic membranes constructed from various nanomaterials applied in reverse electrodialysis play an important role in enhancing the effective osmotic energy conversion. The fabrication of g-C3N4 modified MXene/regenerated cellulose composite nanofluidic membranes is developed. Optimization of advanced membrane structure not only designed a well-ordered layer arrangement resulting in low membrane impedance but also enabled photoelectric/photothermal guided ion transport to promote energy conversion. The photoelectric effect promoted the separation of electrons and holes between g-C3N4 and MXene to form a local electric field, causing the output current of thenanofluidic membrane-based reverse electrodialysis to jump sharply from 17 µA to a peak current of 28 µA (no light to light) and increasing the power density from 0.9 W m−2 to 4.3 W m−2. After 1200 s of illumination, the MXene channel created an inhomogeneous temperature gradient that triggered ion transport driven by thermal osmosis through the photothermal effect, resulting in an excellent output power density of 5.9 W m−2. Photoelectric/photothermal enhanced osmotic energy harvesting over multiple climate changes. Thus, this work expands the way of photoelectric/photothermal guided ion transport to enhance the conversion of osmotic energy into electrical energy.
渗透能又称蓝色能源，可促进能源的可持续发展。应用于反向电渗析的各种纳米材料制成的纳米流体膜在提高渗透能的有效转化方面发挥着重要作用。本研究开发了 g-C3N4 改性 MXene/再生纤维素复合纳米流体膜的制备方法。通过优化先进的膜结构，不仅设计出了有序的膜层排列，从而降低了膜阻抗，而且还实现了光电/光热引导离子传输，促进了能量转换。光电效应促进了 g-C3N4 和 MXene 之间的电子和空穴分离，形成局部电场，使当时基于非流体膜的反向电渗析的输出电流从 17 µA 猛增到 28 µA（无光到有光）的峰值电流，功率密度从 0.9 W m-2 增加到 4.3 W m-2。光照 1200 秒后，MXene 通道产生了不均匀的温度梯度，通过光热效应引发了热渗透驱动的离子传输，使输出功率密度达到 5.9 W m-2。光电/光热效应增强了多种气候变化下的渗透能量采集。因此，这项工作拓展了光电/光热引导离子传输的途径，增强了渗透能向电能的转化。
{"title":"Synergistic Photoelectric/Photothermal Effects Guided Ion Transport for Enhancing Multiple Climatic Osmotic Energy Conversion Efficiency","authors":"Haocun Huang, Xiao Zhang, Xiaoyu Huang, Kexin Sun, Sheng Chen, Yanglei Xu, Feng Xu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500366","url":null,"abstract":"Osmotic energy, also called blue energy, promotes sustainable energy development. Nanofluidic membranes constructed from various nanomaterials applied in reverse electrodialysis play an important role in enhancing the effective osmotic energy conversion. The fabrication of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> modified MXene/regenerated cellulose composite nanofluidic membranes is developed. Optimization of advanced membrane structure not only designed a well-ordered layer arrangement resulting in low membrane impedance but also enabled photoelectric/photothermal guided ion transport to promote energy conversion. The photoelectric effect promoted the separation of electrons and holes between g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and MXene to form a local electric field, causing the output current of thenanofluidic membrane-based reverse electrodialysis to jump sharply from 17 µA to a peak current of 28 µA (no light to light) and increasing the power density from 0.9 W m<sup>−2</sup> to 4.3 W m<sup>−2</sup>. After 1200 s of illumination, the MXene channel created an inhomogeneous temperature gradient that triggered ion transport driven by thermal osmosis through the photothermal effect, resulting in an excellent output power density of 5.9 W m<sup>−2</sup>. Photoelectric/photothermal enhanced osmotic energy harvesting over multiple climate changes. Thus, this work expands the way of photoelectric/photothermal guided ion transport to enhance the conversion of osmotic energy into electrical energy.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143418112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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