Biological vision relies on eye-mediated gain control to adapt across lighting conditions-but remains fundamentally blind to infrared wavelengths and polarization. Here, we report a neuromorphic photodetector that not only emulates this self-adaptive functionality, but surpasses human vision by enabling dynamic gain regulation across the infrared-polarization domain. Using a gate-tunable Au/BP/PdSe2 van der Waals heterostructure (vdWH), we achieve eye-like nonlinear gain compression via electrostatic barrier reconfiguration, which enables dynamic modulation of both the response area and responsivity. Integrated with a neural-network-based microcontroller, the system forms a device-level closed-loop that autonomously adjusts optical gain in real time. This expands the linear dynamic range (LDR) by three orders of magnitude, reaching ∼80 dB at 1550 nm, with sub-millisecond response and intrinsic polarization sensitivity (PR > 10)-all without external optics or analog circuitry. These results establish a scalable, intelligent optoelectronic platform that augments biological perception and advances chip-scale self-adaptive vision for autonomous sensing and edge photonic intelligence.
{"title":"Self-Adaptive Infrared Vision via Neural-Controlled Gain Compression in a Single Photodetector.","authors":"Yuxin Song,Xin Li,Junzhe Gu,Jin Chen,Feilong Yu,Juntong Liu,Jiaji Yang,Guanhai Li,Xiaoshuang Chen,Wei Lu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514438","url":null,"abstract":"Biological vision relies on eye-mediated gain control to adapt across lighting conditions-but remains fundamentally blind to infrared wavelengths and polarization. Here, we report a neuromorphic photodetector that not only emulates this self-adaptive functionality, but surpasses human vision by enabling dynamic gain regulation across the infrared-polarization domain. Using a gate-tunable Au/BP/PdSe2 van der Waals heterostructure (vdWH), we achieve eye-like nonlinear gain compression via electrostatic barrier reconfiguration, which enables dynamic modulation of both the response area and responsivity. Integrated with a neural-network-based microcontroller, the system forms a device-level closed-loop that autonomously adjusts optical gain in real time. This expands the linear dynamic range (LDR) by three orders of magnitude, reaching ∼80 dB at 1550 nm, with sub-millisecond response and intrinsic polarization sensitivity (PR > 10)-all without external optics or analog circuitry. These results establish a scalable, intelligent optoelectronic platform that augments biological perception and advances chip-scale self-adaptive vision for autonomous sensing and edge photonic intelligence.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"83 1","pages":"e14438"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147495107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia Iriarte-Mesa,Estelle Juère,Andrea Bileck,Thomas Kremsmayr,Michael L Goodson,Allison Ehrlich,Adnan Hodžić,Martin Kunert,Christopher Gerner,Hanspeter Kählig,Doris Marko,Markus Muttenthaler,David Berry,Giorgia Del Favero,Freddy Kleitz
Peptide drugs have revolutionized modern medicine owing to their high potency, selectivity, and excellent tolerability. However, oral delivery remains limited, and most peptide drugs are administered parenterally due to their inherent instability to proteolytic digestion and poor ability to cross gastrointestinal barriers, which hinders efficient absorption into the bloodstream. This study presents a multifunctional oral delivery system based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) customized for insulin administration. Insulin-loaded MSN were co-formulated with succinylated β-lactoglobulin to produce pH-responsive tablets that limited premature gastric release (≤13% after 2 h at pH 1.2) and protected insulin from enzymatic degradation, while enabling controlled intestinal release (up to 88%-98% at pH 7.4). Surface functionalization with polyethylene glycol and phosphonate moieties improved colloidal stability and increased insulin solubility by ∼2.5-fold. The interaction of phosphonated MSN with intestinal epithelial cells further induced transient reorganization of tight junction proteins, enhancing paracellular insulin transport (26% after 24 h, compared with 13% for non-confined insulin). Delivered insulin retained bioactivity, as demonstrated by activation of insulin-responsive signaling pathways in vitro and reduced blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic mice. These results highlight MSN as a promising platform for oral peptide delivery with improved efficacy and patient compliance.
{"title":"Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles-Based Formulations for Enhanced Oral Delivery of Peptide Drugs: A Case Study on Insulin.","authors":"Claudia Iriarte-Mesa,Estelle Juère,Andrea Bileck,Thomas Kremsmayr,Michael L Goodson,Allison Ehrlich,Adnan Hodžić,Martin Kunert,Christopher Gerner,Hanspeter Kählig,Doris Marko,Markus Muttenthaler,David Berry,Giorgia Del Favero,Freddy Kleitz","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513347","url":null,"abstract":"Peptide drugs have revolutionized modern medicine owing to their high potency, selectivity, and excellent tolerability. However, oral delivery remains limited, and most peptide drugs are administered parenterally due to their inherent instability to proteolytic digestion and poor ability to cross gastrointestinal barriers, which hinders efficient absorption into the bloodstream. This study presents a multifunctional oral delivery system based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) customized for insulin administration. Insulin-loaded MSN were co-formulated with succinylated β-lactoglobulin to produce pH-responsive tablets that limited premature gastric release (≤13% after 2 h at pH 1.2) and protected insulin from enzymatic degradation, while enabling controlled intestinal release (up to 88%-98% at pH 7.4). Surface functionalization with polyethylene glycol and phosphonate moieties improved colloidal stability and increased insulin solubility by ∼2.5-fold. The interaction of phosphonated MSN with intestinal epithelial cells further induced transient reorganization of tight junction proteins, enhancing paracellular insulin transport (26% after 24 h, compared with 13% for non-confined insulin). Delivered insulin retained bioactivity, as demonstrated by activation of insulin-responsive signaling pathways in vitro and reduced blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic mice. These results highlight MSN as a promising platform for oral peptide delivery with improved efficacy and patient compliance.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"15 1","pages":"e13347"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147495126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jack Jon Hinsch,Jinqiu Hu,Li Wang,Yun Chen,Huai Qin Fu,Zhenzhen Wu,Mengqing Hu,Mengyang Dong,Porun Liu,Lei Zhang,Yun Wang,Zhonghong Xia,Liang Wang
P-block metal-based catalysts are an emerging, effective, and sustainable alternative to precious metal electrocatalysts for energy conversion. These p-block-based materials exhibit unique characteristics, such as oxophilicity, weak hydrogen adsorption, and flexible electronic tuning, which rival those of Pt-group metals. Several morphologies (single-atom catalysts, pure metals, alloys, compounds, and doped systems) have achieved remarkable catalytic efficiencies and selectivity utilizing p-block metals. Recent advances have focused on tailoring the electronic band, surface morphology, and coordination environments, significantly enhancing catalytic stability and activity. Mechanistic studies highlight deviations from traditional d-band scaling relationships, offering novel design strategies for reaction-specific optimization. However, challenges remain. Achieving industrially relevant current densities, long-term stability, and scalable synthesis remains troublesome. This review synthesizes recent progress in p-block metal-based electrocatalysts across various morphologies to identify performance and mechanistic trends for energy conversion applications (e.g., oxygen reduction, nitrate reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction reactions). Critical research directions are identified, and fundamental gaps in p-block metal research are discussed. By establishing the core understanding, future research can focus on untapping the potential of p-block metals for next-generation electrocatalysts.
p -嵌段金属基催化剂是一种新兴的、有效的、可持续的贵金属电催化剂的能量转换替代品。这些p基材料具有独特的特性，如亲氧性、弱氢吸附和柔性电子调谐，可与铂族金属相媲美。几种形态（单原子催化剂、纯金属、合金、化合物和掺杂体系）利用p嵌段金属取得了显著的催化效率和选择性。最近的进展主要集中在调整电子带，表面形态和配位环境，显着提高催化稳定性和活性。机制研究强调了传统d波段尺度关系的偏差，为特定反应优化提供了新的设计策略。然而，挑战依然存在。实现工业相关的电流密度、长期稳定性和可扩展的合成仍然很麻烦。本文综述了不同形态p-嵌段金属基电催化剂的最新进展，以确定能量转换应用（例如氧还原、硝酸盐还原和二氧化碳还原反应）的性能和机理趋势。确定了关键的研究方向，并讨论了p块金属研究的基本空白。通过建立核心认识，未来的研究可以集中在挖掘p嵌段金属作为下一代电催化剂的潜力上。
{"title":"Emerging p-Block Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion.","authors":"Jack Jon Hinsch,Jinqiu Hu,Li Wang,Yun Chen,Huai Qin Fu,Zhenzhen Wu,Mengqing Hu,Mengyang Dong,Porun Liu,Lei Zhang,Yun Wang,Zhonghong Xia,Liang Wang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514932","url":null,"abstract":"P-block metal-based catalysts are an emerging, effective, and sustainable alternative to precious metal electrocatalysts for energy conversion. These p-block-based materials exhibit unique characteristics, such as oxophilicity, weak hydrogen adsorption, and flexible electronic tuning, which rival those of Pt-group metals. Several morphologies (single-atom catalysts, pure metals, alloys, compounds, and doped systems) have achieved remarkable catalytic efficiencies and selectivity utilizing p-block metals. Recent advances have focused on tailoring the electronic band, surface morphology, and coordination environments, significantly enhancing catalytic stability and activity. Mechanistic studies highlight deviations from traditional d-band scaling relationships, offering novel design strategies for reaction-specific optimization. However, challenges remain. Achieving industrially relevant current densities, long-term stability, and scalable synthesis remains troublesome. This review synthesizes recent progress in p-block metal-based electrocatalysts across various morphologies to identify performance and mechanistic trends for energy conversion applications (e.g., oxygen reduction, nitrate reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction reactions). Critical research directions are identified, and fundamental gaps in p-block metal research are discussed. By establishing the core understanding, future research can focus on untapping the potential of p-block metals for next-generation electrocatalysts.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"82 1","pages":"e14932"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147495125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linghui Zhao,Yaoda Liu,Lei Li,Dongshuang Wu,Zhengfei Dai
Oxygen electrocatalysis, which typically involves oxygen evolution/reduction reactions (OER/ORR), plays a pivotal role in sustainable energy technologies such as fuel cells, metal-air batteries, and water/seawater electrolyzers. Nevertheless, the practical implementation of these devices faces formidable challenges stemming from their high kinetic barriers and heavy reliance on precious metal-based catalysts. Supported metal site configurations, particularly for single-atom catalysts, offer a promising avenue for enhancing the catalytic activity while minimizing precious metal consumption. Although their performance enhancement is frequently ascribed to "strong metal-support interactions" (SMSI), the blanket use of this term beyond its classic definition obscures various distinct mechanisms and prevents the establishment of clear structure-activity relationships. This review comprehensively examines supported metal active centers for oxygen electrocatalysis and systematically considers their structural characteristics, synthesis methodologies, promotion strategies, and catalytic properties. Moving beyond the limitations of the SMSI concept, the design rationales and mechanisms underlying the effect of the support on the active metal center are analyzed. Furthermore, recent advancements in the application of these catalysts in energy devices, including water/seawater electrolyzers, fuel cells, and metal-air batteries, are thoroughly summarized. Finally, persistent challenges and future perspectives for advancement toward highly efficient supported metal centers for oxygen electrocatalysis are outlined.
{"title":"Supported Metal Centers in Oxygen Electrocatalysis.","authors":"Linghui Zhao,Yaoda Liu,Lei Li,Dongshuang Wu,Zhengfei Dai","doi":"10.1002/smll.73013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73013","url":null,"abstract":"Oxygen electrocatalysis, which typically involves oxygen evolution/reduction reactions (OER/ORR), plays a pivotal role in sustainable energy technologies such as fuel cells, metal-air batteries, and water/seawater electrolyzers. Nevertheless, the practical implementation of these devices faces formidable challenges stemming from their high kinetic barriers and heavy reliance on precious metal-based catalysts. Supported metal site configurations, particularly for single-atom catalysts, offer a promising avenue for enhancing the catalytic activity while minimizing precious metal consumption. Although their performance enhancement is frequently ascribed to \"strong metal-support interactions\" (SMSI), the blanket use of this term beyond its classic definition obscures various distinct mechanisms and prevents the establishment of clear structure-activity relationships. This review comprehensively examines supported metal active centers for oxygen electrocatalysis and systematically considers their structural characteristics, synthesis methodologies, promotion strategies, and catalytic properties. Moving beyond the limitations of the SMSI concept, the design rationales and mechanisms underlying the effect of the support on the active metal center are analyzed. Furthermore, recent advancements in the application of these catalysts in energy devices, including water/seawater electrolyzers, fuel cells, and metal-air batteries, are thoroughly summarized. Finally, persistent challenges and future perspectives for advancement toward highly efficient supported metal centers for oxygen electrocatalysis are outlined.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"13 1","pages":"e73013"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147495124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bistable electrochromic materials capable of retaining their optical states without sustained electrical power are critically important for energy-saving technologies. Unfortunately, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have remained largely underexplored for such applications, primarily due to the poor stability of radical intermediates involved in the EC processes. Herein, we propose a c-axis-dominated Ni-based MOF film, denoted Ni-BPA, fabricated via electrostatic spraying deposition, demonstrating remarkable bistable electrochromism with merely 8% transmittance loss after 12 h in the air (17% after 72 h). The film features reversible switching between a highly transparent and a neutral dark-brown state, affording a large optical modulation of 78% at 490 nm and a high coloration efficiency of 88.57 cm2 C-1. Notably, the colored patterns remain clearly visible for over 5 h in electrolyte and more than 24 h in air after powering off. Through in situ Raman and EPR spectroscopy, we identify the Ni2+/Ni3+ redox couple as the central electrochromic mechanism. Further supported by DFT calculations, we elucidate that strong adsorption of hydroxide ions (-1.5 eV) plays a key role in stabilizing the colored state. This work establishes MOFs as promising platforms for bistable electrochromism, opening new pathways toward advanced energy-efficient electronic devices.
{"title":"Mechanistic Insights and Scalable Fabrication of a Ni-Based MOF Bistable Electrochromic Film Toward Energy-Efficient Displays.","authors":"Jifei Feng,Yiwen Liu,Hongshan Ban,Guofa Cai","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514929","url":null,"abstract":"Bistable electrochromic materials capable of retaining their optical states without sustained electrical power are critically important for energy-saving technologies. Unfortunately, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have remained largely underexplored for such applications, primarily due to the poor stability of radical intermediates involved in the EC processes. Herein, we propose a c-axis-dominated Ni-based MOF film, denoted Ni-BPA, fabricated via electrostatic spraying deposition, demonstrating remarkable bistable electrochromism with merely 8% transmittance loss after 12 h in the air (17% after 72 h). The film features reversible switching between a highly transparent and a neutral dark-brown state, affording a large optical modulation of 78% at 490 nm and a high coloration efficiency of 88.57 cm2 C-1. Notably, the colored patterns remain clearly visible for over 5 h in electrolyte and more than 24 h in air after powering off. Through in situ Raman and EPR spectroscopy, we identify the Ni2+/Ni3+ redox couple as the central electrochromic mechanism. Further supported by DFT calculations, we elucidate that strong adsorption of hydroxide ions (-1.5 eV) plays a key role in stabilizing the colored state. This work establishes MOFs as promising platforms for bistable electrochromism, opening new pathways toward advanced energy-efficient electronic devices.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"236 1","pages":"e14929"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147495211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Min Mu,Bo Chen,Hui Li,Chenqian Feng,Susu Xiao,Rangrang Fan,Aiping Tong,Nianyong Chen,Gang Guo
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with limited efficacy of conventional therapies due to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments and high recurrence. While bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) show promise by engaging T cells against tumors, their clinical translation is hindered by poor stability, on-target off-tumor effect, and systemic toxicity. Herein, we develop a tumor-targeted nanozyme (MnO2-dsDNA@BiTE/APT) that co-delivers hydrolytically stable double-strand DNA (dsDNA: a STING agonist) and PD-L1/CD3 BiTE to overcome these limitations. The nanozyme leverages MnO2 as a carrier for dsDNA, surface-loaded with BiTE via polyphenol-protein coordination, and functionalized with an aptamer (APT) for active targeting. Upon systemic administration, the nanozyme accumulates in tumors, releasing dsDNA, Mn2+, and BiTE. The synergistically activates the STING pathway to remodel the immunosuppressive microenvironment and enhances T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This strategy represents a promising approach for potentiating immunotherapy in CRC by integrating innate immune activation with adaptive T cell engagement.
{"title":"A Targeted Nanozyme for STING Activation Improves BiTEs Therapy Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer.","authors":"Min Mu,Bo Chen,Hui Li,Chenqian Feng,Susu Xiao,Rangrang Fan,Aiping Tong,Nianyong Chen,Gang Guo","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514390","url":null,"abstract":"Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with limited efficacy of conventional therapies due to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments and high recurrence. While bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) show promise by engaging T cells against tumors, their clinical translation is hindered by poor stability, on-target off-tumor effect, and systemic toxicity. Herein, we develop a tumor-targeted nanozyme (MnO2-dsDNA@BiTE/APT) that co-delivers hydrolytically stable double-strand DNA (dsDNA: a STING agonist) and PD-L1/CD3 BiTE to overcome these limitations. The nanozyme leverages MnO2 as a carrier for dsDNA, surface-loaded with BiTE via polyphenol-protein coordination, and functionalized with an aptamer (APT) for active targeting. Upon systemic administration, the nanozyme accumulates in tumors, releasing dsDNA, Mn2+, and BiTE. The synergistically activates the STING pathway to remodel the immunosuppressive microenvironment and enhances T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This strategy represents a promising approach for potentiating immunotherapy in CRC by integrating innate immune activation with adaptive T cell engagement.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"20 1","pages":"e14390"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147495227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ju Peng,Zhiwei Wang,Na Geng,Sai Chu,Xiuyan Qiu,Xingyu Liu,Dan An,Yongbin Yao,Xi Wang,Fangli Yuan,Zongxian Yang,Wenxiang Tang,Ming-Shui Yao
Propylene is one of the most important industrial chemicals, while energy-efficient separation of propylene from the propane/propylene mixtures remains challenging. Conventional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with tunable pore structures enable selective adsorption, yet they typically suffer from an intrinsic trade-off between uptake capacity and selectivity. This work reports a Ni-MOF-74@ZU-609 MOF-on-MOF core-shell heterostructure that exhibits both high adsorption capacity and selectivity, arising from the synergistic interface between the integrated Ni-MOF-74 adsorptive core and the ZU-609 separation shell. Dynamic breakthrough experiments show that the interface-optimized Ni-MOF-74@ZU-609 core-shell heterostructure exhibits ultrahigh dynamic selectivity (5.51) and high dynamic capacity (1.14 mmol g-1) for C3H6 at 298 K and 1 bar, outperforming either of the pristine MOFs, which further confirms the efficacy of the interfacial effect. This study demonstrates that precise interfacial engineering in MOF heterostructures successfully overcomes the long-suffered capacity-selectivity trade-off, thereby establishing a versatile design platform for high-performance gas separation materials.
{"title":"MOF-on-MOF Core-Shell Heterostructure With Synergistic Porous Interface for Highly Efficient Propane/Propylene Separation.","authors":"Ju Peng,Zhiwei Wang,Na Geng,Sai Chu,Xiuyan Qiu,Xingyu Liu,Dan An,Yongbin Yao,Xi Wang,Fangli Yuan,Zongxian Yang,Wenxiang Tang,Ming-Shui Yao","doi":"10.1002/smll.73200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73200","url":null,"abstract":"Propylene is one of the most important industrial chemicals, while energy-efficient separation of propylene from the propane/propylene mixtures remains challenging. Conventional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with tunable pore structures enable selective adsorption, yet they typically suffer from an intrinsic trade-off between uptake capacity and selectivity. This work reports a Ni-MOF-74@ZU-609 MOF-on-MOF core-shell heterostructure that exhibits both high adsorption capacity and selectivity, arising from the synergistic interface between the integrated Ni-MOF-74 adsorptive core and the ZU-609 separation shell. Dynamic breakthrough experiments show that the interface-optimized Ni-MOF-74@ZU-609 core-shell heterostructure exhibits ultrahigh dynamic selectivity (5.51) and high dynamic capacity (1.14 mmol g-1) for C3H6 at 298 K and 1 bar, outperforming either of the pristine MOFs, which further confirms the efficacy of the interfacial effect. This study demonstrates that precise interfacial engineering in MOF heterostructures successfully overcomes the long-suffered capacity-selectivity trade-off, thereby establishing a versatile design platform for high-performance gas separation materials.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"12 1","pages":"e73200"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147495105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Redox-active organic materials (ROMs) for batteries are emerging as sustainable alternatives to inorganic cathode materials. However, the development of high-performance organic cathodes faces challenges of a trade-off between insolubilizing ROMs for high stability and maintaining their processability. This balance is essential to fabricate uniformly blended electrodes without the formation of large agglomerates, which is crucial for high capacity utilization and rate capability. Herein, we present a small-molecule organic cathode material, 1,3,5-tris(3-vinyl-10H-phenoxazin-10-yl)benzene (V3PXZ), that overcomes this limitation by forming insoluble network polymers through in situ electrochemical crosslinking in the cell after electrode fabrication from a soluble active material. To this end, V3PXZ is delicately designed to undergo a novel electrochemical coupling reaction, forming nonconjugated polymeric structures without generating any by-products. Notably, the in situ electrochemical coupling during the cell operation not only yields insoluble crosslinked polymers of V3PXZ but also unexpectedly forms nanostructures with high surface area in the electrode. This self-nanostructuring behavior of V3PXZ enables us to prepare aqueous-processed V3PXZ cathodes, achieving exceptionally high cycling stability and rate capability (charging 56% of capacity in 36 s) even with high active content (>70 wt.%).
{"title":"In Situ Self-Nanostructuring Enables Fast-Recharging of an Aqueous-Processed Organic Small Molecule Cathode.","authors":"Kyunam Lee,Illia E Serdiuk,Joohwan Eo,Dong Hyeon Jo,Jihyeon Kim,Dong Joo Min,Hyunji Park,Sojeong Lee,Myeongju Kang,Gun Jang,Sooyeon Ra,Sang Kyu Park,Sang-Ok Kim,Ho Seok Park,Kisuk Kang,Soo Young Park,Ji Eon Kwon","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513662","url":null,"abstract":"Redox-active organic materials (ROMs) for batteries are emerging as sustainable alternatives to inorganic cathode materials. However, the development of high-performance organic cathodes faces challenges of a trade-off between insolubilizing ROMs for high stability and maintaining their processability. This balance is essential to fabricate uniformly blended electrodes without the formation of large agglomerates, which is crucial for high capacity utilization and rate capability. Herein, we present a small-molecule organic cathode material, 1,3,5-tris(3-vinyl-10H-phenoxazin-10-yl)benzene (V3PXZ), that overcomes this limitation by forming insoluble network polymers through in situ electrochemical crosslinking in the cell after electrode fabrication from a soluble active material. To this end, V3PXZ is delicately designed to undergo a novel electrochemical coupling reaction, forming nonconjugated polymeric structures without generating any by-products. Notably, the in situ electrochemical coupling during the cell operation not only yields insoluble crosslinked polymers of V3PXZ but also unexpectedly forms nanostructures with high surface area in the electrode. This self-nanostructuring behavior of V3PXZ enables us to prepare aqueous-processed V3PXZ cathodes, achieving exceptionally high cycling stability and rate capability (charging 56% of capacity in 36 s) even with high active content (>70 wt.%).","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"49 1","pages":"e13662"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147495106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guiyuan Zhang,Sumei He,Huan Zheng,Zhanlin Zhang,Pan Wang,Shuying Ren,Xiaohong Li
Arterial thrombosis is a major cause of cardiovascular mortality, yet thrombolytic agents are limited by recurrence and bleeding risks. Non-pharmacological methods using photo-/sono-dynamic effects require external stimuli and high mechanic force. Herein, we propose a yolk-shell-structured p-n dynamic heterojunction that, in response to increased shear stress at clot sites, interfacial collisions between the yolk and shell generate tribo-/piezoelectric catalysis, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) for thrombolysis. Specifically, yolk-shell BFO@tBT-C nanoparticles were fabricated by sequentially depositing sacrificial SiO2 and TiO2 layers on BiFeO3 (BFO) yolks, with thrombus-targeting peptides grafted onto the tetragona BaTiO3 (tBT) shell. The coupled tribo-/piezoelectric effect generates 3.6 and 2.1-folds higher potentials than individual triboelectric and piezoelectric potentials, respectively. An interfacial electric field (IEF) between BFO and tBT, along with piezoelectric fields (PEF), facilitates the separation of electron-hole pairs, and the transient electric field (TEF) formed after yolk-shell separation promotes the cleavage of O-H bonds in H2O and the diffusion of ·O2 -, amplifying ROS generation. The grafted thrombus-targeting peptides increase nanoparticle accumulation at the clot site by 3-fold, while the shear-responsive mechanism minimizes off-target effects. Thus, by integrating endogenous shear stress-responsiveness and dynamic heterojunction engineering, this work pioneers a transformative approach for precise, high-efficacy thrombolysis.
{"title":"A Dynamic Yolk-Shell p-n Heterojunction With Coupled Shear Stress-Triggered Tribo-/Piezoelectric Effect for Catalytic Thrombolysis.","authors":"Guiyuan Zhang,Sumei He,Huan Zheng,Zhanlin Zhang,Pan Wang,Shuying Ren,Xiaohong Li","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513114","url":null,"abstract":"Arterial thrombosis is a major cause of cardiovascular mortality, yet thrombolytic agents are limited by recurrence and bleeding risks. Non-pharmacological methods using photo-/sono-dynamic effects require external stimuli and high mechanic force. Herein, we propose a yolk-shell-structured p-n dynamic heterojunction that, in response to increased shear stress at clot sites, interfacial collisions between the yolk and shell generate tribo-/piezoelectric catalysis, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) for thrombolysis. Specifically, yolk-shell BFO@tBT-C nanoparticles were fabricated by sequentially depositing sacrificial SiO2 and TiO2 layers on BiFeO3 (BFO) yolks, with thrombus-targeting peptides grafted onto the tetragona BaTiO3 (tBT) shell. The coupled tribo-/piezoelectric effect generates 3.6 and 2.1-folds higher potentials than individual triboelectric and piezoelectric potentials, respectively. An interfacial electric field (IEF) between BFO and tBT, along with piezoelectric fields (PEF), facilitates the separation of electron-hole pairs, and the transient electric field (TEF) formed after yolk-shell separation promotes the cleavage of O-H bonds in H2O and the diffusion of ·O2 -, amplifying ROS generation. The grafted thrombus-targeting peptides increase nanoparticle accumulation at the clot site by 3-fold, while the shear-responsive mechanism minimizes off-target effects. Thus, by integrating endogenous shear stress-responsiveness and dynamic heterojunction engineering, this work pioneers a transformative approach for precise, high-efficacy thrombolysis.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"57 1","pages":"e13114"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147495104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foad Ghasemi, Jonas Heirich, Dimitri Sharikow, Sebastian Klenk, Jonathan N. Coleman, Georg S. Duesberg, Claudia Backes
Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Triboelectric Nanogenerators
{"title":"Toward All 2D-Based Printed Raindrop Triboelectric Nanogenerators (Small 17/2026)","authors":"Foad Ghasemi, Jonas Heirich, Dimitri Sharikow, Sebastian Klenk, Jonathan N. Coleman, Georg S. Duesberg, Claudia Backes","doi":"10.1002/smll.73029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73029","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Triboelectric Nanogenerators</b>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147489463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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