JaeHwan Park, My−Van Tieu, Thi Xoan Hoang, Duc−Trung Pham, Sungho Park, Phu Chi Vu, Hieu Man Tran, Sungbo Cho
Affinity-based electrochemical biosensors hold promise for detecting pathogenic bacteria in environmental applications. This study focuses on detecting gram-positive bacteria, which can cause fatal infections and are a major global mortality factor. An electrochemical biosensor platform using high-throughput 16-channel gold disk electrodes (16-GDEs) inspired by bio-microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) is developed, it incorporates a nanocomposite (AuNPs@Ti3C2Tz) with sandwich peptide structures to enhance electroconductivity and biological antifouling. Using AuNPs@Ti3C2Tz-coated 16-GDEs, sensitive biosensors for gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, or Micrococcus luteus) are constructed and validated in fresh-water samples by spiking with bacteria, which showed linear correlations between normalized peak current and logarithmic concentrations of the target bacteria (adjusted R-square ≥ 0.93). A single high-throughput platform containing biosensors for S. aureus, M. luteus, or B. cereus is also developed, exhibiting specific responses without any cross-reactivity in real samples. This platform enabled sensitive simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in environmental samples (500 CFU mL⁻¹) and can be applied to detect any target analyte with a suitable peptide pair. The strategy is to implement a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) adaptive sensing device to successfully detect gram-positive bacteria. The nanocomposite-enabled electrochemical biosensor platform on 16-GDEs offers a valuable tool for environmental and clinical diagnostics.
{"title":"Novel High-Throughput Electrochemical Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus, Bacillus Cereus, or Micrococcus Luteus Using AuNPs@Ti3C2Tz Functionalized with Sandwich Peptides","authors":"JaeHwan Park, My−Van Tieu, Thi Xoan Hoang, Duc−Trung Pham, Sungho Park, Phu Chi Vu, Hieu Man Tran, Sungbo Cho","doi":"10.1002/smll.202411486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202411486","url":null,"abstract":"Affinity-based electrochemical biosensors hold promise for detecting pathogenic bacteria in environmental applications. This study focuses on detecting gram-positive bacteria, which can cause fatal infections and are a major global mortality factor. An electrochemical biosensor platform using high-throughput 16-channel gold disk electrodes (16-GDEs) inspired by bio-microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) is developed, it incorporates a nanocomposite (AuNPs@Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>z</sub>) with sandwich peptide structures to enhance electroconductivity and biological antifouling. Using AuNPs@Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>z</sub>-coated 16-GDEs, sensitive biosensors for gram-positive bacteria (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, or <i>Micrococcus luteus</i>) are constructed and validated in fresh-water samples by spiking with bacteria, which showed linear correlations between normalized peak current and logarithmic concentrations of the target bacteria (adjusted R-square ≥ 0.93). A single high-throughput platform containing biosensors for <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>M. luteus</i>, or <i>B. cereus</i> is also developed, exhibiting specific responses without any cross-reactivity in real samples. This platform enabled sensitive simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in environmental samples (500 CFU mL⁻¹) and can be applied to detect any target analyte with a suitable peptide pair. The strategy is to implement a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) adaptive sensing device to successfully detect gram-positive bacteria. The nanocomposite-enabled electrochemical biosensor platform on 16-GDEs offers a valuable tool for environmental and clinical diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143641001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuanzhang Jiang, Yanting Han, Dakai Gong, Ziang Wang, Yong Zhang, Lin Tan
Preparing high-performance artificial spider silk with hierarchical structures using purely chemical synthesis methods is challenging, albeit promising. Herein, a high-molecular-weight pseudoprotein material (CPPUU) synthesized by introducing polypeptide fragments (PZLY) and cystine dimethyl ester (CDE) into a polyurethane/urea macromolecular chain is described. Nanofiber yarn is subsequently prepared using an improved electrospinning process. After pre-stretching, the tensile strength of the nanofiber yarn is 286.0 ± 47.1 MPa, and the toughness is an unprecedented 925.4 ± 116.1 MJ m−3, surpassing that of both natural and synthetic fibers reported to date. Moreover, the nanofiber yarn can lift a weight 100 000 times its mass and withstand the free fall of a weight 25 000 times its mass. Structural analysis indicates that the yarn contains structures such as random coils, α-helices, and β-sheets commonly found in spider silk; additionally, the existence of β-turns in pseudoprotein materials is verified. The hierarchical structural resemblance to spider silk and the stress–strain curve suggest that a self-toughening mechanism is responsible for the excellent mechanical properties displayed by the yarn. This study should promote the production of artificial spider silk, with potential applications in various high-performance materials and industries.
{"title":"Mimicking the Hierarchical Structure of Spider Silk: Pseudoprotein Nanofiber Yarns with Unprecedented Toughness","authors":"Yuanzhang Jiang, Yanting Han, Dakai Gong, Ziang Wang, Yong Zhang, Lin Tan","doi":"10.1002/smll.202412432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412432","url":null,"abstract":"Preparing high-performance artificial spider silk with hierarchical structures using purely chemical synthesis methods is challenging, albeit promising. Herein, a high-molecular-weight pseudoprotein material (CPPUU) synthesized by introducing polypeptide fragments (PZLY) and cystine dimethyl ester (CDE) into a polyurethane/urea macromolecular chain is described. Nanofiber yarn is subsequently prepared using an improved electrospinning process. After pre-stretching, the tensile strength of the nanofiber yarn is 286.0 ± 47.1 MPa, and the toughness is an unprecedented 925.4 ± 116.1 MJ m<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup>, surpassing that of both natural and synthetic fibers reported to date. Moreover, the nanofiber yarn can lift a weight 100 000 times its mass and withstand the free fall of a weight 25 000 times its mass. Structural analysis indicates that the yarn contains structures such as random coils, <i>α</i>-helices, and <i>β</i>-sheets commonly found in spider silk; additionally, the existence of <i>β</i>-turns in pseudoprotein materials is verified. The hierarchical structural resemblance to spider silk and the stress–strain curve suggest that a self-toughening mechanism is responsible for the excellent mechanical properties displayed by the yarn. This study should promote the production of artificial spider silk, with potential applications in various high-performance materials and industries.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143641002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiao Liu, Jiayu Shi, Yao Wu, Mingyu Ma, Yuqing Wang, Zhiwei Li, Xiangbin Cai, Yan Zhang, Ruihuan Duan, Song Liu, Weibo Gao, Zheng Liu
Defect engineering has demonstrated significant potential in optimizing the catalytic performance of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The simultaneous control of defect type, concentration, and spatial distribution within a single domain is crucial for accurate experimental detection and the establishment of structure-performance relationships, yet it remains challenging. Here, an efficient one-pot chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is presented to synthesize monolayer defect-patterned MoS2 with alternating domains of varying Mo vacancy (VMo) concentrations, along with trace tellurium (Te) doping at the edges, forming MoS2-MoS2xTe2(1−x) lateral heterostructures (LHS). A single defect patterned LHS-based on-chip electrochemical microcell, utilizing graphene as an intermediate contact, is employed to extract HER activity and achieve higher reaction kinetic than pristine MoS2. These findings demonstrate that the synergistic effect of VMo and Te doping effectively activates more unsaturated sulfur atoms, facilitating proton adsorption and accelerating the HER process. This work enriches the point defect engineering and provides valuable insights for the design and synthesis of 2D semiconductor catalysts.
{"title":"Lateral Heterostructures of Defect-Patterned MoS2 for Efficient Hydrogen Production","authors":"Xiao Liu, Jiayu Shi, Yao Wu, Mingyu Ma, Yuqing Wang, Zhiwei Li, Xiangbin Cai, Yan Zhang, Ruihuan Duan, Song Liu, Weibo Gao, Zheng Liu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202411077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202411077","url":null,"abstract":"Defect engineering has demonstrated significant potential in optimizing the catalytic performance of molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The simultaneous control of defect type, concentration, and spatial distribution within a single domain is crucial for accurate experimental detection and the establishment of structure-performance relationships, yet it remains challenging. Here, an efficient one-pot chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is presented to synthesize monolayer defect-patterned MoS<sub>2</sub> with alternating domains of varying Mo vacancy (<i>V</i><sub>Mo</sub>) concentrations, along with trace tellurium (Te) doping at the edges, forming MoS<sub>2</sub>-MoS<sub>2x</sub>Te<sub>2(1−x)</sub> lateral heterostructures (LHS). A single defect patterned LHS-based on-chip electrochemical microcell, utilizing graphene as an intermediate contact, is employed to extract HER activity and achieve higher reaction kinetic than pristine MoS<sub>2</sub>. These findings demonstrate that the synergistic effect of <i>V</i><sub>Mo</sub> and Te doping effectively activates more unsaturated sulfur atoms, facilitating proton adsorption and accelerating the HER process. This work enriches the point defect engineering and provides valuable insights for the design and synthesis of 2D semiconductor catalysts.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143640995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiancheng You, Haimao Zhu, Jin Ye, Cunyun Xu, Gaobo Xu, Zezhuan Jiang, Xiaofeng He, Zhongjun Dai, Rathes Kannan R, Na Zheng, Shujun Zhang, Zuoti Xie, Qunliang Song
Tin oxide (SnO2) as an electron transport layer (ETL) has garnered significant attention in planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for its excellent physical and chemical properties, paving its commercial potential. However, its drawbacks, such as surface defects and photocatalytic properties due to its wide band gap, remain unresolved. Under ultraviolet (UV) light, photocatalytic SnO2 induces perovskite phase transitions at the interface, compromising device stability. In this study, the fluorescent dopant sodium 2,2′-([1,1′-Biphenyl]-4,4′-Diylbis (Ethene-2,1-Diyl)) Dibenzenesulfonate (CF351) is introduced into SnO2 Solution for the first time. With excellent UV absorption, CF351 effectively blocks UV light, reducing SnO2-induced perovskite degradation. Perovskite films on CF351-doped SnO2 show remarkable stability under continuous UV irradiation (365 nm) for 32 days, the resistance to phase transition is improved by 100%. PSCs retaining 80.8% of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after ≈1000 h of UV exposure, compared to only 18.7% for control. Additionally, CF351 passivates interfacial defects, regulates crystallization, and optimizes energy levels. It's down-conversion capability also enhances photocurrent by generating extra visible photons. As a result, CF351-doped PSCs achieve a PCE of 22.59%, significantly surpassing the 20.42% of control devices. This work provides an effective strategy for preparing highly efficient and UV stable PSCs.
{"title":"Optimizing UV Resistance and Defect Passivation in Perovskite Solar Cells with Tailored Tin Oxide","authors":"Jiancheng You, Haimao Zhu, Jin Ye, Cunyun Xu, Gaobo Xu, Zezhuan Jiang, Xiaofeng He, Zhongjun Dai, Rathes Kannan R, Na Zheng, Shujun Zhang, Zuoti Xie, Qunliang Song","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500695","url":null,"abstract":"Tin oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) as an electron transport layer (ETL) has garnered significant attention in planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for its excellent physical and chemical properties, paving its commercial potential. However, its drawbacks, such as surface defects and photocatalytic properties due to its wide band gap, remain unresolved. Under ultraviolet (UV) light, photocatalytic SnO<sub>2</sub> induces perovskite phase transitions at the interface, compromising device stability. In this study, the fluorescent dopant sodium 2,2′-([1,1′-Biphenyl]-4,4′-Diylbis (Ethene-2,1-Diyl)) Dibenzenesulfonate (CF351) is introduced into SnO<sub>2</sub> Solution for the first time. With excellent UV absorption, CF351 effectively blocks UV light, reducing SnO<sub>2</sub>-induced perovskite degradation. Perovskite films on CF351-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> show remarkable stability under continuous UV irradiation (365 nm) for 32 days, the resistance to phase transition is improved by 100%. PSCs retaining 80.8% of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after ≈1000 h of UV exposure, compared to only 18.7% for control. Additionally, CF351 passivates interfacial defects, regulates crystallization, and optimizes energy levels. It's down-conversion capability also enhances photocurrent by generating extra visible photons. As a result, CF351-doped PSCs achieve a PCE of 22.59%, significantly surpassing the 20.42% of control devices. This work provides an effective strategy for preparing highly efficient and UV stable PSCs.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143640999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniela Dobrynin, Ivan Zlotver, Iryna Polishchuk, Yaron Kauffmann, Sharon Suharenko, Ron Koifman, Lucas Kuhrts, Alexander Katsman, Alejandro Sosnik, Boaz Pokroy
The nucleation and growth of bimetallic gold-silver nanostars (GNSs) are investigated to elucidate their atomic-scale formation mechanism. Motivated by the increasing demand for nanomaterials with enhanced optical and catalytic properties, particularly for applications in biosensing, bioimaging, and photothermal therapy, this work focuses on understanding the factors governing GNSs formation. GNSs are synthesized by reducing HAuCl₄ with ascorbic acid in the presence of AgNO₃, exploring the influence of temperature, delay time in AgNO₃ introduction, and AgNO3 concentration. High-resolution electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and synchrotron-based powder X-ray diffraction are used to characterize their morphology, size, composition, and stability. These findings reveal that AgNO₃ promotes anisotropic growth through the formation of metallic Ag and AgCl on GNSs surfaces, leading to thorn-like structures. A detailed analysis of kinetics, particle concentration, and nucleation barriers enables the development of a theoretical model to predict optimal synthesis conditions. This work provides new insights into controlling GNSs morphology and properties, which are critical for optimizing their performance in catalysis, sensing, and biomedical applications. The novelty lies in the discovery of the role of AgCl in directing GNSs growth and the formulation of a predictive model for synthesis optimization.
{"title":"Controlled Synthesis of Bimetallic Gold-Silver Nanostars: Atomic Insights and Predictive Formation Model","authors":"Daniela Dobrynin, Ivan Zlotver, Iryna Polishchuk, Yaron Kauffmann, Sharon Suharenko, Ron Koifman, Lucas Kuhrts, Alexander Katsman, Alejandro Sosnik, Boaz Pokroy","doi":"10.1002/smll.202410152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410152","url":null,"abstract":"The nucleation and growth of bimetallic gold-silver nanostars (GNSs) are investigated to elucidate their atomic-scale formation mechanism. Motivated by the increasing demand for nanomaterials with enhanced optical and catalytic properties, particularly for applications in biosensing, bioimaging, and photothermal therapy, this work focuses on understanding the factors governing GNSs formation. GNSs are synthesized by reducing HAuCl₄ with ascorbic acid in the presence of AgNO₃, exploring the influence of temperature, delay time in AgNO₃ introduction, and AgNO<sub>3</sub> concentration. High-resolution electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and synchrotron-based powder X-ray diffraction are used to characterize their morphology, size, composition, and stability. These findings reveal that AgNO₃ promotes anisotropic growth through the formation of metallic Ag and AgCl on GNSs surfaces, leading to thorn-like structures. A detailed analysis of kinetics, particle concentration, and nucleation barriers enables the development of a theoretical model to predict optimal synthesis conditions. This work provides new insights into controlling GNSs morphology and properties, which are critical for optimizing their performance in catalysis, sensing, and biomedical applications. The novelty lies in the discovery of the role of AgCl in directing GNSs growth and the formulation of a predictive model for synthesis optimization.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143641004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Defects at the interface between perovskite and carrier transport layer are ≈100 times more prevalent than those within perovskite bulk, potentially serving as non-radiative recombination centers to adversely affect carrier extraction and transport. Here, a green pyridoxine hydrochloride (PDHC) is introduced into SnO2 quantum dots (QDs) solution. The resulting surface chloritization of SnO2 QDs not only passivates the interface defects, thereby strengthening the interface contact among SnO2 QDs, but also chemically interconnects SnO2 QDs with perovskite, thereby forming a very stable interlayer. These promote to establish the carrier transport bridges at the buried interfaces for efficient electron-transportation and -extraction. Under its organic group coordination, high-quality perovskite films are formed via heterogeneous nucleation on the perovskite precursor film, effectively suppressing bulk defects, which mitigates the nonradiative recombination and extends the carrier lifetime. Consequently, the PDHC-based perovskite solar cells achieve an improved efficiency from 24.18 to 25.07%. After 2520 h storage, the unencapsulated devices retained ≈90% of their initial efficiency, exceeding those of control devices which retained only 65% of their initial efficiency, along with 9.4 and 3.8-fold improvement for thermal and light stability.
{"title":"Multi-Hydroxyl and Chloric Buried Interface Bridges Enable Synergistically High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Shuping Xiao, Jiyuan Gao, Bingxin Ding, Bobo Yuan, Yiheng Gao, Qingbo Liu, Zhongli Qin, Hong Tao, Liang Ma, Weijun Ke, Guojia Fang, Pingli Qin","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500174","url":null,"abstract":"Defects at the interface between perovskite and carrier transport layer are ≈100 times more prevalent than those within perovskite bulk, potentially serving as non-radiative recombination centers to adversely affect carrier extraction and transport. Here, a green pyridoxine hydrochloride (PDHC) is introduced into SnO<sub>2</sub> quantum dots (QDs) solution. The resulting surface chloritization of SnO<sub>2</sub> QDs not only passivates the interface defects, thereby strengthening the interface contact among SnO<sub>2</sub> QDs, but also chemically interconnects SnO<sub>2</sub> QDs with perovskite, thereby forming a very stable interlayer. These promote to establish the carrier transport bridges at the buried interfaces for efficient electron-transportation and -extraction. Under its organic group coordination, high-quality perovskite films are formed via heterogeneous nucleation on the perovskite precursor film, effectively suppressing bulk defects, which mitigates the nonradiative recombination and extends the carrier lifetime. Consequently, the PDHC-based perovskite solar cells achieve an improved efficiency from 24.18 to 25.07%. After 2520 h storage, the unencapsulated devices retained ≈90% of their initial efficiency, exceeding those of control devices which retained only 65% of their initial efficiency, along with 9.4 and 3.8-fold improvement for thermal and light stability.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143640987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel flux-pinning design for REBa2Cu3O7-δ (REBCO) films intended for high-field magnet applications is proposed, which is based on BaCuO2 nanorods in Gd0.5Yb0.5Ba2Cu3O7-δ (Gd0.5Yb0.5BCO) films. The metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process has been developed to achieve the desired microstructure. The influence of MOCVD parameters on the microstructure and critical current behavior of Gd0.5Yb0.5BCO films is systematically investigated. The morphology and density of BaCuO2 crystallites within the films are highly sensitive to deposition temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and deposition rate. Notably, forming thin, elongated, vertically aligned BaCuO2 nanorods requires precise control within a narrow processing window for these three parameters. The optimized MOCVD process results in a dense array of vertically aligned BaCuO2 nanorods within the Gd0.5Yb0.5BCO film, significantly enhancing magnetic-flux pinning, particularly in the low-temperature and high-magnetic-field regime. Superconducting tapes coated with Gd0.5Yb0.5BCO films using the optimized MOCVD process exhibit a power-law exponent (α value) of 0.40 for the critical current decay with magnetic field at 4 K, which is substantially lower than that of other REBCO coated conductors reported to date.
{"title":"Enhanced Magnetic-Flux Pinning Through High-Density Vertically Aligned BaCuO2 Nanorods in Gd0.5Yb0.5Ba2Cu3O7-δ Films","authors":"Qianfu Wang, Yaoyao Zhao, Meng Li, Shiwei Xu, Ping Jiang, Shudong Zhang, Ziming Fan, Dexian Jin, Yimin Chen","doi":"10.1002/smll.202409125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202409125","url":null,"abstract":"A novel flux-pinning design for REBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-δ</sub> (REBCO) films intended for high-field magnet applications is proposed, which is based on BaCuO<sub>2</sub> nanorods in Gd<sub>0.5</sub>Yb<sub>0.5</sub>Ba<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-δ</sub> (Gd<sub>0.5</sub>Yb<sub>0.5</sub>BCO) films. The metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process has been developed to achieve the desired microstructure. The influence of MOCVD parameters on the microstructure and critical current behavior of Gd<sub>0.5</sub>Yb<sub>0.5</sub>BCO films is systematically investigated. The morphology and density of BaCuO<sub>2</sub> crystallites within the films are highly sensitive to deposition temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and deposition rate. Notably, forming thin, elongated, vertically aligned BaCuO<sub>2</sub> nanorods requires precise control within a narrow processing window for these three parameters. The optimized MOCVD process results in a dense array of vertically aligned BaCuO<sub>2</sub> nanorods within the Gd<sub>0.5</sub>Yb<sub>0.5</sub>BCO film, significantly enhancing magnetic-flux pinning, particularly in the low-temperature and high-magnetic-field regime. Superconducting tapes coated with Gd<sub>0.5</sub>Yb<sub>0.5</sub>BCO films using the optimized MOCVD process exhibit a power-law exponent (<i>α</i> value) of 0.40 for the critical current decay with magnetic field at 4 K, which is substantially lower than that of other REBCO coated conductors reported to date.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143640985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite being a compelling alternative to the existing lithium-ion battery technology, the unavailability of cathodes with high energy density and capacity poses a key challenge toward the wider adaption of sodium-ion batteries (NIB). In this regard, iron-rich NASICONs have triggered significant attention owing to a greater abundance of Fe and higher operating voltages of Fe2+/Fe3+ redox-couple. A major roadblock in such cathodes stems from the voltage hysteresis at higher current rates. Herein, a NASICON-type NaFe2-xInx(PO4)(MoO4)2 (NFIPM) cathode is reported that shows a stable single-phase solid-solution reaction with significantly attenuated overpotential. Indium is strategically incorporated at the iron sites, expanding the lattice space to facilitate enhanced sodium-ion diffusion and also reducing the energy bandgap of NFIPM. Magnetic susceptibility (M-T) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) measurements reveal an increased spin state of iron following indium substitution. First principle calculations also confirm the lowering of the Na+ migration energy barrier post indium doping. The optimized NFIPM10 shows a specific capacity of 111.85 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C with remarkable cycling stability of up to 800 cycles at 2C. In situ X-ray diffraction confirms reversible structural stability of NFIPM during (de)sodiation, emphasizing the role of strategic doping in enhancing sodium-ion storage.
{"title":"Single-Phase Solid-Solution Reaction Facilitated Sodium-Ion Storage in Indium-Substituted Monoclinic Sodium-Iron Phosphomolybdate Cathodes","authors":"Sharad Dnyanu Pinjari, Purandas Mudavath, Ravi Chandra Dutta, Ispita Pal, Dipan Kundu, Saikumar Parshanaboina, Anand Kumar Singh, Ashok Kumar Nanjundan, Rohit Ranganathan Gaddam","doi":"10.1002/smll.202501004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202501004","url":null,"abstract":"Despite being a compelling alternative to the existing lithium-ion battery technology, the unavailability of cathodes with high energy density and capacity poses a key challenge toward the wider adaption of sodium-ion batteries (NIB). In this regard, iron-rich NASICONs have triggered significant attention owing to a greater abundance of Fe and higher operating voltages of Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe<sup>3+</sup> redox-couple. A major roadblock in such cathodes stems from the voltage hysteresis at higher current rates. Herein, a NASICON-type NaFe<sub>2-x</sub>In<sub>x</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)(MoO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (NFIPM) cathode is reported that shows a stable single-phase solid-solution reaction with significantly attenuated overpotential. Indium is strategically incorporated at the iron sites, expanding the lattice space to facilitate enhanced sodium-ion diffusion and also reducing the energy bandgap of NFIPM. <i>Magnetic susceptibility</i> (M-T) and <i>Electron Paramagnetic Resonance</i> (EPR) measurements reveal an increased spin state of iron following indium substitution. <i>First principle calculations</i> also confirm the lowering of the Na<sup>+</sup> migration energy barrier post indium doping. The optimized NFIPM10 shows a specific capacity of 111.85 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.1 C with remarkable cycling stability of up to 800 cycles at 2C. In situ X-ray diffraction confirms reversible structural stability of NFIPM during (de)sodiation, emphasizing the role of strategic doping in enhancing sodium-ion storage.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143641008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photoelectric synaptic transistors have the advantages of high bandwidth, high signal-to-noise ratio, low power consumption, and low crosstalk, which are crucial for the development of artificial visual perception systems. However, photoelectric synaptic transistors have problems such as low light sensitivity, narrow detection bandwidth, and poor adaptability to biological light. Here, a ternary strategy is employed to combine 2D perovskite with infrared polymeric material poly (n-alkylpyrrole dithiophene) (PDPP-DTT, abbreviated as PDPP) and small molecular material PC61 BM to fabricated visible infrared wide spectrum phototransistor, which has both synaptic function and visual adaptative functions. The introduction of PDPP:PC61 BM organic heterojunction promotes the separation and injection of photogenerated carriers in phototransistors, leading to high photosensitivity to visible and infrared light, achieving 4.9 × 105 and 1.9 × 105, respectively. Gate voltage, light intensity, and defects in perovskite organic heterojunctions can regulate the concentration of charge carriers in transistors, allowing the device array to mimic visual synapses and adaptive functions under red, green, blue and NIR light. The triple strategy for fabricating perovskite organic heterojunction transistors provides technical support for the development of high light sensitivity, wide bandwidth, and multifunctional artificial vision systems.
{"title":"Constructing Perovskite Organic Phototransistors Using a Triple Strategy to Achieve Visible and NIR Visual Synapses and Adaptive Functions","authors":"Xin Huang, Meng Wang, Wei Wen, Shanshan Wei, Kuiyuan Zhang, Yunlong Guo, Yunqi Liu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202412025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412025","url":null,"abstract":"Photoelectric synaptic transistors have the advantages of high bandwidth, high signal-to-noise ratio, low power consumption, and low crosstalk, which are crucial for the development of artificial visual perception systems. However, photoelectric synaptic transistors have problems such as low light sensitivity, narrow detection bandwidth, and poor adaptability to biological light. Here, a ternary strategy is employed to combine 2D perovskite with infrared polymeric material poly (n-alkylpyrrole dithiophene) (PDPP-DTT, abbreviated as PDPP) and small molecular material PC<sub>61</sub> BM to fabricated visible infrared wide spectrum phototransistor, which has both synaptic function and visual adaptative functions. The introduction of PDPP:PC<sub>61</sub> BM organic heterojunction promotes the separation and injection of photogenerated carriers in phototransistors, leading to high photosensitivity to visible and infrared light, achieving 4.9 × 10<sup>5</sup> and 1.9 × 10<sup>5</sup>, respectively. Gate voltage, light intensity, and defects in perovskite organic heterojunctions can regulate the concentration of charge carriers in transistors, allowing the device array to mimic visual synapses and adaptive functions under red, green, blue and NIR light. The triple strategy for fabricating perovskite organic heterojunction transistors provides technical support for the development of high light sensitivity, wide bandwidth, and multifunctional artificial vision systems.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143641007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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