Benjamin Fode, Tanja Siemsen, Corinna Thurow, R. Weigel, C. Gatz
The plant signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) and/or xenobiotic chemicals like the auxin mimic 2,4-D induce transcriptional activation of defense- and stress-related genes that contain activation sequence-1 (as-1)–like cis-elements in their promoters. as-1–like sequences are recognized by basic/leucine zipper transcription factors of the TGA family. Expression of genes related to the SA-dependent defense program systemic acquired resistance requires the TGA-interacting protein NPR1. However, a number of as-1–containing promoters can be activated independently from NPR1. Here, we report the identification of Arabidopsis thaliana SCARECROW-like 14 (SCL14), a member of the GRAS family of regulatory proteins, as a TGA-interacting protein that is required for the activation of TGA-dependent but NPR1-independent SA- and 2,4-D–inducible promoters. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that class II TGA factors TGA2, TGA5, and/or TGA6 are needed to recruit SCL14 to promoters of selected SCL14 target genes identified by whole-genome transcript profiling experiments. The coding regions and the expression profiles of the SCL14-dependent genes imply that they might be involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and possibly endogenous harmful metabolites. Consistently, plants ectopically expressing SCL14 showed increased tolerance to toxic doses of the chemicals isonicotinic acid and 2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, whereas the scl14 and the tga2 tga5 tga6 mutants were more susceptible. Hence, the TGA/SCL14 complex seems to be involved in the activation of a general broad-spectrum detoxification network upon challenge of plants with xenobiotics.
{"title":"The Arabidopsis GRAS Protein SCL14 Interacts with Class II TGA Transcription Factors and Is Essential for the Activation of Stress-Inducible Promoters[C][W]","authors":"Benjamin Fode, Tanja Siemsen, Corinna Thurow, R. Weigel, C. Gatz","doi":"10.1105/tpc.108.058974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.058974","url":null,"abstract":"The plant signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) and/or xenobiotic chemicals like the auxin mimic 2,4-D induce transcriptional activation of defense- and stress-related genes that contain activation sequence-1 (as-1)–like cis-elements in their promoters. as-1–like sequences are recognized by basic/leucine zipper transcription factors of the TGA family. Expression of genes related to the SA-dependent defense program systemic acquired resistance requires the TGA-interacting protein NPR1. However, a number of as-1–containing promoters can be activated independently from NPR1. Here, we report the identification of Arabidopsis thaliana SCARECROW-like 14 (SCL14), a member of the GRAS family of regulatory proteins, as a TGA-interacting protein that is required for the activation of TGA-dependent but NPR1-independent SA- and 2,4-D–inducible promoters. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that class II TGA factors TGA2, TGA5, and/or TGA6 are needed to recruit SCL14 to promoters of selected SCL14 target genes identified by whole-genome transcript profiling experiments. The coding regions and the expression profiles of the SCL14-dependent genes imply that they might be involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and possibly endogenous harmful metabolites. Consistently, plants ectopically expressing SCL14 showed increased tolerance to toxic doses of the chemicals isonicotinic acid and 2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, whereas the scl14 and the tga2 tga5 tga6 mutants were more susceptible. Hence, the TGA/SCL14 complex seems to be involved in the activation of a general broad-spectrum detoxification network upon challenge of plants with xenobiotics.","PeriodicalId":22905,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell Online","volume":"43 1","pages":"3122 - 3135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84701389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photorespiration results from the competitive effect of O2 on CO2 fixation by Rubisco, which lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 species, especially at warmer temperatures and under drought conditions. For this reason, much effort has gone into improving the efficiency of Rubisco with
{"title":"A Cytosolic Bypass to the Photorespiratory Cycle","authors":"N. Eckardt","doi":"10.1105/tpc.108.201012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.201012","url":null,"abstract":"Photorespiration results from the competitive effect of O2 on CO2 fixation by Rubisco, which lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 species, especially at warmer temperatures and under drought conditions. For this reason, much effort has gone into improving the efficiency of Rubisco with","PeriodicalId":22905,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell Online","volume":"27 1","pages":"2543 - 2543"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75944908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite its widespread use and the fact that it underpins so much contemporary plant molecular biology, very little is known about the molecular basis of Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of cells. It is a highly complex process that requires the activity of a number of virulence (Vir) proteins
{"title":"Role of Plant Importin α Proteins in Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation","authors":"N. Eckardt","doi":"10.1105/tpc.108.201010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.201010","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its widespread use and the fact that it underpins so much contemporary plant molecular biology, very little is known about the molecular basis of Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of cells. It is a highly complex process that requires the activity of a number of virulence (Vir) proteins","PeriodicalId":22905,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell Online","volume":"11 1","pages":"2541 - 2541"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82216366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid technical advancement of electron microscopy tomography (EMT), and of data acquisition and analysis, opened new vistas in revealing complex membrane structures ([Frey and Mannella, 2000][1]) and in the understanding of the three-dimensional (3D) organization of the thylakoid membranes of
{"title":"Reply: On Three-Dimensional Models of Higher-Plant Thylakoid Networks: Elements of Consensus, Controversies, and Future Experiments","authors":"G. Garab, C. Mannella","doi":"10.1105/tpc.108.201041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.201041","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid technical advancement of electron microscopy tomography (EMT), and of data acquisition and analysis, opened new vistas in revealing complex membrane structures ([Frey and Mannella, 2000][1]) and in the understanding of the three-dimensional (3D) organization of the thylakoid membranes of","PeriodicalId":22905,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell Online","volume":"20 1","pages":"2549 - 2551"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84929208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dubbed “ubiquitin's mysterious cousin” ([Muller et al., 2001][1]), the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) reversibly tags proteins to regulate their activity, location, or stability. SUMOylation (SUMO conjugation) is thought to be essential for the survival of all multicellular organisms and
被称为“泛素的神秘表亲”([Muller et al.， 2001][1])，小的泛素样修饰物(SUMO)可逆地标记蛋白质以调节其活性、位置或稳定性。SUMO酰化(SUMO偶联)被认为是所有多细胞生物生存所必需的
{"title":"OTS1/2-Dependent DeSUMOylation Boosts Salt Tolerance","authors":"Kathleen L. Farquharson","doi":"10.1105/tpc.108.201011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.201011","url":null,"abstract":"Dubbed “ubiquitin's mysterious cousin” ([Muller et al., 2001][1]), the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) reversibly tags proteins to regulate their activity, location, or stability. SUMOylation (SUMO conjugation) is thought to be essential for the survival of all multicellular organisms and","PeriodicalId":22905,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell Online","volume":"213 1","pages":"2542 - 2542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76528653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mitotic spindles are microtubule-based structures that separate chromosomes during mitosis. In most animals and fungal cells, spindle microtubules nucleate from centrosomes or spindle pole bodies. Plant cells lack such structured microtubule organizing centers, and some of their microtubules appear
{"title":"Mitotic Spindle Formation in Plants","authors":"Nancy R. Hofmann","doi":"10.1105/tpc.108.201013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.201013","url":null,"abstract":"Mitotic spindles are microtubule-based structures that separate chromosomes during mitosis. In most animals and fungal cells, spindle microtubules nucleate from centrosomes or spindle pole bodies. Plant cells lack such structured microtubule organizing centers, and some of their microtubules appear","PeriodicalId":22905,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell Online","volume":"10 1","pages":"2544 - 2544"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85812366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Control of gene expression involves a variety of transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes that regulate the level of translatable mRNAs in a cell. The abundance of a given mRNA depends on the relative rates of its synthesis and degradation. In eukaryotes, mRNA degradation can occur by
{"title":"Assessing the Uncapped Transcriptome","authors":"G. Bertoni","doi":"10.1105/tpc.108.201014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.201014","url":null,"abstract":"Control of gene expression involves a variety of transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes that regulate the level of translatable mRNAs in a cell. The abundance of a given mRNA depends on the relative rates of its synthesis and degradation. In eukaryotes, mRNA degradation can occur by","PeriodicalId":22905,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell Online","volume":"27 1","pages":"2545 - 2545"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88932071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants face a diverse array of pathogen attack strategies in the wild, and regulation of the defense response often is a matter of life or death. WRKY transcription factors regulate the expression of many defense genes (reviewed in [Eulgem and Somssich, 2007][1]); in Arabidopsis , activation of
在野外，植物面临着各种各样的病原体攻击策略，而防御反应的调节往往是一个生死攸关的问题。WRKY转录因子调控多种防御基因的表达(review in [Eulgem and Somssich, 2007][1]);在拟南芥中，激活
{"title":"Basal Defense in Arabidopsis: WRKYs Interact with Histone Deacetylase HDA19","authors":"J. Mach","doi":"10.1105/tpc.108.200911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.200911","url":null,"abstract":"Plants face a diverse array of pathogen attack strategies in the wild, and regulation of the defense response often is a matter of life or death. WRKY transcription factors regulate the expression of many defense genes (reviewed in [Eulgem and Somssich, 2007][1]); in Arabidopsis , activation of","PeriodicalId":22905,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell Online","volume":"11 1","pages":"2282 - 2282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73209870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the final stages of inorganic sulfur assimilation, plants fix sulfur into Cys, the major intermediate for the formation of sulfur-containing compounds in the cell (reviewed in [Saito, 2004][1]). Two enzymes catalyze the last steps of Cys formation, Ser acetyltransferase (SERAT) and OAS (thiol)
在无机硫同化的最后阶段，植物将硫固定到Cys中，Cys是细胞中形成含硫化合物的主要中间体(review In [Saito, 2004][1])。两种酶催化胱氨酸形成的最后步骤，丝氨酸乙酰转移酶(SERAT)和OAS(硫醇)。
{"title":"Conservation and Redundancy of Serine Acetyltransferases","authors":"Nancy R. Hofmann","doi":"10.1105/tpc.108.200910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.200910","url":null,"abstract":"In the final stages of inorganic sulfur assimilation, plants fix sulfur into Cys, the major intermediate for the formation of sulfur-containing compounds in the cell (reviewed in [Saito, 2004][1]). Two enzymes catalyze the last steps of Cys formation, Ser acetyltransferase (SERAT) and OAS (thiol)","PeriodicalId":22905,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell Online","volume":"265 1","pages":"2281 - 2281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79752227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The question of how leaf form is established has long intrigued plant biologists and has important ramifications in both natural and agricultural systems. Heterochrony refers to developmental changes in the timing of events that lead to changes in the size and/or shape of an organ. Heterochronic genes control the temporal dimension of development, in contrast with homeotic genes, which control spatial patterns of development (Slack and Ruvkun, 1997). Chronological changes during leaf morphogenesis often are monitored using anatomical markers, such as trichomes, guard cells, and vascular cells. However, in mutants lacking these cell types it can be difficult to distinguish between factors affecting the progress of leaf maturation (heterochrony) and cell fate specification. Efroni et al. (pages 2293–2306) introduce a bioinformatics approach to quantifying the stages of leaf development based on gene expression profiles. The authors make use of publicly available gene expression data to develop an algorithm for defining a leaf differentiation score, termed the digital differentiation index, which is based on expression patterns that change with leaf age. This approach is found to work surprisingly well on samples from different labs and different ecotypes, despite the limitations inherent in inferring physiological or morphological status solely from gene expression data. The authors proceed to use this approach to investigate the role of CINCINNATA (CIN)related TCP transcription factors in the control of leaf morphogenesis. CIN-TCPs have been implicated in regulation of surface curvature in Antirrhinum and in formation of tomato compound leaves (Nath, et al., 2003; Ori et al., 2007). To find a unifying theme for these functions, the authors used the digital differentiation index to examine Arabidopsis leaves in which the activity of all eight CIN-TCPs was downregulated by overexpression of microRNAs (miR319, which targets five of the eight TCPs [Palatnik et al., 2003], and an artificial microRNA designed to target the remaining three). Analysis of young transgenic lines with this approach implicated regulation of leaf differentiation as a prime role of these TCPs. In mature mutant plants, cell size and number was altered dramatically, suggesting that further stages of leaf differentiation were also delayed or inhibited in the absence of TCP activity (see figure). This work provides a new tool for the investigation of heterochronic pathways operating in plant organs or at the whole-shoot level and highlights the role of CIN-TCPs as heterochronic regulators of leaf development.
{"title":"A Bioinformatics Approach to Investigating Leaf Development","authors":"N. Eckardt","doi":"10.1105/tpc.108.200912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.200912","url":null,"abstract":"The question of how leaf form is established has long intrigued plant biologists and has important ramifications in both natural and agricultural systems. Heterochrony refers to developmental changes in the timing of events that lead to changes in the size and/or shape of an organ. Heterochronic genes control the temporal dimension of development, in contrast with homeotic genes, which control spatial patterns of development (Slack and Ruvkun, 1997). Chronological changes during leaf morphogenesis often are monitored using anatomical markers, such as trichomes, guard cells, and vascular cells. However, in mutants lacking these cell types it can be difficult to distinguish between factors affecting the progress of leaf maturation (heterochrony) and cell fate specification. Efroni et al. (pages 2293–2306) introduce a bioinformatics approach to quantifying the stages of leaf development based on gene expression profiles. The authors make use of publicly available gene expression data to develop an algorithm for defining a leaf differentiation score, termed the digital differentiation index, which is based on expression patterns that change with leaf age. This approach is found to work surprisingly well on samples from different labs and different ecotypes, despite the limitations inherent in inferring physiological or morphological status solely from gene expression data. The authors proceed to use this approach to investigate the role of CINCINNATA (CIN)related TCP transcription factors in the control of leaf morphogenesis. CIN-TCPs have been implicated in regulation of surface curvature in Antirrhinum and in formation of tomato compound leaves (Nath, et al., 2003; Ori et al., 2007). To find a unifying theme for these functions, the authors used the digital differentiation index to examine Arabidopsis leaves in which the activity of all eight CIN-TCPs was downregulated by overexpression of microRNAs (miR319, which targets five of the eight TCPs [Palatnik et al., 2003], and an artificial microRNA designed to target the remaining three). Analysis of young transgenic lines with this approach implicated regulation of leaf differentiation as a prime role of these TCPs. In mature mutant plants, cell size and number was altered dramatically, suggesting that further stages of leaf differentiation were also delayed or inhibited in the absence of TCP activity (see figure). This work provides a new tool for the investigation of heterochronic pathways operating in plant organs or at the whole-shoot level and highlights the role of CIN-TCPs as heterochronic regulators of leaf development.","PeriodicalId":22905,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell Online","volume":"525 1","pages":"2283 - 2283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77685085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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