During 2020, the global oil palm sector suffered a series of shocks related to the covid-19 pandemic. In this article I survey the immediate effects of the pandemic, and related socioeconomic factors, on the oil palm supply chain, from plantation to plate. Overall, the sector has proved remarkably resilient and prospects for its post-covid-19 performance are generally promising. This can be traced to the key roles of palm oils in two vital areas, namely food security and health care, although prospects in the biofuels area are less certain. Keywords: Covid-19, food security, health care, biofuels
{"title":"Recognising the Value of Oil Palm in the Post-covid-19 World","authors":"D. Murphy","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.011","url":null,"abstract":"During 2020, the global oil palm sector suffered a series of shocks related to the covid-19 pandemic. In this article I survey the immediate effects of the pandemic, and related socioeconomic factors, on the oil palm supply chain, from plantation to plate. Overall, the sector has proved remarkably resilient and prospects for its post-covid-19 performance are generally promising. This can be traced to the key roles of palm oils in two vital areas, namely food security and health care, although prospects in the biofuels area are less certain. Keywords: Covid-19, food security, health care, biofuels","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79390625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two insecticides to control a large species of bagworm, i.e. Dapula (Clania) tertia, by trunk injection. The two insecticides evaluated were acephate (in two formulations, i.e. as a soluble powder and a liquid) and dimehypo (liquid formulation only). Acephate was tested in two rates for soluble powder formulation (7.5 g a.i. and 9.4 g a.i. per palm) and two rates for liquid formulation (6 g a.i. and 8 g a.i. per palm). Dimehypo was also tested at two rates, i.e. 6 g a.i. and 8 g a.i. per palm. Post-treatment assessment of live bagworm larvae population was carried out at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the trunk injection treatments. The treatments of acephate soluble powder formulation at 7.5 g a.i. per palm and dimehypo at 6 g a.i. per palm were least effective as these two treatments recorded the highest number of larvae at the end of the trial compared to the other treatments. Liquid formulation of acephate at 6 g a.i. per palm and dimehypo at 8 g a.i. per palm caused some reduction in the population of bagworm larvae, but the desired maximum kill was not achieved. Both soluble powder and liquid formulations of acephate at the rate of 9.4 g a.i. per palm and 8 g a.i. per palm respectively were the best amongst the treatments, and resulted in fast and complete control of the bagworm larvae population at 21 days after treatment. Keywords: Bagworm, Dapula (Clania) tertia, acephate, dimehypo, trunk injection
采用干注射法，对两种杀虫剂防治大种白蛉的效果进行了田间试验。所评估的两种杀虫剂是乙酰甲胺磷(两种剂型，即可溶性粉末和液体)和二甲基苯胺(仅为液体剂型)。乙酰甲胺磷在可溶性粉剂制剂中以两种速率(每手掌7.5 g a.i.和9.4 g a.i.)和液体制剂中以两种速率(每手掌6 g a.i.和8 g a.i.)进行试验。Dimehypo也以两种速率进行了测试，即每手掌6克a.i.和8克a.i.。分别于干注射处理后7、14、21和28 d对白蛉幼虫进行处理后种群数量评价。在试验结束时，与其他处理相比，每手掌7.5 g a.i.的乙酰甲胺磷可溶性粉剂和每手掌6 g a.i.的二甲基苯胺处理的幼虫数量最多，效果最差。以每株6 g a.i.的乙酰甲胺磷和8 g a.i.的啶菊酯配制液，可使幼虫数量有所减少，但未达到理想的最大杀伤效果。头孢甲胺磷可溶性粉剂和液体剂分别以9.4 g /株和8 g /株的处理效果最好，处理后21 d可迅速完全控制蛴螬种群。关键词:白蛉，大黄斑蝶，乙酰甲胺磷，二甲基苯胺，干注射
{"title":"Evaluation of Acephate and Dimehypo Against the Bagworm, Dapula (Clania) tertia by Trunk Injection","authors":"R. Balasubramaniam, T. Shaji","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.012","url":null,"abstract":"A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two insecticides to control a large species of bagworm, i.e. Dapula (Clania) tertia, by trunk injection. The two insecticides evaluated were acephate (in two formulations, i.e. as a soluble powder and a liquid) and dimehypo (liquid formulation only). Acephate was tested in two rates for soluble powder formulation (7.5 g a.i. and 9.4 g a.i. per palm) and two rates for liquid formulation (6 g a.i. and 8 g a.i. per palm). Dimehypo was also tested at two rates, i.e. 6 g a.i. and 8 g a.i. per palm. Post-treatment assessment of live bagworm larvae population was carried out at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the trunk injection treatments. The treatments of acephate soluble powder formulation at 7.5 g a.i. per palm and dimehypo at 6 g a.i. per palm were least effective as these two treatments recorded the highest number of larvae at the end of the trial compared to the other treatments. Liquid formulation of acephate at 6 g a.i. per palm and dimehypo at 8 g a.i. per palm caused some reduction in the population of bagworm larvae, but the desired maximum kill was not achieved. Both soluble powder and liquid formulations of acephate at the rate of 9.4 g a.i. per palm and 8 g a.i. per palm respectively were the best amongst the treatments, and resulted in fast and complete control of the bagworm larvae population at 21 days after treatment. Keywords: Bagworm, Dapula (Clania) tertia, acephate, dimehypo, trunk injection","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88156484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Wayayok, Muhammad Nurfaiz Abd Kharim, Lamin F Manjang
Hydroponic commonly incorporates crops farming with less usage of chemical fertilisers and soil utilisation. The existing hydroponic systems can only show essential parameters such as humidity, water level, nutrients and light intensity. Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system with portable monitoring device, S shaped UPVC pipe, wood, net protection, pH meter, electrical conductivity (EC) meter, growing media for growing cherry tomato and butterhead lettuce in a netting system environment was developed which includes determination of pipe size, flowrate, angle of pipe degree and pump size. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three treatments of growing media (perlite, clay pebbles and coco fibre) and ten replications for each treatment. Plant lengths, total count of harvested cherry tomato, yield (g), pH and EC values were recorded during the study. The results showed that flowrate (Q) was 117.9 (L/h) through a 7.62 cm UPVC pipe diameter and a 90-degree elbow joint with pump power of 0.193 watts. Mean comparison of plant lengths between treatments for butterhead lettuce planting shows coco fibre produces highest leaf lengths while cherry tomato planting shows clay pebbles produces highest stem lengths. In terms of plant yield (g) and total count of harvested cherry tomato and butterhead lettuce, clay pebbles media recorded the highest values for both crops and showed significant differences to other growing media. Keywords: Nutrient film technique, pH meter, EC meter, yield, planting media, stem height and leaf lengths
{"title":"Production of Butterhead Lettuce and Cherry Tomato by Hydroponic System","authors":"A. Wayayok, Muhammad Nurfaiz Abd Kharim, Lamin F Manjang","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.013","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroponic commonly incorporates crops farming with less usage of chemical fertilisers and soil utilisation. The existing hydroponic systems can only show essential parameters such as humidity, water level, nutrients and light intensity. Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system with portable monitoring device, S shaped UPVC pipe, wood, net protection, pH meter, electrical conductivity (EC) meter, growing media for growing cherry tomato and butterhead lettuce in a netting system environment was developed which includes determination of pipe size, flowrate, angle of pipe degree and pump size. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three treatments of growing media (perlite, clay pebbles and coco fibre) and ten replications for each treatment. Plant lengths, total count of harvested cherry tomato, yield (g), pH and EC values were recorded during the study. The results showed that flowrate (Q) was 117.9 (L/h) through a 7.62 cm UPVC pipe diameter and a 90-degree elbow joint with pump power of 0.193 watts. Mean comparison of plant lengths between treatments for butterhead lettuce planting shows coco fibre produces highest leaf lengths while cherry tomato planting shows clay pebbles produces highest stem lengths. In terms of plant yield (g) and total count of harvested cherry tomato and butterhead lettuce, clay pebbles media recorded the highest values for both crops and showed significant differences to other growing media. Keywords: Nutrient film technique, pH meter, EC meter, yield, planting media, stem height and leaf lengths","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84521981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sidhu, A. A, Z. Sinuraya, B. B. Ang, S. S, Rizki Akbar, Kim Seng Tan, Yopy Dedywiryanto, J. Tan, Y. Samosir, M. Sharma
A high level of dura contamination can significantly reduce oil yield and oil extraction ratio (OER). Recent surveys carried out in oil palm nurseries, independent estates and the commercial sector in Malaysia by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), indicates that dura contamination remains a serious concern. Although no recent survey data is available from Indonesia, field visits to medium and smaller estates suggests a similar problem also exists there. Although genetic tools are now available for fruit typing, a simple, quick and practical survey method is still required, especially during due diligence visits to brownfield plantations up for acquisition, where quick decision making is required. This paper reports on the results of an investigation comparing the accuracy of two survey methods, namely individual palm survey (IPS) versus harvester platform survey (HPS) and the use of both methods to assess the purity of Topaz D x P seedlings planted in progeny trials and in commercial second generation replants in Asian Agri estates in Indonesia. Results of the investigation conducted in three fields with varying levels of dura contamination [low, medium, high], showed that inspecting harvested fresh fruit bunches (FFB) on 20 per cent of roadside harvesters platforms (HPS) was just as reliable as fruit typing individual palms (IPS) in the field. No significant differences were recorded between the two methods. At medium to low contamination levels, HPS tended to slightly over estimate contamination levels but differences were small and within acceptable range. As HPS is based on inspecting ripe and harvested FFB, it excludes counting of pisifera palms which are female sterile and bunches abort before maturity. Nevertheless, numbers of the latter in commercial fields were found to be low or negligible. The HPS method was also easier to conduct, faster and less labour intensive than IPS. However, if an individual palm survey was required, inspection at 5 to 10 per cent intensity was just as accurate as 100 per cent palm inspection. IPS was used to assess the purity of new Topaz D x P progenies planted in 18 breeding trials established from 2003 to 2010. Out of the 28 772 palms individually inspected, only five palms were non-tenera [0.02%] and were detected in only four out of the 18 trials. The HPS was comprehensive, covering three provinces and a total of 14 estates which had undergone replanting from 2006 – 2016. Approximately 4 800 hectares were randomly surveyed encompassing 161 field blocks and 2 677 harvesters platforms (20 per cent). Out of over 25 000 FFB fruit typed, only 33 FFB (0.13 per cent) were found to be of dura type. Such low levels of non-tenera contamination in both the progeny trials and commercial fields are a testament to the excellent quality control measures implemented by Asian Agri R & D’s seed pollination unit and a guarantee on the purity of Topaz D x P seed. Keywords : Contamination , dura, D x P, oil palm, Topaz.
高水平的硬脑膜污染会显著降低出油率和出油率。马来西亚棕榈油委员会(MPOB)最近在马来西亚的油棕苗圃、独立庄园和商业部门进行的调查表明，硬脑膜污染仍然是一个严重的问题。虽然印度尼西亚没有最近的调查数据，但对中小型庄园的实地考察表明，那里也存在类似的问题。虽然遗传工具现在可用于水果分型，但仍然需要一种简单、快速和实用的调查方法，特别是在对棕地种植园进行尽职调查时，需要快速决策。本文报告了一项调查的结果，比较了两种调查方法的准确性，即个体棕榈调查(IPS)和收获平台调查(HPS)，并使用这两种方法来评估在印度尼西亚亚洲农业庄园种植的Topaz D x P幼苗在后代试验和商业第二代再植中的纯度。在三个不同程度的硬脑膜污染(低、中、高)的田地中进行的调查结果表明，在20%的路边收割机平台(HPS)上检查收获的新鲜水果串(FFB)与在田间对单个棕榈树(IPS)进行水果分类一样可靠。两种方法间无显著差异。在中低污染水平，HPS倾向于稍微高估污染水平，但差异很小，在可接受的范围内。由于HPS是基于检查成熟和收获的FFB，它不包括雌不育和成熟前的束败的pisifera棕榈树的计数。然而，发现后者在商业领域的数量很少或可以忽略不计。HPS法也比IPS法更容易操作、更快、劳动强度更低。然而，如果需要对手掌进行单独的调查，以5%到10%的强度进行检查与100%的手掌检查一样准确。利用IPS技术对2003 ~ 2010年18个黄玉选育试验中种植的黄玉D × P新子代进行了纯度鉴定。在单独检查的28772个手掌中，只有5个手掌是非tenera[0.02%]，并且在18个试验中只有4个被检测到。HPS是全面的，涵盖了三个省，总共14个屋苑，这些屋苑在2006年至2016年期间进行了重新种植。随机调查了大约4 800公顷土地，包括161个地块和2 677个收割机平台(20%)。在超过25,000个FFB果实类型中，只有33个FFB(0.13%)被发现是硬脑膜类型。在后代试验和商业领域中，如此低水平的非tenera污染证明了亚洲农业研发公司种子授粉部门实施的卓越质量控制措施，并保证了Topaz D x P种子的纯度。关键词:污染，硬脑膜，德普，油棕，黄玉
{"title":"Evaluation of Two Fruit Typing Methods and Their Use in Assessing the Purity of Commercially Planted Topaz DxP Oil Palm Replants","authors":"M. Sidhu, A. A, Z. Sinuraya, B. B. Ang, S. S, Rizki Akbar, Kim Seng Tan, Yopy Dedywiryanto, J. Tan, Y. Samosir, M. Sharma","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.009","url":null,"abstract":"A high level of dura contamination can significantly reduce oil yield and oil extraction ratio (OER). Recent surveys carried out in oil palm nurseries, independent estates and the commercial sector in Malaysia by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), indicates that dura contamination remains a serious concern. Although no recent survey data is available from Indonesia, field visits to medium and smaller estates suggests a similar problem also exists there. Although genetic tools are now available for fruit typing, a simple, quick and practical survey method is still required, especially during due diligence visits to brownfield plantations up for acquisition, where quick decision making is required. This paper reports on the results of an investigation comparing the accuracy of two survey methods, namely individual palm survey (IPS) versus harvester platform survey (HPS) and the use of both methods to assess the purity of Topaz D x P seedlings planted in progeny trials and in commercial second generation replants in Asian Agri estates in Indonesia. Results of the investigation conducted in three fields with varying levels of dura contamination [low, medium, high], showed that inspecting harvested fresh fruit bunches (FFB) on 20 per cent of roadside harvesters platforms (HPS) was just as reliable as fruit typing individual palms (IPS) in the field. No significant differences were recorded between the two methods. At medium to low contamination levels, HPS tended to slightly over estimate contamination levels but differences were small and within acceptable range. As HPS is based on inspecting ripe and harvested FFB, it excludes counting of pisifera palms which are female sterile and bunches abort before maturity. Nevertheless, numbers of the latter in commercial fields were found to be low or negligible. The HPS method was also easier to conduct, faster and less labour intensive than IPS. However, if an individual palm survey was required, inspection at 5 to 10 per cent intensity was just as accurate as 100 per cent palm inspection. IPS was used to assess the purity of new Topaz D x P progenies planted in 18 breeding trials established from 2003 to 2010. Out of the 28 772 palms individually inspected, only five palms were non-tenera [0.02%] and were detected in only four out of the 18 trials. The HPS was comprehensive, covering three provinces and a total of 14 estates which had undergone replanting from 2006 – 2016. Approximately 4 800 hectares were randomly surveyed encompassing 161 field blocks and 2 677 harvesters platforms (20 per cent). Out of over 25 000 FFB fruit typed, only 33 FFB (0.13 per cent) were found to be of dura type. Such low levels of non-tenera contamination in both the progeny trials and commercial fields are a testament to the excellent quality control measures implemented by Asian Agri R & D’s seed pollination unit and a guarantee on the purity of Topaz D x P seed. Keywords : Contamination , dura, D x P, oil palm, Topaz.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78203252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kahang Estate, situated in the south eastern part of Johor state is known for severe rat damage on oil palm fruits for more than two-and-a-half decades. The main species is Rattus tiomanicus and the current practice of poison baiting with high number of rounds per campaign was found to be short lived in controlling the rat damage on fresh fruit bunches. A coincidental observation on one of the harvester’s hungry mongrel dog hunting a running rat in the field gave the idea and prompted the estate management to train and establish a rat hunting dog team since 2017. The current paper shares this first of its kind experience of Kahang Estate management in controlling the rat population by dogs in a consolidated area of 364 hectares of 2009 replants. Keywords: Rattus tiomanicus, bait shyness rats, mongrel dogs.
{"title":"Control of Rat Damage in Oil Palm Plantation Using Local Hunting Dogs-IOI Kahang Estate’s Experience","authors":"K. Saravanan, M. A. Idrus, A. Prakash","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.010","url":null,"abstract":"Kahang Estate, situated in the south eastern part of Johor state is known for severe rat damage on oil palm fruits for more than two-and-a-half decades. The main species is Rattus tiomanicus and the current practice of poison baiting with high number of rounds per campaign was found to be short lived in controlling the rat damage on fresh fruit bunches. A coincidental observation on one of the harvester’s hungry mongrel dog hunting a running rat in the field gave the idea and prompted the estate management to train and establish a rat hunting dog team since 2017. The current paper shares this first of its kind experience of Kahang Estate management in controlling the rat population by dogs in a consolidated area of 364 hectares of 2009 replants. Keywords: Rattus tiomanicus, bait shyness rats, mongrel dogs.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85594469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin. is an invasive pest feeding on all the green leaved plants including oil palm causing nutrient as well as photosynthetic loss resulting in yield reductions. To manage the pest incidence, use of various possible and feasible measures in an integrated manner is the only available answer. Although many of these measures are not fool proof in giving 100 per cent control of the pest, in the present conditions it is the only solution to implement in the infested areas to reduce the pest incidence and infestation to below threshold limits. Based on the results obtained at different places, Good Agricultural Practices have been drawn for the successful mitigation of the pest. Most of these were tested in farmers’ fields and found suitable to implement in all the infested areas in an integrated manner rather than alone. The compatibility among different practices when implemented together shows the significance of individual as well as combined practices in managing the pest population. Since the pest is an invasive one with no boundaries on feeding, it is required to draw attention on Intergrated Pest Management (IPM) practices to check the population effectively. For this purpose all the possible measures like stopping procurement of nursery plants from the infested areas, taking control measures on all the feeding plants, growing pest repellent plants like marigold all around the garden, hanging sticky traps in the gardens to attract the adult flies and thereby reduce the pest load, conservation of existing and release of available parasitoids and predators need to be carried out in an integrated manner. Entomopathogen, Isaria fumosorosea fungus is a good and effective Myco biocontrol agent for causing maximum mortality of the pest population. The feasible practices on its multiplication using locally available low cost material were developed at ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi. The methodology to multiply the mother culture by farmers in their homes was also developed which is helpful for further multiplication and usage of it against the pest. The cost of multiplication of mother culture using locally available materials was found to be half the price to that of the laboratory prepared one. This methodology nullifies the farmers’ dependency for mother culture on various institutes/laboratories and helps to have sufficient culture with them. Keywords: Rugose spiraling whitefly, Isaria fumosorosea, Encarsia guadeloupae, oil palm.
白蛉;白蛉;白蛉。是一种入侵性害虫，以包括油棕在内的所有绿叶植物为食，造成营养和光合作用损失，导致产量下降。综合采取各种可能和可行的措施是控制害虫发生的唯一办法。虽然这些措施中的许多并不能保证百分之百地控制虫害，但在目前的情况下，在受虫害的地区实施这些措施是将虫害发生率和侵扰减少到阈值以下的唯一解决办法。根据在不同地方取得的结果，制定了良好的农业规范，以成功地减轻这种有害生物。其中大多数在农民的田间进行了试验，发现适合以综合方式在所有虫害地区实施，而不是单独实施。不同做法在一起实施时的兼容性表明了单独和联合做法在管理有害生物种群方面的重要性。由于该害虫是一种没有取食界限的入侵性害虫，因此需要重视害虫综合治理(IPM)措施，以有效控制其种群数量。为此，所有可能的措施，如停止从疫区采购苗木，对所有取食植物采取控制措施，在花园周围种植万金菊等驱虫植物，在花园悬挂粘捕器以吸引成虫，从而减少害虫负荷，保护现有的寄生蜂和捕食者，并释放现有的寄生蜂和捕食者，都需要综合实施。烟熏Isaria fusmosorosea真菌是一种对害虫种群造成最大死亡率的良好有效的真菌生物防治剂。icar -印度油棕研究所(ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research)在Pedavegi开发了利用当地可获得的低成本材料进行繁殖的可行做法。还提出了农民在家中繁殖母株的方法，为进一步繁殖和利用母株防治害虫提供了依据。发现使用当地可获得的材料增殖母培养物的成本是实验室制备的价格的一半。这种方法消除了农民对各种研究所/实验室的母体文化的依赖，并有助于他们拥有足够的文化。关键词:白蝇，烟沙蚤，瓜德罗柏，油棕
{"title":"Managing the Rugose Spiraling Whitefly Using Novel Technologies: Feasibilities and Possibilities","authors":"P. Kalidas","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.008","url":null,"abstract":"Rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin. is an invasive pest feeding on all the green leaved plants including oil palm causing nutrient as well as photosynthetic loss resulting in yield reductions. To manage the pest incidence, use of various possible and feasible measures in an integrated manner is the only available answer. Although many of these measures are not fool proof in giving 100 per cent control of the pest, in the present conditions it is the only solution to implement in the infested areas to reduce the pest incidence and infestation to below threshold limits. Based on the results obtained at different places, Good Agricultural Practices have been drawn for the successful mitigation of the pest. Most of these were tested in farmers’ fields and found suitable to implement in all the infested areas in an integrated manner rather than alone. The compatibility among different practices when implemented together shows the significance of individual as well as combined practices in managing the pest population. Since the pest is an invasive one with no boundaries on feeding, it is required to draw attention on Intergrated Pest Management (IPM) practices to check the population effectively. For this purpose all the possible measures like stopping procurement of nursery plants from the infested areas, taking control measures on all the feeding plants, growing pest repellent plants like marigold all around the garden, hanging sticky traps in the gardens to attract the adult flies and thereby reduce the pest load, conservation of existing and release of available parasitoids and predators need to be carried out in an integrated manner. Entomopathogen, Isaria fumosorosea fungus is a good and effective Myco biocontrol agent for causing maximum mortality of the pest population. The feasible practices on its multiplication using locally available low cost material were developed at ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi. The methodology to multiply the mother culture by farmers in their homes was also developed which is helpful for further multiplication and usage of it against the pest. The cost of multiplication of mother culture using locally available materials was found to be half the price to that of the laboratory prepared one. This methodology nullifies the farmers’ dependency for mother culture on various institutes/laboratories and helps to have sufficient culture with them. Keywords: Rugose spiraling whitefly, Isaria fumosorosea, Encarsia guadeloupae, oil palm.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75420923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phin Chong Khim, Mun HO Chong, J. Dayou, Yan Cheong Sung
An observation was conducted in Kam Cheong Plantations Sdn Bhd, Lungmanis Fields 8 and 10, Sandakan, Sabah from October 2018 to September 2019. A biocontrol formulation consisting of phenolic acids was applied to Ganoderma infected palms via trunk injection to control the basal stem rot (BSR) and reduce the oil palm yield losses. The formulation was first produced in Universiti Malaysia Sabah before being applied to the infected palms. A total of three rounds of the phenolic acids formulation were applied to 120 infected palms in Kam Cheong with two months interval each. Every infected palm was injected with 40 ml of the formulation (20 ml/injection hole) using a manual trunk injector. This was followed by monitoring and recording of the oil palm yield and disease recovery. The recovery of the infected palms was assessed based on the physical changes of the palms. Out of the 120 treated palms in the two affected areas, 68.33 per cent were still productive although infected, 13.33 per cent recovered from the infection, 9.17 per cent had dead Ganoderma fruiting bodies but with BSR foliar symptoms while 9.17 per cent collapsed or died after the six months’ observation. The fresh fruit bunch yield increased from 1.24 to 3.14 tonnes per hectare in Field 10, an increment of about 154 per cent. However, the yield varied in Field 8 during the observation. This paper serves as a preliminary report on the benefits of phenolic acids to Ganoderma infected palms. More research may be necessary in the future to confirm this result especially on the effect of yield. Keywords: Ganoderma, phenolic acids, biocontrol, oil palm, basal stem rot.
研究人员于2018年10月至2019年9月在沙巴山打根市Lungmanis Fields 8和10的Kam Cheong plantation Sdn Bhd进行了观察。采用树干注射的方法，将酚酸生物防治配方应用于灵芝感染的棕榈，以防治基底茎腐病(BSR)，减少油棕产量损失。该配方首先在马来西亚沙巴大学生产，然后应用于受感染的手掌。共有三轮酚酸配方应用于金昌120棵受感染的棕榈树，每轮间隔两个月。每个感染手掌使用手动躯干注射器注射40 ml制剂(20 ml/注射孔)。随后监测和记录油棕产量和病害恢复情况。根据手掌的物理变化评估受感染手掌的恢复情况。在两个受影响地区的120棵处理过的棕榈树中，68.33%的棕榈树虽然受到感染，但仍在生产，13.33%的棕榈树从感染中恢复，9.17%的灵芝子实体死亡，但有BSR叶面症状，而9.17%的棕榈树在六个月的观察后倒塌或死亡。10号田的新鲜果串产量从每公顷1.24吨增加到3.14吨，增幅约为154%。然而，在观察期间，8号田的产量有所不同。本文是关于酚酸对灵芝感染棕榈树的益处的初步报告。未来可能需要更多的研究来证实这一结果，特别是对产量的影响。关键词:灵芝，酚酸，生物防治，油棕，根茎腐病
{"title":"Preliminary Observation of Phenolic Acids on Basal Stem Rot Infected Oil Palm","authors":"Phin Chong Khim, Mun HO Chong, J. Dayou, Yan Cheong Sung","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.007","url":null,"abstract":"An observation was conducted in Kam Cheong Plantations Sdn Bhd, Lungmanis Fields 8 and 10, Sandakan, Sabah from October 2018 to September 2019. A biocontrol formulation consisting of phenolic acids was applied to Ganoderma infected palms via trunk injection to control the basal stem rot (BSR) and reduce the oil palm yield losses. The formulation was first produced in Universiti Malaysia Sabah before being applied to the infected palms. A total of three rounds of the phenolic acids formulation were applied to 120 infected palms in Kam Cheong with two months interval each. Every infected palm was injected with 40 ml of the formulation (20 ml/injection hole) using a manual trunk injector. This was followed by monitoring and recording of the oil palm yield and disease recovery. The recovery of the infected palms was assessed based on the physical changes of the palms. Out of the 120 treated palms in the two affected areas, 68.33 per cent were still productive although infected, 13.33 per cent recovered from the infection, 9.17 per cent had dead Ganoderma fruiting bodies but with BSR foliar symptoms while 9.17 per cent collapsed or died after the six months’ observation. The fresh fruit bunch yield increased from 1.24 to 3.14 tonnes per hectare in Field 10, an increment of about 154 per cent. However, the yield varied in Field 8 during the observation. This paper serves as a preliminary report on the benefits of phenolic acids to Ganoderma infected palms. More research may be necessary in the future to confirm this result especially on the effect of yield. Keywords: Ganoderma, phenolic acids, biocontrol, oil palm, basal stem rot.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83203288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Haryadi, H. Hendra, M. Sidhu, Tumpal Panjaitan, Y. Samosir, M. Sharma
To minimise infection risk and impact of basal stem rot (BSR) disease on its new second generation oil palm replants, Asian Agri has adopted a four stage integrated disease management (IDM) strategy of which, protection of newly planted oil palm seedlings with an effective biocontrol agent is an important component. At its R & D Centre, evaluation of soil microbes is being carried out in three phases. Potential microbes from in vitro laboratory screenings (phase 1) are further tested in the nursery (phase 2) with final validation of successful candidates in field trials (phase 3). This paper reports on the results of eight nursery trials which evaluated a total of 42 in-house Endophytic Trichoderma (ET) isolates and 13 commercial bioagent products for their effectiveness in controlling the BSR pathogen, Ganoderma boninense. All 42 ET isolates conferred some degree of protection to the oil palm seedlings against Ganoderma infection, when compared to the unprotected control seedlings. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in the efficacy of the 42 ET isolates. Ten ET isolates averaged below 25 per cent disease incidence (DI) of which, ET 501 was the most effective and most consistent in performance. ET 501 recorded a low average DI of only 14 per cent as compared to 81 per cent in the control seedlings. Its consistency in performance was reflected in all eight trials with a narrow DI range of 6 - 20 per cent as compared to a DI of 73 - 88 per cent in the control seedlings. The high DI range in the control seedlings in all eight trials also confirmed the aggressive pathogenicity of the Ganoderma isolate used for screening. The latter is critical, as low values could lead to wrong interpretation and analysis of the performance of the products being tested. Of the 13 commercial products evaluated, all conferred some degree of protection to the inoculated seedlings, although only five products recorded average DI levels below 50 per cent (range: 21 - 43 per cent). However, none of the 13 commercial products were as effective as Asian Agri’s ET 501 isolate, which consistently recorded the lowest DI values in these comparative screening trials. Laboratory and nursery screening is invaluable, as they help to identify and shortlist potential candidates for final evaluation in the field. Direct screening in the field would be costly and time consuming, in view of the large number of isolates and products to be tested. However, field validation is vital as soil chemistry, climate and microbial populations in the rhizosphere may differ between nursery and field, hence affecting the efficacy of the applied bioagents. In view of this, the most promising ET isolates are being further tested in field trials on both mineral and peat soils, to confirm their effectiveness prior to commercial use. Keywords: Basal stem rot, Endophytic Trichoderma, Ganoderma boninense, oil palm seedlings
{"title":"Evaluation of Endophytic Trichoderma and Other Microbes for Potential Biocontrol of Ganoderma Basal Stem Rot Disease on Oil Palm Seedlings","authors":"D. Haryadi, H. Hendra, M. Sidhu, Tumpal Panjaitan, Y. Samosir, M. Sharma","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.005","url":null,"abstract":"To minimise infection risk and impact of basal stem rot (BSR) disease on its new second generation oil palm replants, Asian Agri has adopted a four stage integrated disease management (IDM) strategy of which, protection of newly planted oil palm seedlings with an effective biocontrol agent is an important component. At its R & D Centre, evaluation of soil microbes is being carried out in three phases. Potential microbes from in vitro laboratory screenings (phase 1) are further tested in the nursery (phase 2) with final validation of successful candidates in field trials (phase 3). This paper reports on the results of eight nursery trials which evaluated a total of 42 in-house Endophytic Trichoderma (ET) isolates and 13 commercial bioagent products for their effectiveness in controlling the BSR pathogen, Ganoderma boninense. All 42 ET isolates conferred some degree of protection to the oil palm seedlings against Ganoderma infection, when compared to the unprotected control seedlings. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in the efficacy of the 42 ET isolates. Ten ET isolates averaged below 25 per cent disease incidence (DI) of which, ET 501 was the most effective and most consistent in performance. ET 501 recorded a low average DI of only 14 per cent as compared to 81 per cent in the control seedlings. Its consistency in performance was reflected in all eight trials with a narrow DI range of 6 - 20 per cent as compared to a DI of 73 - 88 per cent in the control seedlings. The high DI range in the control seedlings in all eight trials also confirmed the aggressive pathogenicity of the Ganoderma isolate used for screening. The latter is critical, as low values could lead to wrong interpretation and analysis of the performance of the products being tested. Of the 13 commercial products evaluated, all conferred some degree of protection to the inoculated seedlings, although only five products recorded average DI levels below 50 per cent (range: 21 - 43 per cent). However, none of the 13 commercial products were as effective as Asian Agri’s ET 501 isolate, which consistently recorded the lowest DI values in these comparative screening trials. Laboratory and nursery screening is invaluable, as they help to identify and shortlist potential candidates for final evaluation in the field. Direct screening in the field would be costly and time consuming, in view of the large number of isolates and products to be tested. However, field validation is vital as soil chemistry, climate and microbial populations in the rhizosphere may differ between nursery and field, hence affecting the efficacy of the applied bioagents. In view of this, the most promising ET isolates are being further tested in field trials on both mineral and peat soils, to confirm their effectiveness prior to commercial use. Keywords: Basal stem rot, Endophytic Trichoderma, Ganoderma boninense, oil palm seedlings","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73200715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is already happening in the world today. Global warming leading to melting of polar icebergs and snow covers is seen today and causes the sea level to rise. Extreme weather conditions have also become the new norms. Consequently, life on earth is affected, mostly with negative outcomes. Human activities that emit three primary greenhouse gases (GHG), namely carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are found to be the principal causes of climate change. As such, there is an urgent need for concerted efforts by mankind to limit and abate the emission of these gases in order to slow down climate change. At the international level, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which is a UN based institution, has been setting up policies and actions to abate climate change. It is presently coordinating actions to limit a global temperature rise to below 1.5oC. Malaysia is a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) climate treaty in 1992 and is doing her part to contribute to this agenda. In this respect, Malaysia has pledged to maintain at least 50 per cent of the landmass perpetually under forest cover. Malaysia also pledged to reduce the GHG emissions intensity of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the emissions intensity of GDP in 2005 for the country at COP21 (Conference of Parties) in 2015. Keywords: Climate change, greenhouse gas, global warming, sea level rise, El Nino, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
{"title":"Understanding Climate Change: Causes, Impacts, Policies and Actions","authors":"F. Yew, Mei Lee Yew","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.006","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is already happening in the world today. Global warming leading to melting of polar icebergs and snow covers is seen today and causes the sea level to rise. Extreme weather conditions have also become the new norms. Consequently, life on earth is affected, mostly with negative outcomes. Human activities that emit three primary greenhouse gases (GHG), namely carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are found to be the principal causes of climate change. As such, there is an urgent need for concerted efforts by mankind to limit and abate the emission of these gases in order to slow down climate change. At the international level, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which is a UN based institution, has been setting up policies and actions to abate climate change. It is presently coordinating actions to limit a global temperature rise to below 1.5oC. Malaysia is a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) climate treaty in 1992 and is doing her part to contribute to this agenda. In this respect, Malaysia has pledged to maintain at least 50 per cent of the landmass perpetually under forest cover. Malaysia also pledged to reduce the GHG emissions intensity of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the emissions intensity of GDP in 2005 for the country at COP21 (Conference of Parties) in 2015. Keywords: Climate change, greenhouse gas, global warming, sea level rise, El Nino, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79659733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The oil palm stick insect is a sporadic pest but occasionally a serious defoliator of oil palm in Northern (Oro) Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG), although it seldom causes significant damage to warrant any chemical intervention. There are currently two recorded egg parasitoids and one, (possibly two) entomophagous fungi that attack the adults. Parasitoids are not currently being reared as biological control agents. Adults and nymphs are often collected from oil palm cooked and eaten by the local people, especially children. Except for the taxonomy, the biology of this species is not fully understood; and this study attempts to fill in part of this information gap. Egg incubation period is 80 days. Five nymphal instars were identified for males and six for females. Males complete developmental stage in 97 days whilst females in 118 days. Female adults survived only slightly longer than males being 48 and 35 days respectively. Any control efforts should target nymphal stages to break the breeding cycle. Keywords: Oil palm, stick insect, parasitoids, Northern Province, PNG, biology.
{"title":"Aspects on Life History of Eurycantha insularis Lucas (Phasmida : Phasmatidae) from Papua New Guinea","authors":"R. Dikrey, B. Sapau, C. Dewhurst","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.004","url":null,"abstract":"The oil palm stick insect is a sporadic pest but occasionally a serious defoliator of oil palm in Northern (Oro) Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG), although it seldom causes significant damage to warrant any chemical intervention. There are currently two recorded egg parasitoids and one, (possibly two) entomophagous fungi that attack the adults. Parasitoids are not currently being reared as biological control agents. Adults and nymphs are often collected from oil palm cooked and eaten by the local people, especially children. Except for the taxonomy, the biology of this species is not fully understood; and this study attempts to fill in part of this information gap. Egg incubation period is 80 days. Five nymphal instars were identified for males and six for females. Males complete developmental stage in 97 days whilst females in 118 days. Female adults survived only slightly longer than males being 48 and 35 days respectively. Any control efforts should target nymphal stages to break the breeding cycle. Keywords: Oil palm, stick insect, parasitoids, Northern Province, PNG, biology.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85060742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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