K. Sim, S. H. ANTHONY TAN, Y. K. JASON YEOH, T. Chuah
Circle weeding within the area covered by oil palm canopy is one of the most important methods of weed management in young oil palm plantations. Application of herbicide mixture has been a common practice to control mixed weeds in oil palm and it also helps to delay herbicide resistance. This study aims to determine the efficacy of MSMA in combination with diuron for weed control in young oil palm circles under field conditions. Three sequential applications of the herbicide combinations with 45 days’ interval were carried out while weed control and appearance of oil palm spears were assessed throughout the 18 weeks’ of experimental period. The results showed that MSMA + diuron at a rate of 2 945 + 600 g per hectare provided 86 per cent weed control in young oil palm circles with healthy oil palm spears after three sequential applications although scorching was apparent at lower fronds due to drift of spray droplets. Increasing the rate of MSMA + diuron to 5 890 + 1 200 g per hectare gave comparable results and the treatment did not exhibit phytotoxic effect to spears of young oil palm after three sequential applications. These findings suggest that a combination of MSMA + diuron at a rate of 2 945 + 600 g per hectare could be applied to control weeds in young oil palm circle without causing phytotoxicity to the oil palm spears although scorching was observed at the lower fronds. Keywords: Diuron, herbicide mixture, spears, sequential.
油棕树冠覆盖区域内的环形除草是油棕幼林杂草管理的重要方法之一。混合施用除草剂是防治油棕混交杂草的常用方法，也有助于延缓其抗除草剂性。本研究旨在确定田间条件下MSMA与迪乌隆联合施用对油棕幼树杂草的防治效果。在18周的试验期内，连续施用3次，每隔45天施用1种除草剂组合，并对油棕幼苗的杂草控制和外观进行评价。结果表明，在连续施用三次MSMA + diuron的情况下，2 945 + 600 g /公顷的MSMA + diuron对健康油棕幼苗圈的杂草防治效果为86%，但由于喷雾液滴的流动，下部叶片明显烧焦。将MSMA + diuron的施用量增加到5 890 + 1 200 g /公顷，结果相当，连续施用三次后，该处理对油棕幼枝没有植物毒性作用。这些结果表明，MSMA + diuron以2 945 + 600 g /公顷的剂量联合施用可有效防治油棕幼苗圈杂草，而不会对油棕茎秆产生植物毒性，但在下部叶上观察到烧焦现象。关键词:Diuron，除草剂混合物，穗，序贯。
{"title":"Efficacy of Sequential Applications of MSMA in Combination with Diuron for Weed Control in Young Oil Palm Circle","authors":"K. Sim, S. H. ANTHONY TAN, Y. K. JASON YEOH, T. Chuah","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.002","url":null,"abstract":"Circle weeding within the area covered by oil palm canopy is one of the most important methods of weed management in young oil palm plantations. Application of herbicide mixture has been a common practice to control mixed weeds in oil palm and it also helps to delay herbicide resistance. This study aims to determine the efficacy of MSMA in combination with diuron for weed control in young oil palm circles under field conditions. Three sequential applications of the herbicide combinations with 45 days’ interval were carried out while weed control and appearance of oil palm spears were assessed throughout the 18 weeks’ of experimental period. The results showed that MSMA + diuron at a rate of 2 945 + 600 g per hectare provided 86 per cent weed control in young oil palm circles with healthy oil palm spears after three sequential applications although scorching was apparent at lower fronds due to drift of spray droplets. Increasing the rate of MSMA + diuron to 5 890 + 1 200 g per hectare gave comparable results and the treatment did not exhibit phytotoxic effect to spears of young oil palm after three sequential applications. These findings suggest that a combination of MSMA + diuron at a rate of 2 945 + 600 g per hectare could be applied to control weeds in young oil palm circle without causing phytotoxicity to the oil palm spears although scorching was observed at the lower fronds. Keywords: Diuron, herbicide mixture, spears, sequential.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89754215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. L. Cheong, Krisna Cahyo Prastyo, Eng Keong Saw, L. Ooi, Teong Kwee Lim
There are many species of termites associated with oil palm planted on peat soil. Most of them are beneficial to the ecosystem and harmless to the crop. Four subterranean termite species of Coptotermes are commonly found in oil palm planted on peat soil, viz. Coptotermes curvignathus, C. sepangensis, C. travians and C. kalshoveni. The only species infesting living palm is C. curvignathus. The other genera of termites such as Schedorhinotermes, Parrhinotermes and Nasutitermes, in which are some very common species in oil palm plantations, are harmless to the palm. Accurate identification of termite species to distinguish between the pest and non-pest species should be emphasised to prevent wrong application of pesticide against beneficial termites in the field. This paper provides a pictorial guide for the identification of common termite species in oil palm planted on peat soil. Keywords: Subterranean termites, C. sepangensis, C. curvignathus, C. travians, C. kalshoveni.
{"title":"Common Coptotermes spp. and other Termites Associated with Oil Palm in Riau, Sumatra","authors":"Y. L. Cheong, Krisna Cahyo Prastyo, Eng Keong Saw, L. Ooi, Teong Kwee Lim","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.001","url":null,"abstract":"There are many species of termites associated with oil palm planted on peat soil. Most of them are beneficial to the ecosystem and harmless to the crop. Four subterranean termite species of Coptotermes are commonly found in oil palm planted on peat soil, viz. Coptotermes curvignathus, C. sepangensis, C. travians and C. kalshoveni. The only species infesting living palm is C. curvignathus. The other genera of termites such as Schedorhinotermes, Parrhinotermes and Nasutitermes, in which are some very common species in oil palm plantations, are harmless to the palm. Accurate identification of termite species to distinguish between the pest and non-pest species should be emphasised to prevent wrong application of pesticide against beneficial termites in the field. This paper provides a pictorial guide for the identification of common termite species in oil palm planted on peat soil. Keywords: Subterranean termites, C. sepangensis, C. curvignathus, C. travians, C. kalshoveni.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76468283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. H. Yousif, Y. Azmi, W. W. Wan Ishak, Z. H. Asha'ari
time series data analysis and prediction tool that is able to predict the yield of oil palm is needed to ensure an acceptable forecasting quality. An attempt was made in this study to develop a Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous (NARX) neural network model of oil palm production using MATLAB. This NARX model was used to predict the yield of oil palm in the states of Kelantan, Johor, Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia. The performance of the NARX model was tested and validated using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) training algorithm and was compared with the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. The best performance of the NARX model was achieved at 70 per cent: 15 per cent: 15 per cent, with 10 neurons in the hidden layers and a delay value of four for Sarawak. For Kelantan and Johor, the NARX model produced the best result using the parameters of 70 per cent:10 per cent:20 per cent, with 13 neurons in the hidden layers and a delay value of four. The best result for Sabah was achieved using the parameters of 70 per cent: 15 per cent: 15 per cent, with 13 neurons in the hidden layers and a delay value of four. The results demonstrated that the proposed NARX model was more effective in modeling and forecasting time series data than the ARIMA model. The NARX model registered a minimum mean square error and mean absolute percentage error with a maximum average accuracy percentage and correlation coefficient. Keywords: Oil palm cultivation, yield predictions, nonlinear autoregressive exogenous neural network, autoregressive integrated moving average.
{"title":"FORECASTING OIL PALM PRODUCTION BASED ON A NONLINEAR AUTOREGRESSIVE EXOGENOUS (NARX) NEURAL NETWORK MODEL","authors":"Y. H. Yousif, Y. Azmi, W. W. Wan Ishak, Z. H. Asha'ari","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.013","url":null,"abstract":"time series data analysis and prediction tool that is able to predict the yield of oil palm is needed to ensure an acceptable forecasting quality. An attempt was made in this study to develop a Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous (NARX) neural network model of oil palm production using MATLAB. This NARX model was used to predict the yield of oil palm in the states of Kelantan, Johor, Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia. The performance of the NARX model was tested and validated using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) training algorithm and was compared with the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. The best performance of the NARX model was achieved at 70 per cent: 15 per cent: 15 per cent, with 10 neurons in the hidden layers and a delay value of four for Sarawak. For Kelantan and Johor, the NARX model produced the best result using the parameters of 70 per cent:10 per cent:20 per cent, with 13 neurons in the hidden layers and a delay value of four. The best result for Sabah was achieved using the parameters of 70 per cent: 15 per cent: 15 per cent, with 13 neurons in the hidden layers and a delay value of four. The results demonstrated that the proposed NARX model was more effective in modeling and forecasting time series data than the ARIMA model. The NARX model registered a minimum mean square error and mean absolute percentage error with a maximum average accuracy percentage and correlation coefficient. Keywords: Oil palm cultivation, yield predictions, nonlinear autoregressive exogenous neural network, autoregressive integrated moving average.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76576596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Chong, A. Alexander, K. RACHEAL LO, S. Abdullah, Emily HO SHUK MAN, Chinwuba Paul, Ang Poo Sun AIRIK BISMIL, Sung Yan Cheong, Len Kee Wong, S. Ho
Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease mainly caused by Ganoderma boninense has become a serious threat to the South East Asia oil palm industry. With no conclusive remedy to date, the oil palm industry is still in search of effective ways to manage this disease. The present work reports the effectiveness of organic acids combination (OAC) in managing Ganoderma infection in oil palm. In this study, the pre-formulated organic acids combination from a product to control BSR caused by Ganoderma was carried out both in the field and nursery. The trial was conducted for a duration of approximately 18 months. The field trial was carried out at Bode Estate of Kretam Plantations Sabah in Sandakan. The possibility of the OAC in preventing the infection from spreading to newly planted seedlings in the area with Ganoderma history was also assessed via nursery trial at Mile 2 5, estate of Kam Cheong Sdn Bhd. In the field trial, three different sets of protocols i.e.: A (0.4% v/v with 5 rounds of application), B (0.4% v/v with 3 rounds of application), and C (0.5% vi v with 3 rounds of application) of the OAC treatment were applied along with Ganoderma Selective Medium (GSM) analysis, ergosterol content analysis, in vitro antagonistic evaluation and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation to comprehensively investigate the efficacy of the combination. Protocols A, B and Chad significantly reduced the colonisation I amount of ergosterol content (8.832-9.095 µgig of trunk tissues) in the infected palms in comparison to those Ganoderma infected but left untreated palms (48.956 µgig of trunk tissues). However, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness among the three protocols in reduction of Ganoderma colonisation till month-12, in which protocol C proved to perform better compared to the other two protocols. There was slight ergosterol content increment in oil palm tissues treated with various protocols of the OAC at month-18, but were much lesser compared to untreated palms. Nonetheless, none of the protocols in application of OAC gave an absolute control of Ganoderma till the end of the trial, as the treated palms remained infected but with much lower ergosterol content compared to untreated palms. Application of the OAC as soil treatment for prevention of Ganoderma infection to seedlings replanted in the area with Ganoderma history in Kam Cheong Estate showed lesser disease incidences compared to those untreated ones. The infected seedlings which were treated by this product also showed lesser amount of ergosterol content which represents lesser colonisation of the pathogenic fungi. However, OAC-treated seedlings still recorded the presence of ergosterol from low to moderate in some of the tested samples. In vitro experiment of OA C and Ganoderma mycelia farther elaborates the possible interaction between these organic acids with Ganoderma when in contact with either the tissues or soil. The in vitro results suggest OAC has destructive effec
{"title":"EVALUATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORGANIC ACIDS COMBINATION AGAINST GANODERMA BONINENSE, THE CAUSAL PATHOGEN OF BASAL STEM ROT IN OIL PALM","authors":"K. Chong, A. Alexander, K. RACHEAL LO, S. Abdullah, Emily HO SHUK MAN, Chinwuba Paul, Ang Poo Sun AIRIK BISMIL, Sung Yan Cheong, Len Kee Wong, S. Ho","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.011","url":null,"abstract":"Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease mainly caused by Ganoderma boninense has become a serious threat to the South East Asia oil palm industry. With no conclusive remedy to date, the oil palm industry is still in search of effective ways to manage this disease. The present work reports the effectiveness of organic acids combination (OAC) in managing Ganoderma infection in oil palm. In this study, the pre-formulated organic acids combination from a product to control BSR caused by Ganoderma was carried out both in the field and nursery. The trial was conducted for a duration of approximately 18 months. The field trial was carried out at Bode Estate of Kretam Plantations Sabah in Sandakan. The possibility of the OAC in preventing the infection from spreading to newly planted seedlings in the area with Ganoderma history was also assessed via nursery trial at Mile 2 5, estate of Kam Cheong Sdn Bhd. In the field trial, three different sets of protocols i.e.: A (0.4% v/v with 5 rounds of application), B (0.4% v/v with 3 rounds of application), and C (0.5% vi v with 3 rounds of application) of the OAC treatment were applied along with Ganoderma Selective Medium (GSM) analysis, ergosterol content analysis, in vitro antagonistic evaluation and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation to comprehensively investigate the efficacy of the combination. Protocols A, B and Chad significantly reduced the colonisation I amount of ergosterol content (8.832-9.095 µgig of trunk tissues) in the infected palms in comparison to those Ganoderma infected but left untreated palms (48.956 µgig of trunk tissues). However, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness among the three protocols in reduction of Ganoderma colonisation till month-12, in which protocol C proved to perform better compared to the other two protocols. There was slight ergosterol content increment in oil palm tissues treated with various protocols of the OAC at month-18, but were much lesser compared to untreated palms. Nonetheless, none of the protocols in application of OAC gave an absolute control of Ganoderma till the end of the trial, as the treated palms remained infected but with much lower ergosterol content compared to untreated palms. Application of the OAC as soil treatment for prevention of Ganoderma infection to seedlings replanted in the area with Ganoderma history in Kam Cheong Estate showed lesser disease incidences compared to those untreated ones. The infected seedlings which were treated by this product also showed lesser amount of ergosterol content which represents lesser colonisation of the pathogenic fungi. However, OAC-treated seedlings still recorded the presence of ergosterol from low to moderate in some of the tested samples. In vitro experiment of OA C and Ganoderma mycelia farther elaborates the possible interaction between these organic acids with Ganoderma when in contact with either the tissues or soil. The in vitro results suggest OAC has destructive effec","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78027068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. L. Cheong, Krisna Cahyo Prastyo, Eng Keong Saw, L. Ooi, Teong Kwee Lim
Coptotermes curvignathus is a free foraging subterranean termite preferring and selectively infesting unhealthy palms such as Ganoderma infected palms in the field. This study shows that about 99 per cent of the 15-year-old termite infested palms were also infected by Ganoderma basal stem rot. Keywords: Subterranean termites, Coptotermes curvignathus, Ganoderma.
{"title":"THE RELATIONSHIP OF GANODERMA INFECTION AND TERMITE INFESTATION ON OIL PALM IN ORGANIC SOIL PLANTING","authors":"Y. L. Cheong, Krisna Cahyo Prastyo, Eng Keong Saw, L. Ooi, Teong Kwee Lim","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.012","url":null,"abstract":"Coptotermes curvignathus is a free foraging subterranean termite preferring and selectively infesting unhealthy palms such as Ganoderma infected palms in the field. This study shows that about 99 per cent of the 15-year-old termite infested palms were also infected by Ganoderma basal stem rot. Keywords: Subterranean termites, Coptotermes curvignathus, Ganoderma.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82358468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. K. AHMAD BUKHARY, M. Ruslan, M. M. MOHD FAUZI, A. Nicholas, I. BADROL HISHAM, W. A. WAN KHAIRUL ANUAR, H. NOOR HISHAM, A. Idris
The red palm weevil of the species Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (RPWJ) in this study has shown its capacity to infest oil palm both in laboratory and semi-field settings. Both no choice and choice laboratory experiments showed no significant differences (p>0. 05) for the number of individuals and time of RPWf adults to reach both coconut palm and oil palm cabbages. Semi-field studies showed that there was a record of infestation of RPWf larvae in the oil palm host for the no choice experiment, while there was no infestation for the choice experiment. Aromatic Pandan coconut showed significant difference (p<0. 05) in terms of RPWf larval abundances between no choice and choice experiments, where number of RPWf larval individuals were significantly higher in choice experiment. Overall, this study showed the capability of the RPWf to infest oil palm when there were no other suitable palm hosts. Aromatic Pandan and MATAG coconut varieties were proposed to be the most suitable 'trap-crops' in reducing the risks of RPWf infestations on oil palm on plantation scales. Keywords: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, pest, oil palm, coconut, laboratory, semi-field, infestation, trap-crop
{"title":"THE ABILITY OF THE INVASIVE RED PALM WEEVIL, RHYNCHOPHORUS FERRUGINEUS INFESTING OIL PALM IN MALAYSIA","authors":"A. K. AHMAD BUKHARY, M. Ruslan, M. M. MOHD FAUZI, A. Nicholas, I. BADROL HISHAM, W. A. WAN KHAIRUL ANUAR, H. NOOR HISHAM, A. Idris","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.009","url":null,"abstract":"The red palm weevil of the species Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (RPWJ) in this study has shown its capacity to infest oil palm both in laboratory and semi-field settings. Both no choice and choice laboratory experiments showed no significant differences (p>0. 05) for the number of individuals and time of RPWf adults to reach both coconut palm and oil palm cabbages. Semi-field studies showed that there was a record of infestation of RPWf larvae in the oil palm host for the no choice experiment, while there was no infestation for the choice experiment. Aromatic Pandan coconut showed significant difference (p<0. 05) in terms of RPWf larval abundances between no choice and choice experiments, where number of RPWf larval individuals were significantly higher in choice experiment. Overall, this study showed the capability of the RPWf to infest oil palm when there were no other suitable palm hosts. Aromatic Pandan and MATAG coconut varieties were proposed to be the most suitable 'trap-crops' in reducing the risks of RPWf infestations on oil palm on plantation scales. Keywords: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, pest, oil palm, coconut, laboratory, semi-field, infestation, trap-crop","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90582754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Aban, Muhammad Faiz Zainal, MD Muslim MD SEIN, Teck Fah Lee
Merremia peltata is a perennial vine with large underground tuber. The smooth stem can climb to more than 20 m long and twine at the tips. A humid tropic up to 700 m sea level provides suitable habitat to the Merremia peltata seeds to sprout with fast growth rates. In Sabah, it is commonly found in the immature oil palm field and has become a type of endemic weed competing with the leguminous cover crops. Removal and eradication of these weeds are observed to be labour intensive, costly due to multiple rounds of herbicide treatment needed and most importantly, may impede oil palm growth if it is not adequately controlled. Merremia peltata is found to grow in Genting Plantations Berhad (GENP) estates in Kinabatangan region. A trial was conducted on hilly terrain planted with immature oil palm of 2 years old with the objective to evaluate the various types of herbicides (systemic and contact) to control Merremia peltata up to the extent of when the subsequent spraying is necessary. The annual rainfall recorded was around 3 000 mm. Equipment used in the trial was the Conventional Knapsack Sprayer (CKS), 16 L sprayer calibrated to 450 L for blanket spraying fitted with LSA/4 (green) nozzle. A range of single herbicides was evaluated and ranked accordingly to the results based on the product efficacy as well as cost-effectiveness. The herbicide treatments were MSMA+ diuron (2.3 and 3. 0 L/ha), glufosinate-ammonium (3.3 L/ha), MSMA (2.8 and 3.9 Llha), metsulfuron-methyl (250 and 350 g/ha) and triclopyr (1.5 and 2.0 L/ha). The post-treatment analysis was carried out based on visual observation at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after treatment (WAT) on the percentage of Merremia killed and incidence of regeneration or no effect (0% = no effect I full regeneration, 100% = complete kill). Seven out of ten treatments recorded 100 per cent kill at 4 weeks after treatment. Triclopyr being the best treatment, giving more than 90 per cent kill as early as 2 WAT up to 8 WAT with more effective control contributing to the lowest regeneration stage at 5 per cent. Triclopyr was also the most cost-effective treatment estimated at RMI 3.95 per treated hectare (50 ml/ 16 L water) compared with other type of herbicides. MSMA+ diuron and glufosinate-ammonium were ranked the second and third herbicides whose results were similar to triclopyr but with higher cost per treated hectare ranging from RM25 - RM45. Overall, subsequent round of herbicides treatment would be required every 3 months to control Merremia peltata. Keynote: Merremia peltata, immature oil palm, herbicide evaluation.
{"title":"EVALUATION ON COST AND EFFICACY OF HERBICIDES TO ERADICATE MERREMIA PELTATA IN IMMATURE OIL PALM AT KINABATANGAN REGION","authors":"A. Aban, Muhammad Faiz Zainal, MD Muslim MD SEIN, Teck Fah Lee","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.010","url":null,"abstract":"Merremia peltata is a perennial vine with large underground tuber. The smooth stem can climb to more than 20 m long and twine at the tips. A humid tropic up to 700 m sea level provides suitable habitat to the Merremia peltata seeds to sprout with fast growth rates. In Sabah, it is commonly found in the immature oil palm field and has become a type of endemic weed competing with the leguminous cover crops. Removal and eradication of these weeds are observed to be labour intensive, costly due to multiple rounds of herbicide treatment needed and most importantly, may impede oil palm growth if it is not adequately controlled. Merremia peltata is found to grow in Genting Plantations Berhad (GENP) estates in Kinabatangan region. A trial was conducted on hilly terrain planted with immature oil palm of 2 years old with the objective to evaluate the various types of herbicides (systemic and contact) to control Merremia peltata up to the extent of when the subsequent spraying is necessary. The annual rainfall recorded was around 3 000 mm. Equipment used in the trial was the Conventional Knapsack Sprayer (CKS), 16 L sprayer calibrated to 450 L for blanket spraying fitted with LSA/4 (green) nozzle. A range of single herbicides was evaluated and ranked accordingly to the results based on the product efficacy as well as cost-effectiveness. The herbicide treatments were MSMA+ diuron (2.3 and 3. 0 L/ha), glufosinate-ammonium (3.3 L/ha), MSMA (2.8 and 3.9 Llha), metsulfuron-methyl (250 and 350 g/ha) and triclopyr (1.5 and 2.0 L/ha). The post-treatment analysis was carried out based on visual observation at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after treatment (WAT) on the percentage of Merremia killed and incidence of regeneration or no effect (0% = no effect I full regeneration, 100% = complete kill). Seven out of ten treatments recorded 100 per cent kill at 4 weeks after treatment. Triclopyr being the best treatment, giving more than 90 per cent kill as early as 2 WAT up to 8 WAT with more effective control contributing to the lowest regeneration stage at 5 per cent. Triclopyr was also the most cost-effective treatment estimated at RMI 3.95 per treated hectare (50 ml/ 16 L water) compared with other type of herbicides. MSMA+ diuron and glufosinate-ammonium were ranked the second and third herbicides whose results were similar to triclopyr but with higher cost per treated hectare ranging from RM25 - RM45. Overall, subsequent round of herbicides treatment would be required every 3 months to control Merremia peltata. Keynote: Merremia peltata, immature oil palm, herbicide evaluation.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86258837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The soil water deficits have an after-effect over the time lagged fruiting activities of palms, which subsequently affects the annual fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production in the oil palm plantation. Field data from 2014 to 2018 in a reasonably well managed oil palm estate with three soils of the greater groups of Typic Dystrudept (lnceptisol), Typic Haplohumod (Spodosol) and Typic Haplohemist (Histosol) were analysed. The palms were planted in the years 2004 and 2005, and were producing FFB at its prime plateau age of yield life cycle. The amount of monthly water deficits that results in single or multiple fruiting activities responded quadratically to subsequent annual FFB production in all three soils. With two consecutive total soil water deficits in the years 2014 and 2015, the multiple time lagged fruiting activities from bunch failure to sex differentiation with change in sex ratio favouring male inflorescences resulted in reduced yield in 2016 in all three soils. Typic Haplohumod soils being sandy achieved the lowest yield in 2016. The palms planted on Typic Haplohemist showed rapid decline in crop with the slightest water deficit. The soil derived from Typic Dystrudept gave relatively high FFB production at low water deficit. Keywords: Water deficit, fruiting activity, fresh fruit bunch production, El nino, drought.
{"title":"EFFECT OF SOIL WATER DEFICITS ON ANNUAL FRESH FRUIT BUNCH PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN","authors":"J. Mathews","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.008","url":null,"abstract":"The soil water deficits have an after-effect over the time lagged fruiting activities of palms, which subsequently affects the annual fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production in the oil palm plantation. Field data from 2014 to 2018 in a reasonably well managed oil palm estate with three soils of the greater groups of Typic Dystrudept (lnceptisol), Typic Haplohumod (Spodosol) and Typic Haplohemist (Histosol) were analysed. The palms were planted in the years 2004 and 2005, and were producing FFB at its prime plateau age of yield life cycle. The amount of monthly water deficits that results in single or multiple fruiting activities responded quadratically to subsequent annual FFB production in all three soils. With two consecutive total soil water deficits in the years 2014 and 2015, the multiple time lagged fruiting activities from bunch failure to sex differentiation with change in sex ratio favouring male inflorescences resulted in reduced yield in 2016 in all three soils. Typic Haplohumod soils being sandy achieved the lowest yield in 2016. The palms planted on Typic Haplohemist showed rapid decline in crop with the slightest water deficit. The soil derived from Typic Dystrudept gave relatively high FFB production at low water deficit. Keywords: Water deficit, fruiting activity, fresh fruit bunch production, El nino, drought.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79562493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sidhu Manjit, B. B. Ang, Z. Sinuraya, Era Wahyudi, A. Aziz, M. Sharma
Based on results from breeding trials, Topaz DxP Series 2 progenies have a genetic yield potential of 33.5 tonnes fresh fruit bunch (FFB) per hectare, 9.3 tonnes crude palm oil (CPO) per hectare and estimated mill oil extraction rate (OER) of 27. 8 per cent. However, actual performances in large scale commercial plantings can differ from trials due to variation in site characteristics (soil, topography, climate) and consistency in management inputs. This paper reports on the commercial performance of Topaz DxP Series 2 progenies planted over 11 032 hectares in six sites located over four provinces in Indonesia. In spite of/ow to moderate rainfall and annual soil moisture deficits in Site I (North Sumatera), high FFB (32.8 tonnes/ha) and CPO (8.2 tonnes/ha) yield was still achieved. Site 2 (North Sumatera) having significantly higher rainfall attained even better yields (34. 7 tonnes FFB/ha, 8. 7 tonnes CPO/ha) over its entire I 737 ha. Its smaller neighbouring sister estate (270 ha) recorded the highest yields (42.3 tonnes FFB/ha, I 0. 6 tonnes CPO/ha) as early as the fifth year of harvesting. At both sites, FFB yield more than 30 tonnes per hectare and CPO yield more than 7 tonnes per hectare had been consistently attained over the last 4 years. The good adaptability of Topaz DxP Series 2 to marginal soils was observed in an oil palm to oil palm replant (1,350 ha) on second generation deep peat (Site 3, North Sumatera). FFB yield more than 30 tonnes per hectare and CPO yield more than 7 tonnes per hectare were attained as early as 5-6 years after planting. Equally impressive yields of 35.1 tonnes FFB per hectare and 8. 7 tonnes CPO per hectare were recorded from Series 2 progenies planted over I 892 hectares on sandy loam to loamy sand textured soils in Riau province (Site 4). Slightly lower crop yields were recorded in Site 5 (Jambi) and Site 6 (Central Kalimantan) due to suboptimal agricultural conditions at the early stages of development. Upon upgrading, FFB and CPO yields ranging from 29-32 tonnes per hectare and 7.2-7.4 tonnes per hectare respectively, have subsequently been attained Mill OERs of 25.0-25.5 per cent in three sites (I, 2, 6) have confirmed the good oil content in the Topaz Series 2 fruit bunches. The lower mill OERs (22. 8-24.9% recorded in Sites 4 and 5 were primarily due to the mills processing a mixed crop from Gen-I (48% and Gen-2 (52% plantings. Keywords: CPO, FFB, oil palm, Topaz.
{"title":"YIELD PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL TOPAZ DXP SERIES 2 OIL PALM PLANTINGS ON VARIOUS SITES IN INDONESIA","authors":"Sidhu Manjit, B. B. Ang, Z. Sinuraya, Era Wahyudi, A. Aziz, M. Sharma","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.007","url":null,"abstract":"Based on results from breeding trials, Topaz DxP Series 2 progenies have a genetic yield potential of 33.5 tonnes fresh fruit bunch (FFB) per hectare, 9.3 tonnes crude palm oil (CPO) per hectare and estimated mill oil extraction rate (OER) of 27. 8 per cent. However, actual performances in large scale commercial plantings can differ from trials due to variation in site characteristics (soil, topography, climate) and consistency in management inputs. This paper reports on the commercial performance of Topaz DxP Series 2 progenies planted over 11 032 hectares in six sites located over four provinces in Indonesia. In spite of/ow to moderate rainfall and annual soil moisture deficits in Site I (North Sumatera), high FFB (32.8 tonnes/ha) and CPO (8.2 tonnes/ha) yield was still achieved. Site 2 (North Sumatera) having significantly higher rainfall attained even better yields (34. 7 tonnes FFB/ha, 8. 7 tonnes CPO/ha) over its entire I 737 ha. Its smaller neighbouring sister estate (270 ha) recorded the highest yields (42.3 tonnes FFB/ha, I 0. 6 tonnes CPO/ha) as early as the fifth year of harvesting. At both sites, FFB yield more than 30 tonnes per hectare and CPO yield more than 7 tonnes per hectare had been consistently attained over the last 4 years. The good adaptability of Topaz DxP Series 2 to marginal soils was observed in an oil palm to oil palm replant (1,350 ha) on second generation deep peat (Site 3, North Sumatera). FFB yield more than 30 tonnes per hectare and CPO yield more than 7 tonnes per hectare were attained as early as 5-6 years after planting. Equally impressive yields of 35.1 tonnes FFB per hectare and 8. 7 tonnes CPO per hectare were recorded from Series 2 progenies planted over I 892 hectares on sandy loam to loamy sand textured soils in Riau province (Site 4). Slightly lower crop yields were recorded in Site 5 (Jambi) and Site 6 (Central Kalimantan) due to suboptimal agricultural conditions at the early stages of development. Upon upgrading, FFB and CPO yields ranging from 29-32 tonnes per hectare and 7.2-7.4 tonnes per hectare respectively, have subsequently been attained Mill OERs of 25.0-25.5 per cent in three sites (I, 2, 6) have confirmed the good oil content in the Topaz Series 2 fruit bunches. The lower mill OERs (22. 8-24.9% recorded in Sites 4 and 5 were primarily due to the mills processing a mixed crop from Gen-I (48% and Gen-2 (52% plantings. Keywords: CPO, FFB, oil palm, Topaz.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89533332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bagworms have been infesting oil palm ever since the commercial planting which started more than a century ago. It was previously reported as occasional pests of other crops and ornamental trees. In the early years of commercial oil palm planting, reports of damaging incidence of bagworms, or any other leaf-eating caterpillars were almost negligible. Serious outbreaks of the bagworms began mainly in late 195Os and the scourge remains to the present day, despite the many advances in management and control of bagworms which has been developed over the years. Many of the control practices, especially in the use of broad-spectrum insecticides is believed to be the reason for the recurring bagworm outbreak. The application of these insecticides caused a direct impact in reducing the population of natural enemies (parasitoid and predators) of the bagworms, hence potentially increasing the pest numbers to an outbreak level. Bagworms outbreaks can actually be managed through established methods of census and detection, and control as it reaches a certain economic threshold level. The persistent spraying of broad-spectrum insecticides (i.e. cypermethrin), coupled with the lack of awareness on the consequential effects of a disrupted ecosystem, have possibly caused serious bagworm outbreaks currently experienced in this country. The current recommended option to conserve the natural enemies is by using Bacillus thuringiensis for spraying, or use of acephate, whenever trunk injection is required. Awareness campaign on this issue should therefore be more dynamic, continuous and follow up census should not be neglected. The formation of a task force for bagworm within the endemic regions of infestation is deemed a crucial factor for successful control. Complacency in not conducting regular census and control, lack in the establishment of beneficial plants for the natural enemies and repeated usage of broad-spectrum insecticides are deemed as prerequisites to an outbreak situation which brings serious losses to the oil palm industry. Keywords: Bagworms, outbreaks, insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, natural enemies.
{"title":"INDUSTRY-WIDE EFFORTS IN CIRCUMVENTING THE SCOURGE OF BAGWORM INFESTATION IN MALAYSIA- WHAT HAVE GONE WRONG AND WHAT SHOULD BE DONE","authors":"N. Kamarudin, Mohd Mazmira Mohamed","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.006","url":null,"abstract":"Bagworms have been infesting oil palm ever since the commercial planting which started more than a century ago. It was previously reported as occasional pests of other crops and ornamental trees. In the early years of commercial oil palm planting, reports of damaging incidence of bagworms, or any other leaf-eating caterpillars were almost negligible. Serious outbreaks of the bagworms began mainly in late 195Os and the scourge remains to the present day, despite the many advances in management and control of bagworms which has been developed over the years. Many of the control practices, especially in the use of broad-spectrum insecticides is believed to be the reason for the recurring bagworm outbreak. The application of these insecticides caused a direct impact in reducing the population of natural enemies (parasitoid and predators) of the bagworms, hence potentially increasing the pest numbers to an outbreak level. Bagworms outbreaks can actually be managed through established methods of census and detection, and control as it reaches a certain economic threshold level. The persistent spraying of broad-spectrum insecticides (i.e. cypermethrin), coupled with the lack of awareness on the consequential effects of a disrupted ecosystem, have possibly caused serious bagworm outbreaks currently experienced in this country. The current recommended option to conserve the natural enemies is by using Bacillus thuringiensis for spraying, or use of acephate, whenever trunk injection is required. Awareness campaign on this issue should therefore be more dynamic, continuous and follow up census should not be neglected. The formation of a task force for bagworm within the endemic regions of infestation is deemed a crucial factor for successful control. Complacency in not conducting regular census and control, lack in the establishment of beneficial plants for the natural enemies and repeated usage of broad-spectrum insecticides are deemed as prerequisites to an outbreak situation which brings serious losses to the oil palm industry. Keywords: Bagworms, outbreaks, insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, natural enemies.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73003355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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