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The simultaneous use of nanovesicles and magnetic nanoparticles for cancer targeting and imaging. 将纳米微粒和磁性纳米微粒同时用于癌症靶向和成像。
IF 3 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2426447
Sara Salatin, Maryam Azarfarin, Afsaneh Farjami, Samin Hamidi

Cancer is increasingly being recognized as a global health issue with considerable unmet medical need. Despite the rapid progression of anticancer pharmaceuticals, there are still significant challenges for the effective management of cancer. In many circumstances, cancer cells are difficult to detect and treat. Combination of nanovesicles (NVs) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), referred as magnetic nanovesicles (MNVs), is now well recognized as a potential theranostic option for improving cancer treatment outcomes and reducing adverse effects. MNVs can be used for monitoring the long-term fate and functional benefits of cancer therapy. Moreover, MNV-mediated hyperthermia mechanism has been explored as a potential technique for triggering cancer cell death, and/or controlled release of laden cargo. In this review, we focus on the unique characteristics of MNVs as a promising avenue for targeted drug delivery, diagnosis, and treatments of cancer or tumor. Moreover, we discuss critical considerations related to the issues raised in this area, which will guide future research toward better anti-cancer therapeutics for clinical applications.

人们日益认识到,癌症是一个全球性的健康问题,有大量医疗需求尚未得到满足。尽管抗癌药物发展迅速,但有效治疗癌症仍面临巨大挑战。在许多情况下,癌细胞难以检测和治疗。纳米颗粒(NVs)与磁性纳米颗粒(MNPs)的结合,即磁性纳米颗粒(MNVs),现已被公认为是一种潜在的治疗方案,可改善癌症治疗效果并减少不良反应。MNVs 可用于监测癌症治疗的长期转归和功能效益。此外,MNV 介导的高热机制已被探索为引发癌细胞死亡和/或控制载货释放的一种潜在技术。在这篇综述中,我们将重点讨论 MNV 的独特特性,将其作为癌症或肿瘤靶向给药、诊断和治疗的一种有前途的途径。此外,我们还讨论了与这一领域提出的问题有关的重要考虑因素,这些因素将指导未来的研究,为临床应用提供更好的抗癌疗法。
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引用次数: 0
Phage therapeutic delivery methods and clinical trials for combating clinically relevant pathogens. 抗击临床相关病原体的噬菌体治疗传递方法和临床试验。
IF 3 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2426824
Heba Mohammed Refat M Selim, Fatma Alzahraa M Gomaa, Mohammad Y Alshahrani, Radwa N Morgan, Khaled M Aboshanab

The ongoing global health crisis caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria necessitates quick interventions to introduce new management strategies for MDR-associated infections and antimicrobial agents' resistance. Phage therapy emerges as an antibiotic substitute for its high specificity, efficacy, and safety profiles in treating MDR-associated infections. Various in vitro and in vivo studies denoted their eminent bactericidal and anti-biofilm potential. This review addresses the latest developments in phage therapy regarding their attack strategies, formulations, and administration routes. It additionally discusses and elaborates on the status of phage therapy undergoing clinical trials, and the challenges encountered in their usage, and explores prospects in phage therapy research and application.

耐多药(MDR)细菌引发了持续的全球健康危机,因此有必要迅速采取干预措施,针对与 MDR 相关的感染和抗菌药物耐药性引入新的管理策略。噬菌体疗法因其治疗 MDR 相关感染的高特异性、高效性和安全性而成为抗生素的替代品。各种体外和体内研究表明,噬菌体具有显著的杀菌和抗生物膜潜力。本综述介绍了噬菌体疗法在攻击策略、制剂和给药途径方面的最新进展。此外,它还讨论并阐述了正在进行临床试验的噬菌体疗法的现状及其使用过程中遇到的挑战,并探讨了噬菌体疗法的研究和应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Zein decorated rifaximin nanosuspension: approach for sustained release and anti-bacterial efficacy enhancement. Zein 修饰的利福昔明纳米悬浮液:持续释放和提高抗菌功效的方法。
IF 3 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2418799
Atul Mourya, Mayank Handa, Kanchan Singh, Suresh Chintalapati, Jitender Madan, Rahul Shukla

Aim: The goal of the present work was to formulate zein-decorated rifaximin (RFX) nanosuspension to attain sustained release as well as effectiveness against Escherichia coli (E. coli).Methods: The RFX nanosuspension was fabricated by using antisolvent addition method followed by coating using hydroalcoholic zein solution. The optimized RFX-NS and RFX-NS@zein was lyophilized for further spectroscopic evaluations. In vitro antibacterial potential was elucidated using well diffusion method whereas MIC value was determined by microbroth dilution method against E. coli for RFX-NS and pure RFX.Results: Box-Behnken Design was employed to assess the effects of independent variables on quality target product profile of RFX-NS. Optimized RFX-NS depicted particle size of 193.5 ± 4.45 nm with 76.49 ± 1.71% drug content. The significant change in particle size and zeta potential confirmed the formation of zein coated RFX-NS (RFX-NS@zein). In vitro release study depicted, 96.91 ± 1.21% release of RFX from RFX-NS in 6 h whereas 97.47 ± 1.99% RFX release was observed from RFX-NS@zein at the end of 12 h. Antibacterial assay of RFX-NS and free RFX against E. coli displayed MIC value of 15.44 ± 0.01 μg/ml and 72.96 ± 0.25 μg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: The results highlighted a significance of nanosuspension for improving the solubility of RFX and its antibacterial potential against E. coli.

目的:本研究的目的是配制经玉米蛋白装饰的利福昔明(RFX)纳米悬浮液,以实现持续释放并有效抑制大肠杆菌(E. coli):方法:RFX 纳米悬浮液的制备采用了反溶剂添加法,然后使用水醇玉米蛋白溶液进行包衣。优化后的 RFX-NS 和 RFX-NS@zein 被冻干,用于进一步的光谱评估。采用井扩散法阐明了 RFX-NS 和纯 RFX 的体外抗菌潜力,而通过微流稀释法测定了 RFX-NS 和纯 RFX 对大肠杆菌的 MIC 值:结果:采用方框-贝肯设计法评估了自变量对 RFX-NS 目标产品质量的影响。优化后的 RFX-NS 的粒径为 193.5 ± 4.45 nm,药物含量为 76.49 ± 1.71%。粒度和 zeta 电位的明显变化证实形成了玉米蛋白包衣 RFX-NS(RFX-NS@玉米蛋白)。体外释放研究表明,RFX-NS 在 6 小时内释放了 96.91 ± 1.21% 的 RFX,而 RFX-NS@zein 在 12 小时结束时释放了 97.47 ± 1.99% 的 RFX。RFX-NS 和游离 RFX 对大肠杆菌的抗菌检测显示 MIC 值分别为 15.44 ± 0.01 μg/ml 和 72.96 ± 0.25 μg/ml:结果表明,纳米悬浮液对提高 RFX 的溶解度及其对大肠杆菌的抗菌潜力具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Sodium alginate/carboxymethylcellulose gel formulations containing Capparis sepieria plant extract for wound healing. 海藻酸钠/羧甲基纤维素凝胶配方,含用于伤口愈合的蓝花楹植物提取物。
IF 3 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2418800
Sindi P Ndlovu, Shirley C M Motaung, Samson A Adeyemi, Philemon Ubanako, Lindokuhle M Ngema, Thierry Youmbi Fonkui, Derek Tantoh Ndinteh, Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E Choonara, Blessing A Aderibigbe

Aim: Using appropriate wound dressings is crucial when treating burn wounds to promote accelerated healing.Materials & methods: Sodium alginate (SA)-based gels containing Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Pluronic F127 were prepared. The formulations. SA/CMC/Carbopol and SA/CMC/PluronicF127 were loaded with aqueous root extract of Capparis sepiaria. The formulations were characterized using appropriate techniques.Results: The gels' viscosity was in the range of 676.33 ± 121.76 to 20.00 ± 9.78 cP and in vitro whole blood kinetics showed their capability to induce a faster clotting rate. They also supported high cell viability of 80% with cellular migration and proliferation. Their antibacterial activity was significant against most bacteria strains used in the study.Conclusion: The gels' distinct features reveal their potential application as wound dressings for burn wounds.

目的:在治疗烧伤伤口时,使用适当的伤口敷料对促进伤口加速愈合至关重要:制备了含有羧甲基纤维素(CMC)和Pluronic F127的海藻酸钠(SA)凝胶。配方。在 SA/CMC/Carbopol 和 SA/CMC/PluronicF127 中添加了蓝花楹(Capparis sepiaria)的水性根提取物。采用适当的技术对配方进行了表征:凝胶的粘度在 676.33 ± 121.76 到 20.00 ± 9.78 cP 之间,体外全血动力学显示它们能够加快凝血速度。它们还支持高达 80% 的细胞存活率以及细胞迁移和增殖。它们对研究中使用的大多数细菌菌株都有显著的抗菌活性:凝胶的独特特性揭示了其作为烧伤伤口敷料的潜在应用。
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引用次数: 0
Microencapsulation techniques for developing cannabidiol formulations: a review. 用于开发大麻二酚配方的微胶囊技术:综述。
IF 3 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2421155
Ariel Gustavo Garro, Soledad Ravetti, Sofía Gisella Brignone, Agustín Luna, Natalia Angel Villegas, Agustina Gaitán, Santiago Daniel Palma

Cannabidiol (CBD), extracted from Cannabis sativa L., holds therapeutic promise without inducing psychoactive effects seen with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Its interaction with the endocannabinoid system plays a pivotal role in regulating mood, pain perception and immune function. Nevertheless, CBD encounters hurdles in clinical application due to its poor bioavailability and water solubility. To overcome these limitations, researchers are exploring microencapsulation techniques, which involve encapsulating CBD within protective matrices. This comprehensive review offers insights into various microencapsulation methods for CBD, scrutinizing their advantages, limitations and implications for formulation optimization. By elucidating the potential of microencapsulation, this review underscores its promise in refining CBD therapy and addressing challenges associated with administration.

从大麻(Cannabis sativa L.)中提取的大麻二酚(CBD)具有治疗前景,而不会产生Δ9-四氢大麻酚的精神作用。它与内源性大麻素系统的相互作用在调节情绪、痛觉和免疫功能方面发挥着关键作用。然而,由于生物利用度和水溶性较差,CBD 在临床应用中遇到了障碍。为了克服这些限制,研究人员正在探索微胶囊技术,即将 CBD 封装在保护性基质中。本综述深入探讨了 CBD 的各种微囊化方法,仔细研究了这些方法的优势、局限性以及对配方优化的影响。通过阐明微胶囊技术的潜力,本综述强调了微胶囊技术在完善 CBD 治疗和应对用药相关挑战方面的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Artemisinin emulgel ameliorates cartilage degradation in knee osteoarthritis: in vitro and in vivo studies. 青蒿素凝胶改善膝关节骨关节炎软骨退化:体外和体内研究
IF 3 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2418281
Samiksha Thote, Atul Mourya, Shristi Arya, Hoshiyar Singh, Prashanth Kumar, Santosh Kumar Guru, Jitender Madan

Aim: Laboratory scale-up of artemisinin-loaded emulgel (ART-emulgel) was carried out and characterized for therapeutic performance in osteoarthritis (OA).Materials & methods: The solubility of ART in various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants were screened for construction of pseudo ternary phase diagram (TPD), followed by scale-up of artemisinin loaded nanoemulsion (ART-NE). ART-NE was amalgamated with Carbopol Ultrez 10-NF to prepare ART-emulgel that was later characterized in vitro and in vivo to analyze therapeutic efficacy in monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA) induced knee OA.Results: The droplet diameter of ART-NE was estimated to be 104.3 ± 2.593 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.245 ± 0.019 in addition to ζ-potential of 0.434 ± 0.028 mV. Steady-state flux and permeability coefficient for ART-emulgel were estimated to be 0.651 ± 0.031 µg.cm2/h and 0.245 ± 0.011 cm/h, respectively. ART-emulgel demonstrated 43.18% reduction in COX-2 level; 52.28% drop in IL-1β, and 88.78% alleviation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) level when compared with monosodium-iodoacetate induced OA rats. ART-emulgel and injectable ART (intra-articular; I.A) portrayed minor synovial erosion compared with blank and diclofenac emulgel. Histopathological evidences indicated restoration of cartilage integrity followed by reduction of OARSI scores in ART-emulgel when compared with disease control animals.Conclusion: ART-emulgel is a potential dosage form for translating into a clinically viable product for the management of OA.

目的:对青蒿素载体凝胶(ART-emulgel)进行实验室放大,并对其在骨关节炎(OA)中的治疗性能进行表征:筛选了青蒿素在各种油类、表面活性剂和辅助表面活性剂中的溶解度,构建了伪三元相图(TPD),随后对青蒿素负载纳米乳液(ART-NE)进行了放大。ART-NE与Carbopol Ultrez 10-NF混合制备成ART-emulgel,然后对其进行体外和体内表征,分析其对碘乙酸钠(MIA)诱导的膝关节OA的疗效:ART-NE 的液滴直径估计为 104.3 ± 2.593 nm,多分散指数为 0.245 ± 0.019,ζ电位为 0.434 ± 0.028 mV。估计 ART-emulgel 的稳态通量和渗透系数分别为 0.651 ± 0.031 µg.cm2/h 和 0.245 ± 0.011 cm/h。与碘乙酸钠诱导的 OA 大鼠相比,ART 胶体可降低 COX-2 水平 43.18%;IL-1β 降低 52.28%;肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平降低 88.78%。与空白和双氯芬酸凝胶相比,ART凝胶和注射用ART(关节内;I.A)的滑膜侵蚀程度较轻。组织病理学证据表明,与疾病对照组动物相比,ART-栓剂恢复了软骨的完整性,OARSI评分也随之降低:ART-emulgel 是一种潜在的剂型,可转化为临床上可行的产品用于治疗 OA。
{"title":"Artemisinin emulgel ameliorates cartilage degradation in knee osteoarthritis: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies.","authors":"Samiksha Thote, Atul Mourya, Shristi Arya, Hoshiyar Singh, Prashanth Kumar, Santosh Kumar Guru, Jitender Madan","doi":"10.1080/20415990.2024.2418281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20415990.2024.2418281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Aim:</b> Laboratory scale-up of artemisinin-loaded emulgel (ART-emulgel) was carried out and characterized for therapeutic performance in osteoarthritis (OA).<b>Materials & methods:</b> The solubility of ART in various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants were screened for construction of pseudo ternary phase diagram (TPD), followed by scale-up of artemisinin loaded nanoemulsion (ART-NE). ART-NE was amalgamated with Carbopol Ultrez 10-NF to prepare ART-emulgel that was later characterized <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> to analyze therapeutic efficacy in monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA) induced knee OA.<b>Results:</b> The droplet diameter of ART-NE was estimated to be 104.3 ± 2.593 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.245 ± 0.019 in addition to ζ-potential of 0.434 ± 0.028 mV. Steady-state flux and permeability coefficient for ART-emulgel were estimated to be 0.651 ± 0.031 µg.cm<sup>2</sup>/h and 0.245 ± 0.011 cm/h, respectively. ART-emulgel demonstrated 43.18% reduction in COX-2 level; 52.28% drop in IL-1β, and 88.78% alleviation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) level when compared with monosodium-iodoacetate induced OA rats. ART-emulgel and injectable ART (intra-articular; I.A) portrayed minor synovial erosion compared with blank and diclofenac emulgel. Histopathological evidences indicated restoration of cartilage integrity followed by reduction of OARSI scores in ART-emulgel when compared with disease control animals.<b>Conclusion:</b> ART-emulgel is a potential dosage form for translating into a clinically viable product for the management of OA.</p>","PeriodicalId":22959,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic delivery","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142582738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comprehensive insights into glioblastoma multiforme: drug delivery challenges and multimodal treatment strategies. 全面了解多形性胶质母细胞瘤:给药挑战和多模式治疗策略。
IF 3 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2415281
Ashish Dhiman, Dhwani Rana, Derajram Benival, Kalpna Garkhal

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common and malignant brain tumors, with a high prevalence in elderly population. Most chemotherapeutic agents fail to reach the tumor site due to various challenges. However, smart nanocarriers have demonstrated excellent drug-loading capabilities, enabling them to cross the blood brain tumor barrier for the GBM treatment. Surface modification of nanocarriers has significantly enhanced their potential for targeting therapeutics. Moreover, recent innovations in drug therapies, such as the incorporation of theranostic agents in nanocarriers and antibody-drug conjugates, have offered newer insights for both diagnosis and treatment. This review focuses on recent advances in new therapeutic interventions for GBM, with an emphasis on the nanotheranostics systems to maximize therapeutic and diagnostic outcomes.

多形性胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)是最常见的恶性脑肿瘤之一,在老年人群中发病率很高。由于面临各种挑战,大多数化疗药物都无法到达肿瘤部位。然而,智能纳米载体已显示出卓越的药物负载能力,使其能够穿过血脑屏障,用于治疗脑胶质瘤。纳米载体的表面改性大大提高了其靶向治疗的潜力。此外,药物疗法的最新创新,如在纳米载体和抗体药物共轭物中加入治疗药物,为诊断和治疗提供了新的思路。本综述将重点介绍 GBM 新疗法干预措施的最新进展,并着重介绍可最大限度提高治疗和诊断效果的纳米治疗系统。
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引用次数: 0
Atorvastatin loaded glycerosomal patch as an effective transdermal drug delivery: optimization and evaluation. 阿托伐他汀负载甘油囊贴片作为一种有效的透皮给药:优化与评估。
IF 3 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2408218
Pravin Patil, Mrunal Rahangdale, Krutika Sawant

Aim: The study explores glycerosomes as effective vesicular systems for transdermal delivery of atorvastatin (ATO) to overcome drawbacks related to its oral administration.Methodology: The objectives of this study were to formulate, by thin-film hydration method, optimize using definitive screening design and evaluate ATO-loaded glycerosomes (ATOG) which were then incorporated into patch followed by the evaluation of glycerosomes containing different concentration of glycerol.Results & discussion: Vesicle size, Polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of spherical ATOG (0-30%w/w) showed 137.3-192d.nm, 0.292-0.403, -3.81 to-6.76mV, 80.03-92.77% and 5.80-6.40%, respectively. In-vitro release study showed sustained release, increased skin permeability and better cell viability than pure drug. ATOG patches showed greater skin permeability than pure drug and ATO-liposomal patches.Conclusion: The study concludes that ATOGs are promising for effective transdermal delivery.

目的:本研究探讨了甘油囊作为阿托伐他汀(ATO)透皮给药的有效囊泡系统,以克服口服给药的相关缺点:本研究的目的是通过薄膜水合法配制、使用确定性筛选设计进行优化并评估负载 ATO 的甘油囊(ATOG),然后将其纳入贴片,接着评估含有不同浓度甘油的甘油囊:球形 ATOG(0-30%w/w)的囊泡大小、多分散指数(PDI)、ZETA电位、夹持效率和负载能力分别为 137.3-192d.nm、0.292-0.403、-3.81-6.76mV、80.03-92.77% 和 5.80-6.40%。体外释放研究显示,与纯药物相比,ATOG 贴片具有持续释放、皮肤渗透性更强和细胞存活率更高的特点。ATOG 贴片的皮肤渗透性高于纯药物和 ATO 脂质体贴片:该研究得出结论,ATOGs 有望实现有效的透皮给药。
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引用次数: 0
Industry Update: the latest developments in the field of therapeutic delivery, July 2024. 行业最新动态:2024 年 7 月治疗给药领域的最新发展。
IF 3 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2414732
Peter Timmins
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引用次数: 0
Strategies for transportation of peptides across the skin for treatment of multiple diseases. 跨皮肤运输肽以治疗多种疾病的策略。
IF 3 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2411943
Janhavi Bhavsar, Kaustubh Kasture, Bhagyashree V Salvi, Pravin Shende

An established view in genetic engineering dictates an increase in the discovery of therapeutic peptides to enable the treatment of multiple diseases. The use of hypodermic needle for delivery of proteins and peptides occurs due to the hydrophilic nature, sensitivity toward proteolytic enzymes and high molecular weight. The non-invasive nature of the transdermal delivery technique offers multiple advantages over the invasive route to release drugs directly into the systemic circulation to enhance bioavailability, better patient compliance, reduced toxicity and local irritability. The transdermal route seems highly desirable from the pharmaco-therapeutic and patient compliance point of view, however, the lipophilic barrier of skin restricts the application. The use of several techniques like electrical methods (iontophoresis, sonophoresis etc.), chemical penetration enhancers (e.g. protease inhibitors, penetration enhancers, etc.) and nanocarriers (dendrimers, lipid nanocapsules, etc.) are utilized to improve the passage of drug molecules across the biomembranes. Additionally, such clinical interventions facilitate the physicochemical characteristics of peptides, to enable effective preservation, conveyance and release of therapeutic agents. Moreover, strategies ensure the attainment of the intended targets and enhance treatment outcomes for multiple diseases. This review article focuses on the techniques of peptide transportation across the skin to advance the delivery approaches and therapeutic efficiency.

基因工程的既定观点决定了治疗肽的发现越来越多,从而能够治疗多种疾病。皮下注射针头具有亲水性、对蛋白水解酶的敏感性和高分子量等特点,因此被用于输送蛋白质和肽。与侵入性途径相比,透皮给药技术的非侵入性具有多种优势,可将药物直接释放到全身循环中,从而提高生物利用度,改善患者的依从性,降低毒性和局部刺激性。从药物治疗和患者依从性的角度来看,透皮给药途径似乎非常理想,但皮肤的亲脂屏障限制了其应用。为了改善药物分子穿过生物膜的情况,我们使用了多种技术,如电方法(离子透入疗法、声波透入疗法等)、化学渗透促进剂(如蛋白酶抑制剂、渗透促进剂等)和纳米载体(树枝状聚合物、脂质纳米胶囊等)。此外,这些临床干预措施还有助于改善肽的理化特性,从而有效保存、输送和释放治疗药物。此外,这些策略还能确保达到预期目标,提高多种疾病的治疗效果。这篇综述文章重点介绍了多肽在皮肤上的传输技术,以推进传输方法和治疗效率。
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引用次数: 0
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