Language is important in social science theories. We employ a number of terms taken from ordinary speech, thus importing ambiguity and opaqueness. The remedy is to introduce explications, i.e., making stipulations about meaning. The risk involved is the analytic statement, i.e., treating sentences as true by definition or meaning.
{"title":"Definition and Truth in Social Science","authors":"J. Lane","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v5n4p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n4p1","url":null,"abstract":"Language is important in social science theories. We employ a number of terms taken from ordinary speech, thus importing ambiguity and opaqueness. The remedy is to introduce explications, i.e., making stipulations about meaning. The risk involved is the analytic statement, i.e., treating sentences as true by definition or meaning.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133600032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marxist feminist scholars have gone through a rather long and tortuous process of understanding the capitalist system and patriarchy. At first, they argued that the capitalist system and patriarchy go hand in hand and together keep women in subservient positions. Later, they examined related concepts and argued that the capitalist system and patriarchy merge and intensify the oppression of women. At the same time, later Marxist feminist scholars returned to Marxist theory and suggested that the capitalist system is the key to the current women’s problems and patriarchy is its ideological tool to defend the ruling class’s interests.
{"title":"Patriarchy as Ideology: An Examination of Marxist Feminism","authors":"Jiale Duan","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v5n3p68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n3p68","url":null,"abstract":"Marxist feminist scholars have gone through a rather long and tortuous process of understanding the capitalist system and patriarchy. At first, they argued that the capitalist system and patriarchy go hand in hand and together keep women in subservient positions. Later, they examined related concepts and argued that the capitalist system and patriarchy merge and intensify the oppression of women. At the same time, later Marxist feminist scholars returned to Marxist theory and suggested that the capitalist system is the key to the current women’s problems and patriarchy is its ideological tool to defend the ruling class’s interests.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124887197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Swedish sociologist and Nobel laureate Gunnar Myrdal focused on Asian poverty in his major work An Asian Drama (Myrdal, 1969). Now after fifty years of rapid economic development it is time to inquire into institutional performance and we-ordered societies. The measuring rod -rule of law- has nò basis in mainstream Asisn philosophies: neither Hinduism or Buddhism nor Confucianism or Shintoism.
{"title":"ASIAN GIANTS: Institutional Outcomes","authors":"J. Lane","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v5n3p63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n3p63","url":null,"abstract":"Swedish sociologist and Nobel laureate Gunnar Myrdal focused on Asian poverty in his major work An Asian Drama (Myrdal, 1969). Now after fifty years of rapid economic development it is time to inquire into institutional performance and we-ordered societies. The measuring rod -rule of law- has nò basis in mainstream Asisn philosophies: neither Hinduism or Buddhism nor Confucianism or Shintoism.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127049242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If history is aligned with metaphysics, it can promote universality, and until this alignment occurs, one culture, or one people, or one age has little chance of being successfully compared with another. Individual histories of isolated periods of time, such as ancient Egypt, or Aztec America, or the age of Louis XIV are important individually, but they confer little meaning when compared with others, that is, if they are comparable at all. It is the task of historians to search for humanity among all humans who lived in bygone ages. Certainly, universality indicates that the world is the result of a process of individuals pulling together and pushing apart, of support for underlying proposals and denials of the same. History signifies a process that is the result of the unknown, and a process is simply a series of steps, actions, or procedures producing a result. Whether the result is desirable is irrelevant to the process itself because the latter manifests an indifference to its outcome.
{"title":"A Metaphysical Approach to the Philosophy of History: An Introduction to a Universality","authors":"T. J. Rivers","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v5n3p50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n3p50","url":null,"abstract":"If history is aligned with metaphysics, it can promote universality, and until this alignment occurs, one culture, or one people, or one age has little chance of being successfully compared with another. Individual histories of isolated periods of time, such as ancient Egypt, or Aztec America, or the age of Louis XIV are important individually, but they confer little meaning when compared with others, that is, if they are comparable at all. It is the task of historians to search for humanity among all humans who lived in bygone ages. Certainly, universality indicates that the world is the result of a process of individuals pulling together and pushing apart, of support for underlying proposals and denials of the same. History signifies a process that is the result of the unknown, and a process is simply a series of steps, actions, or procedures producing a result. Whether the result is desirable is irrelevant to the process itself because the latter manifests an indifference to its outcome.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124233150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What theories are there of social dynamics, of the emergence, adaptation, resilience, collapse or decay, of social systems such as organisations, communities, networks, cliques and teams? In chapter 1, I consider evolutionary theory, in biology, economics, sociology and psychology. In chapter 2 I consult the literature on Complex Adaptive Systems, and its applicability to social systems. Social systems are distinctive, in being intentional and reflexive, with intentions depending on outcomes. In chapter 3 I focus on social systems: their variety, the role of language, the relation between self and other, network effects, and their collapse, resilience and rigidity.
{"title":"Social Dynamics","authors":"B. Nooteboom","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v5n3p31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n3p31","url":null,"abstract":"What theories are there of social dynamics, of the emergence, adaptation, resilience, collapse or decay, of social systems such as organisations, communities, networks, cliques and teams? In chapter 1, I consider evolutionary theory, in biology, economics, sociology and psychology. In chapter 2 I consult the literature on Complex Adaptive Systems, and its applicability to social systems. Social systems are distinctive, in being intentional and reflexive, with intentions depending on outcomes. In chapter 3 I focus on social systems: their variety, the role of language, the relation between self and other, network effects, and their collapse, resilience and rigidity.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129623601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two cases are studied, the first being the invasion of Cyprus by Turkiye in 1974, when the Greek-Cypriot community wanted to integrate the island into mainland Greece, threatening the rise of Turkish Cypriots. The government of Turkiye invaded the island, conquering a portion of the territory for its supporters, believing to resolve the issue culminating in decades of conflict between their communities whose past dreams do not coincide with the present. The second event is Vladimir Putin’s Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, motivated by the irreversible process of the dissolution of the former USSR and the attraction of Ukrainians to the western orbit. From a notion of the strangeness of contemporaneity, anchored in a glorious but unattainable past, events that erupt in contemporaneity are simultaneously current and anachronistic Based on a premise of the past and defending ethnic Russians, Putin recovers the fantasy of a Russian empire encompassing tsarist, communist, and orthodox religion from the past. In Cyprus, Greek and Turkish Cypriots dreamed of integration into the respective motherland, but in both cases, contemporary and historic irruption of the past possess the unbeatable force of a cosmic event.
{"title":"Two Wars in the Order of Time: Cyprus, 1974, Ukraine, 2022","authors":"José Maurício Saldanha-Álvarez","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v5n3p21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n3p21","url":null,"abstract":"Two cases are studied, the first being the invasion of Cyprus by Turkiye in 1974, when the Greek-Cypriot community wanted to integrate the island into mainland Greece, threatening the rise of Turkish Cypriots. The government of Turkiye invaded the island, conquering a portion of the territory for its supporters, believing to resolve the issue culminating in decades of conflict between their communities whose past dreams do not coincide with the present. The second event is Vladimir Putin’s Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, motivated by the irreversible process of the dissolution of the former USSR and the attraction of Ukrainians to the western orbit. From a notion of the strangeness of contemporaneity, anchored in a glorious but unattainable past, events that erupt in contemporaneity are simultaneously current and anachronistic Based on a premise of the past and defending ethnic Russians, Putin recovers the fantasy of a Russian empire encompassing tsarist, communist, and orthodox religion from the past. In Cyprus, Greek and Turkish Cypriots dreamed of integration into the respective motherland, but in both cases, contemporary and historic irruption of the past possess the unbeatable force of a cosmic event.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114349333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After a discussion of the literature on the development of societies and of the multiple causality of societies, this paper discusses 12 threats to democracy: autocracy, cultural decline, polarisation, elite paradox, populism, confusion, capitalism, dilemma of benevolence and justice, institutional crowding, sort-termism and depletion, AI and robots.
{"title":"Threats to Democracy","authors":"B. Nooteboom","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v5n3p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n3p1","url":null,"abstract":"After a discussion of the literature on the development of societies and of the multiple causality of societies, this paper discusses 12 threats to democracy: autocracy, cultural decline, polarisation, elite paradox, populism, confusion, capitalism, dilemma of benevolence and justice, institutional crowding, sort-termism and depletion, AI and robots.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131213358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Education is a bridge enabling children of low-skilled immigrants to access higher tiered professions in a segmented labor force in order to experience socio-economic gains and social mobility. Historically, Catholic immigrants (Irish, Polish, Italian and German) have been served by the parish school which provided a basis for household integration and economic advancement in American society. This paper explores the relationship between the parish school as an agent of socialization and children of new Catholic Latino immigrants. Comparative historical analysis of old and new patterns of immigration serves to demonstrate how the mediating role of the parish school has changed. Qualitative analysis contributes to a theory of institutionally generated social capital which is operationalized by measures of communitarian socialization. Using data from the Consortium of Chicago School Research, I use ordered logit regression to measure the effect of high school socialization patterns on student’s pro-social outcomes. I find that contrary to national data, Catholic high schools in Chicago are enrolling higher percentages of Latinos, a majority of whom are children of immigrants. A school climate characterized by affective support and inspirational ideology are significantly related to pro-social outcomes, while intergenerational closure is not. These findings are important because the parish school has a legacy of contributing to conditions necessary for children of immigrants to experience upward mobility.
{"title":"Patterns of Socialization among New Latino Immigrants in Comparative Historical Perspective","authors":"S. Armet","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v5n2p74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n2p74","url":null,"abstract":"Education is a bridge enabling children of low-skilled immigrants to access higher tiered professions in a segmented labor force in order to experience socio-economic gains and social mobility. Historically, Catholic immigrants (Irish, Polish, Italian and German) have been served by the parish school which provided a basis for household integration and economic advancement in American society. This paper explores the relationship between the parish school as an agent of socialization and children of new Catholic Latino immigrants. Comparative historical analysis of old and new patterns of immigration serves to demonstrate how the mediating role of the parish school has changed. Qualitative analysis contributes to a theory of institutionally generated social capital which is operationalized by measures of communitarian socialization. Using data from the Consortium of Chicago School Research, I use ordered logit regression to measure the effect of high school socialization patterns on student’s pro-social outcomes. I find that contrary to national data, Catholic high schools in Chicago are enrolling higher percentages of Latinos, a majority of whom are children of immigrants. A school climate characterized by affective support and inspirational ideology are significantly related to pro-social outcomes, while intergenerational closure is not. These findings are important because the parish school has a legacy of contributing to conditions necessary for children of immigrants to experience upward mobility.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127863155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study uses Liberation Theology as a vehicle for understanding the demobilization of a religious social movement due to democratic consolidation. Building on social movement organizational literature, I analyze the case history of Departamento Ecuménico de Investigaciones in San José, Costa Rica in order to explain how a social movement remains effective in a competitive field of change organizations by becoming embedded in a representative organization that is able to mobilize its core constituency and maintain social influence. Macro organizational analysis is used to determine its position in the organizational field while organizational theory is used develop five characteristics of movement transformation that enable the organization to resist attrition and develop an enduring niche. Documentary and interview data of first and second generation Liberationists are used to provide an account of the structure and strategies that have enabled Liberation Theology to continue its influence in Latin America. I will argue that Liberation Theology has established a slow, protracted and unobtrusive strategy that has enabled the movement’s activists to extend their influence and establish a permanent niche in the socio-religious landscape of Latin America. This study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding social movement demobilization; particularly of a religious movement and contributes an update on the status of Liberation Theology in Latin America and the Caribbean.
本研究以解放神学为工具，了解宗教社会运动因民主巩固而瓦解。在社会运动组织文献的基础上，我分析了哥斯达黎加圣何塞的Departamento ecumsamicnico de Investigaciones的案例历史，以解释社会运动如何通过嵌入一个能够动员其核心选民并保持社会影响力的代表性组织，在竞争激烈的变革组织领域中保持有效。宏观组织分析用于确定其在组织领域中的位置，而组织理论用于发展运动转型的五个特征，使组织能够抵抗损耗并发展持久的利基。第一代和第二代解放主义者的文献和访谈数据被用来提供一个结构和策略的说明，这些结构和策略使解放神学能够继续在拉丁美洲产生影响。我认为，解放神学已经建立了一个缓慢、持久和不引人注目的策略，使运动的积极分子能够扩大他们的影响力，并在拉丁美洲的社会宗教景观中建立一个永久的利基。这项研究有助于建立社会运动复员的知识体系;特别是一个宗教运动，并对拉丁美洲和加勒比解放神学的最新状况作出贡献。
{"title":"Whatever Happened to Liberation Theology? Demobilization of a Social Movement","authors":"S. Armet","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v5n2p37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n2p37","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses Liberation Theology as a vehicle for understanding the demobilization of a religious social movement due to democratic consolidation. Building on social movement organizational literature, I analyze the case history of Departamento Ecuménico de Investigaciones in San José, Costa Rica in order to explain how a social movement remains effective in a competitive field of change organizations by becoming embedded in a representative organization that is able to mobilize its core constituency and maintain social influence. Macro organizational analysis is used to determine its position in the organizational field while organizational theory is used develop five characteristics of movement transformation that enable the organization to resist attrition and develop an enduring niche. Documentary and interview data of first and second generation Liberationists are used to provide an account of the structure and strategies that have enabled Liberation Theology to continue its influence in Latin America. I will argue that Liberation Theology has established a slow, protracted and unobtrusive strategy that has enabled the movement’s activists to extend their influence and establish a permanent niche in the socio-religious landscape of Latin America. This study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding social movement demobilization; particularly of a religious movement and contributes an update on the status of Liberation Theology in Latin America and the Caribbean.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126770037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this short study, I describe how the ‘public philosophy’ of common sense, ostensibly self-evident and economically/politically disinterestedness practical knowledge, has, on the contrary, functioned mythically and ideologically over the years across four continents. In Europe and the US, from the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, through the decolonisation processes of the twentieth century in Africa and Asia, in the Americas, and through the onset of neo-liberalism in the final quarter of the twentieth century, to the contemporary period, I show how appeals to common sense have served to warrant bourgeois material interests, and the systematic silencing of contrary and socialist voices.
{"title":"Common Sense, Myth, Ideology, and Socialism: A Short Critical Study","authors":"Eugene Flanagan","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v5n2p18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n2p18","url":null,"abstract":"In this short study, I describe how the ‘public philosophy’ of common sense, ostensibly self-evident and economically/politically disinterestedness practical knowledge, has, on the contrary, functioned mythically and ideologically over the years across four continents. In Europe and the US, from the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, through the decolonisation processes of the twentieth century in Africa and Asia, in the Americas, and through the onset of neo-liberalism in the final quarter of the twentieth century, to the contemporary period, I show how appeals to common sense have served to warrant bourgeois material interests, and the systematic silencing of contrary and socialist voices.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127654635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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