During the last 5900 years, creative human minds have dispelled false beliefs about our universe, as well as chemical, physical, and biomedical phenomena. Life expectancies in most inhabited parts of our world have increased appreciably. A brief survey of those who contributed to the progress of science, technology, and understanding is presented. Yet, primitive instincts and ambitions still dominate our world, and conflicts threaten to destroy life on this planet by way of nuclear weapons. Societies are ruled by politicians and militaries, for scientists are “on tap, but not on top”. The contrast between reason-based progress and instinct-based aggression is mind-boggling.
{"title":"Science, Technology, and Medicine have Progressed Immensely during the Last Five Centuries, yet Mankind Is Threatened by Self-Destruction","authors":"A. Balaban","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V2N1P44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V2N1P44","url":null,"abstract":"During the last 5900 years, creative human minds have dispelled false beliefs about our universe, as well as chemical, physical, and biomedical phenomena. Life expectancies in most inhabited parts of our world have increased appreciably. A brief survey of those who contributed to the progress of science, technology, and understanding is presented. Yet, primitive instincts and ambitions still dominate our world, and conflicts threaten to destroy life on this planet by way of nuclear weapons. Societies are ruled by politicians and militaries, for scientists are “on tap, but not on top”. The contrast between reason-based progress and instinct-based aggression is mind-boggling.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114265557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multifarious forces have surrounded science and continue their—sometimes separate, sometimes coordinated—attempts to supplant a scientific approach to an explanation of important questions about us and the world we inhabit. We focus here on questions pertaining to biology and medicine, but no aspect of the scientific enterprise is immune from attack; and not all of the forces aligned against it are represented. The ones considered are: religion, neoliberalism, postmodernism, the “back-to-nature” movement, bioethical obstructionism, and the current POTUS, Donald Trump. We sit in amazement that at the amount of vitriol that has been leveled at science, but try to maintain civility in response. We would be irenic, not polemic; promoting true dialogue between respected scholars holding somewhat differing views. This is not as difficult as some would have you believe.
{"title":"Anti-Scientific Currents in American Thought","authors":"C. Kowalski, Adam J Mrdjenovich","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V2N1P15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V2N1P15","url":null,"abstract":"Multifarious forces have surrounded science and continue their—sometimes separate, sometimes coordinated—attempts to supplant a scientific approach to an explanation of important questions about us and the world we inhabit. We focus here on questions pertaining to biology and medicine, but no aspect of the scientific enterprise is immune from attack; and not all of the forces aligned against it are represented. The ones considered are: religion, neoliberalism, postmodernism, the “back-to-nature” movement, bioethical obstructionism, and the current POTUS, Donald Trump. We sit in amazement that at the amount of vitriol that has been leveled at science, but try to maintain civility in response. We would be irenic, not polemic; promoting true dialogue between respected scholars holding somewhat differing views. This is not as difficult as some would have you believe.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128879920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The philosophy of problem is a logical view, putting the problem at the core of logic, promoting the development of thinking. The philosophy of problem is a view of life, revealing not only the skills and interests of survival but also the significance and value of life. The philosophy of problem is an ethical view, regarding the development of morality and ethics as the result of questioning in its most profound sense. Philosophy of problem is a scientific view, putting the problem at the core of the philosophy of science, exploring the law of the generation and evolution of scientific knowledge from the proposition, expression, structure, presupposition, evaluation, solution and evolution of questions. The philosophy of problem is a philosophical view, regarding answer as its goal and question as its service.
{"title":"What Is the Philosophy of Problem?","authors":"Lei Ma","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V2N1P38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V2N1P38","url":null,"abstract":"The philosophy of problem is a logical view, putting the problem at the core of logic, promoting the development of thinking. The philosophy of problem is a view of life, revealing not only the skills and interests of survival but also the significance and value of life. The philosophy of problem is an ethical view, regarding the development of morality and ethics as the result of questioning in its most profound sense. Philosophy of problem is a scientific view, putting the problem at the core of the philosophy of science, exploring the law of the generation and evolution of scientific knowledge from the proposition, expression, structure, presupposition, evaluation, solution and evolution of questions. The philosophy of problem is a philosophical view, regarding answer as its goal and question as its service.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114898822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christological perichoresis (Note 1) becomes in my view, the revelation of trinitarian perichoresis for the whole of creation.The problem of dualisms with which feminists try to cope with can be known as a problem between humans and God that results in distorted relationships within our own selves, among humans and between humans, and the rest of creation. I addressed the eco-social problem as a split within our own being of body/mind/soul. The inferiority of women is linked to that of body when compared to soul, and to that of nature as being an object while humans are subjects.
{"title":"Dissolving the Dualism between Rational-Irrational Beings","authors":"Ioanna Sahinidou","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V2N1P5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V2N1P5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><em>Christological perichoresis</em><em> (Note 1)</em><em> becomes in my view, the revelation of trinitarian perichoresis for the whole of creation.<strong> </strong></em><em>The problem of dualisms with which feminists try to cope with can be known as a problem between humans and God that results in distorted relationships within our own selves, among humans and between humans, and the rest of creation. I addressed the eco-social problem as a split within our own being of body/mind/soul. The inferiority of women is linked to that of body when compared to soul, and to that of nature as being an object while humans are subjects.</em><em></em></p>","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126634554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this short paper, I emphasized that creativity in research is best demonstrated by a synthesis effort of observed facts, which could bring a paradigm change and produce a step-wise progress (“breakthrough”) in science.
{"title":"Syntheses, Creativity and Paradigm Change","authors":"S. Akasofu","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V2N1P1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V2N1P1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><em>In this short paper, I emphasized that creativity in research is best demonstrated by a synthesis effort of observed facts, which could bring a paradigm change and produce a step-wise progress (</em><em>“</em><em>breakthrough”) in science. </em></p>","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125279304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the wide field of archaeology, stone tool remains are one of the main pieces of evidence used for assessing knowledge and understanding of the archaeological record. To cope with its analysis and interpretation as a branch of experimental archaeology, one field of research that has become more notable is experimental lithic technology. Based on experience and development of this discipline in the southern cone of South America, and with the aim of contributing to the growing theoretical perspectives in this field, this paper addresses the theoretical and epistemological issues that deal with theoretical, variability, classification, and deontological concerns.
{"title":"Theoretical and Epistemological Thoughts on Archaeology and Experimental Lithic Technology","authors":"H. G. Nami","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V1N2P139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V1N2P139","url":null,"abstract":"In the wide field of archaeology, stone tool remains are one of the main pieces of evidence used for assessing knowledge and understanding of the archaeological record. To cope with its analysis and interpretation as a branch of experimental archaeology, one field of research that has become more notable is experimental lithic technology. Based on experience and development of this discipline in the southern cone of South America, and with the aim of contributing to the growing theoretical perspectives in this field, this paper addresses the theoretical and epistemological issues that deal with theoretical, variability, classification, and deontological concerns.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132201038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To resolve the conceptual problem of the conflict between quantal and relativistic formulations of Quantum Physics, this paper proposes a new conceptual ontology, Emergent Aspect Dualism, that reconceptualizes the foundations of the field. Emergent Aspect Dualism is a philosophical approach that starts from the assumption is that the primary “material” of the universe is energy, which can be manifested as kinetic energy, potential energy or matter. The flow of such energy throughout the universe is described by the continuous Schrödinger Equation, but in order to account for the hierarchy of levels of organization reality, we need to invoke the concept of emergence, under which the operative principles of each level of organization of this energy are entirely dissociated from those of the levels below it, and, crucially, the functional emergence of the properties of the conscious mind that are dualistically dissociated from the underlying biochemical principles of brain organization. Rather than assigning probabilities to the quantal realm, Emergent Aspect Dualism treats probability as an operational concept that can be held only by a conscious mind, a philosophical category that incorporates the properties of a) the superposition of states and b) the collapse of this superposition once an observation is made.
{"title":"The Emergent Aspect Dualism View of Quantum Physics: A New Ontology to Resolve the Complementarity Conundrum","authors":"C. Tyler","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V1N2P166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V1N2P166","url":null,"abstract":"To resolve the conceptual problem of the conflict between quantal and relativistic formulations of Quantum Physics, this paper proposes a new conceptual ontology, Emergent Aspect Dualism, that reconceptualizes the foundations of the field. Emergent Aspect Dualism is a philosophical approach that starts from the assumption is that the primary “material” of the universe is energy, which can be manifested as kinetic energy, potential energy or matter. The flow of such energy throughout the universe is described by the continuous Schrödinger Equation, but in order to account for the hierarchy of levels of organization reality, we need to invoke the concept of emergence, under which the operative principles of each level of organization of this energy are entirely dissociated from those of the levels below it, and, crucially, the functional emergence of the properties of the conscious mind that are dualistically dissociated from the underlying biochemical principles of brain organization. Rather than assigning probabilities to the quantal realm, Emergent Aspect Dualism treats probability as an operational concept that can be held only by a conscious mind, a philosophical category that incorporates the properties of a) the superposition of states and b) the collapse of this superposition once an observation is made.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125735365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anxiety disorders are the most commonly occurring mental disorders and understanding them is important. Learning theorists suggest that phobias, a type of anxiety disorder, are conditioned responses to unconditioned stimuli. Research supports the theory that extinction of these conditioned responses may actually be the learning of a new memory rather than the unlearning of an old memory. Mounting evidence also points to sleep as an important factor in learning and memory and research suggests that sleep plays a role in phobia-extinction. However, while the majority of evidence is supportive, it is far from all inclusive. Future research should be conducted to clarify the role that sleep plays in phobia-extinction. Sleep roles such as sleep latency, sleep duration, and sleep staging may all play a part in the process.
{"title":"Anxiety, Phobias, Treatment and Associated Costs: A Review","authors":"David D. Gray","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v1n2p125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v1n2p125","url":null,"abstract":"Anxiety disorders are the most commonly occurring mental disorders and understanding them is important. Learning theorists suggest that phobias, a type of anxiety disorder, are conditioned responses to unconditioned stimuli. Research supports the theory that extinction of these conditioned responses may actually be the learning of a new memory rather than the unlearning of an old memory. Mounting evidence also points to sleep as an important factor in learning and memory and research suggests that sleep plays a role in phobia-extinction. However, while the majority of evidence is supportive, it is far from all inclusive. Future research should be conducted to clarify the role that sleep plays in phobia-extinction. Sleep roles such as sleep latency, sleep duration, and sleep staging may all play a part in the process.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130548921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global ethics is the universal aspiration of the citizens of the world towards minimum common values, standards, and basic moral attitudes, shared by all for a better world order. While ethics is the rational justification of the principles of right and wrong. Contrary to the view that the emerging new world order is the intensification of international relations, globalization, or the advent of a cryptoclastic secretive world government conspiring to rule the world, this paper believes that the emerging new world order is a result of human effort to subjugate nature to the laws designed by human reason. It is the attempt of human beings to create themselves and their own laws. It is this effort to manipulate nature to give answers to human problems, which has produced the kind of modern technologies that has turned the world into a global village and made easier international relations. In this process, African traditional values will either be rejected as irrelevant, trans-valued to higher levels, or Africans are deemed to acquire some completely new values to regulate their affairs. However, contemporary society faces peril if it ignores some of these basic African values like, respect for life, the environment, and nature.
{"title":"African Values in Global Ethics and the Emerging New World Order","authors":"W. Lajul","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V1N2P81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V1N2P81","url":null,"abstract":"Global ethics is the universal aspiration of the citizens of the world towards minimum common values, standards, and basic moral attitudes, shared by all for a better world order. While ethics is the rational justification of the principles of right and wrong. Contrary to the view that the emerging new world order is the intensification of international relations, globalization, or the advent of a cryptoclastic secretive world government conspiring to rule the world, this paper believes that the emerging new world order is a result of human effort to subjugate nature to the laws designed by human reason. It is the attempt of human beings to create themselves and their own laws. It is this effort to manipulate nature to give answers to human problems, which has produced the kind of modern technologies that has turned the world into a global village and made easier international relations. In this process, African traditional values will either be rejected as irrelevant, trans-valued to higher levels, or Africans are deemed to acquire some completely new values to regulate their affairs. However, contemporary society faces peril if it ignores some of these basic African values like, respect for life, the environment, and nature.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115894415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a recent paper, Kowalski and Mrdjenovich (2017) advised against indiscriminate dichotomization. We looked at nature vs nurture, reductionism vs holism, and several of the ways the scientific pie could be sliced in two pieces, basic vs applied, physical science vs social science, etc., arguing that focusing on one or the other of two dichotomous choices often deflects attention from a more fertile intermediate ground where more useful answers might be found, and that a better classification scheme than the basic/applied opposition would depend on the nature of the question being asked and the manner in which an answer is sought. We even ventured to include science vs poetry, recognizing that the two are often taken to be the very embodiment of polarity, the cold of rationality vs the heat of emotion. Thus we approached, but did not directly confront the elephant in the room: Science vs Religion. I attend to this now.
{"title":"The Relationship between Science and Religion: Complexity Rules the Day, and Many Windows and Maps Are Needed","authors":"C. Kowalski","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v1n1p59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v1n1p59","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent paper, Kowalski and Mrdjenovich (2017) advised against indiscriminate dichotomization. We looked at nature vs nurture, reductionism vs holism, and several of the ways the scientific pie could be sliced in two pieces, basic vs applied, physical science vs social science, etc., arguing that focusing on one or the other of two dichotomous choices often deflects attention from a more fertile intermediate ground where more useful answers might be found, and that a better classification scheme than the basic/applied opposition would depend on the nature of the question being asked and the manner in which an answer is sought. We even ventured to include science vs poetry, recognizing that the two are often taken to be the very embodiment of polarity, the cold of rationality vs the heat of emotion. Thus we approached, but did not directly confront the elephant in the room: Science vs Religion. I attend to this now.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116058462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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