We know that Hilbert’s thought of infinity has profoundly influenced and changed the mathematical development of the 20th century, and yet there is inherent contradiction in his thought of infinity itself, building his understanding of infinity on Kant’s intuition and the principle of finalism. This paper analyzes his thought of infinity based on Hegel’s view of dialectical infinity, and points out the incompleteness of his understanding of infinity.
{"title":"How We Understand Hilbert’s Thought of Infinity","authors":"Zhang Hong, Zhou Hong Qiang","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V4N3P17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V4N3P17","url":null,"abstract":"We know that Hilbert’s thought of infinity has profoundly influenced and changed the mathematical development of the 20th century, and yet there is inherent contradiction in his thought of infinity itself, building his understanding of infinity on Kant’s intuition and the principle of finalism. This paper analyzes his thought of infinity based on Hegel’s view of dialectical infinity, and points out the incompleteness of his understanding of infinity.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123398973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development discourse has been thrown into a disarray and paradigmatic quagmire by the impasse of neo-liberal transnational social cartographies. There are calls within the development discourse fraternity to deterritorise the concept of development so as to grapple with it sufficiently and effectively. Failure to adhere to this call, various development discourses have been accused of methodological territorialism. This paper uses critical hermeneutics to argue that the trajectory from Trickle Down and Basic Needs Theory to Human Rights, Capability and Functionings approaches to development is fundamentally a paradigm shift from territorial to social cartographies. This paper further argues that despite the significance of social cartographies occasioned by neo-liberal globalisation, territorial cartographies as envisaged by structuralists, post-structuralists, post-developmentalists, post-colonialists and global ethnographers are still vital because of their thorough critique of the power discourse behind structures that disadvantage individuals. The paper contends that in order to realise engendered development, it is pertinent to ultimately look at the individual who is the basic ingredient of a moral society (ethical individualism) as well as the structures and strictures that disempower and vulnerablelise individual moral agents.
{"title":"From Commodity to Capability Fetishism: Human Development as a Harmonisation of Social and Territorial Cartographies","authors":"Kizito Michael George","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v4n3p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v4n3p1","url":null,"abstract":"The development discourse has been thrown into a disarray and paradigmatic quagmire by the impasse of neo-liberal transnational social cartographies. There are calls within the development discourse fraternity to deterritorise the concept of development so as to grapple with it sufficiently and effectively. Failure to adhere to this call, various development discourses have been accused of methodological territorialism. This paper uses critical hermeneutics to argue that the trajectory from Trickle Down and Basic Needs Theory to Human Rights, Capability and Functionings approaches to development is fundamentally a paradigm shift from territorial to social cartographies. This paper further argues that despite the significance of social cartographies occasioned by neo-liberal globalisation, territorial cartographies as envisaged by structuralists, post-structuralists, post-developmentalists, post-colonialists and global ethnographers are still vital because of their thorough critique of the power discourse behind structures that disadvantage individuals. The paper contends that in order to realise engendered development, it is pertinent to ultimately look at the individual who is the basic ingredient of a moral society (ethical individualism) as well as the structures and strictures that disempower and vulnerablelise individual moral agents.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116816419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The name Joseph Smith, b. 23 December 1803, d. 27 June, 1844 invokes words like heretic, false prophet, con artist and fruitcake. No stranger to con artistry or the interior of a prisoner cell, Smith was arrested numerous times on legitimate charges, he also accomplished something no other Prophet did: developed the character and strategies for First Citizen of Humanity, Abraham Lincoln and helped start a War Between the States that enslaved men might be free. Though he never lived to see his Book of Mormon accomplish its ends, he, along with the Latter Day Saints were never given recognition, not even informally for this, humankind’s the most important task. The most important in human history. In this paper I detail important elements of Smith’s and his Church’s work and also illuminate his ties to Mr. Lincoln, and mourn the wayward Church of today. Perhaps revisiting Mister Smith’s Vision will reignite all of us and cause us to rise up and wage one more War against tyranny, weaponry, waste, abuse, neglect, and utter ignorance of our innate spiritual principals.
{"title":"Religion and Revolution: Joseph Smith, Abraham Lincoln, and the Book of Mormon","authors":"Srikrishna Das","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v4n2p42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v4n2p42","url":null,"abstract":"The name Joseph Smith, b. 23 December 1803, d. 27 June, 1844 invokes words like heretic, false prophet, con artist and fruitcake. No stranger to con artistry or the interior of a prisoner cell, Smith was arrested numerous times on legitimate charges, he also accomplished something no other Prophet did: developed the character and strategies for First Citizen of Humanity, Abraham Lincoln and helped start a War Between the States that enslaved men might be free. Though he never lived to see his Book of Mormon accomplish its ends, he, along with the Latter Day Saints were never given recognition, not even informally for this, humankind’s the most important task. The most important in human history. In this paper I detail important elements of Smith’s and his Church’s work and also illuminate his ties to Mr. Lincoln, and mourn the wayward Church of today. Perhaps revisiting Mister Smith’s Vision will reignite all of us and cause us to rise up and wage one more War against tyranny, weaponry, waste, abuse, neglect, and utter ignorance of our innate spiritual principals.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125615089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A paradigm transition or change is essential in the development of science. During the transition, there are intense debates and controversies among scientists. In this paper, we attempt to analyze controversies in four levels and also three types of researchers.
{"title":"Paradigms and Four Levels of Scientific Controversies","authors":"S. Akasofu","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V4N2P21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V4N2P21","url":null,"abstract":"A paradigm transition or change is essential in the development of science. During the transition, there are intense debates and controversies among scientists. In this paper, we attempt to analyze controversies in four levels and also three types of researchers. ","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117216952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Two Incompleteness Theorems of Kurt Friedrich Gödel and the Impossibility Theorem of Kenneth Arrow claim that logic, the most reliable of human knowledge, is incomplete or can be inconsistent. The Fuzzy Completeness Theory states that the Fuzzy Logic of Lotfi A. Zadeh has resolved the incompleteness and impossibility in logic and made logic complete and knowledge reliable with the new concept of Range of Tolerance, within which logic is still complete and knowledge, valid. In the Age of Reason about 300 years ago just prior to the Age of Science, reasoning is free for all, without the constraint of the laws of nature, which would be discovered in the Age of Science. However, the Scientific Method of reasoning by empirical verification depends so much on faith that it is logically and empirically dismissed by mathematicians and logicians, especially, after the exposure by Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend that a scientific advancement is akin to a religious conversion. On the other hand, mathematicians and logicians have been working steadily to find the limit of reliable knowledge. In the current state of knowledge, Kurt Gödel has the last word with his Two Incompleteness Theorems, which conclude that the most reliable of human knowledge, logic, is incomplete, casting doubt whether knowledge is completely reliable. Gödel’s view is further supported by the Impossibility Theorem of Kenneth Arrow. However, Zadeh and the author of this paper extend Zadeh’s concept of Range of Value in Fuzzy Logic to that of Range of Tolerance. Accordingly, Fuzzy Logic deals with the sacrifice of precision in the process of expanding the Range of Tolerance of a creation in order for the creation to survive and flourish for all the possibility of an uncertain future. In knowledge, incompleteness in logic can be resolved by the Range of Tolerance covering the incomplete part or ignoring the infrequent impossibilities, and, thus, making logic valid, again. Knowledge is derived generally from reason. Technically, the Fuzzy Completeness Theory classifies 16 Methods of Reason. The 16 Methods are the combination of the 4 basic Methods of Reason: 1) Logic, 2) Mathematics, 3) Empirical Verification, and 4) Others, each of which has 2 forms: 1) Fuzzy and 2) Exact and two types: 1) Complete and 2) Incomplete. Gödel, Arrow, and the Author agree that no matter how rigorous is the Method of Reason the reason cannot be complete, when the reason is Exact. When a solution is newly defined as an answer within the Range of Tolerance of the solution, Fuzzy Logic resolves the incompleteness in logic and becomes the new foundation of knowledge, replacing Exact Logic. With this definition of a solution, Fuzzy Logic covers the incomplete or the impossible parts of the solution by expanding sufficiently the Range of Tolerance to make reason complete and knowledge reliable, but only within the Range of Tolerance. To summarize, even though the world’s leading intellectuals have proven, direct
库尔特·弗里德里希的两个不完备定理Gödel和肯尼斯·阿罗的不可能定理声称，人类知识中最可靠的逻辑是不完整的或不一致的。模糊完备理论认为，Lotfi A. Zadeh的模糊逻辑解决了逻辑的不完备性和不可能性，用新的容差范围概念使逻辑完备和知识可靠，在容差范围内逻辑仍然完备，知识有效。在科学时代之前大约300年前的理性时代，所有人的推理都是自由的，不受自然规律的约束，这将在科学时代被发现。然而，通过经验验证进行推理的科学方法在很大程度上依赖于信仰，以至于它在逻辑上和经验上被数学家和逻辑学家所摒弃，特别是在托马斯·库恩和保罗·费耶阿本德揭露科学进步类似于宗教皈依之后。另一方面，数学家和逻辑学家一直在努力寻找可靠知识的极限。在目前的知识状态下，Kurt Gödel以他的两个不完备定理(Two Incompleteness theorem)占据了最后的位置，该定理得出的结论是，人类最可靠的知识——逻辑——是不完整的，这让人怀疑知识是否完全可靠。Gödel的观点得到了肯尼斯·阿罗的不可能性定理的进一步支持。然而，Zadeh和本文作者将模糊逻辑中Zadeh的值范围概念推广到容差范围概念。因此，模糊逻辑处理的是在扩大创造物的容忍范围的过程中牺牲精度，以使创造物在不确定的未来的所有可能性中生存和繁荣。在知识中，逻辑的不完全性可以通过容差范围来解决，容差范围覆盖了不完全性部分或忽略了罕见的不可能性，从而使逻辑再次有效。知识一般是从理性得来的。从技术上讲，模糊完备理论分为16种推理方法。16种方法是4种基本推理方法的组合:1)逻辑，2)数学，3)经验验证，4)其他，每种方法都有2种形式:1)模糊和2)精确，两种类型:1)完整和2)不完整。Gödel, Arrow和作者都同意，无论理性方法多么严谨，当理性是精确的时候，理性就不可能是完整的。当一个解被新定义为在解的容差范围内的答案时，模糊逻辑解决了逻辑的不完备性，取代了精确逻辑，成为新的知识基础。有了这个解的定义，模糊逻辑通过充分扩展容限范围来覆盖解的不完整或不可能部分，以使理性完整和知识可靠，但仅在容限范围内。总而言之，即使世界领先的知识分子已经直接证明了逻辑是不完整的，间接地证明了知识是无效的，但现实仍然在顺利地运行，科学甚至已经证明了知识的力量。模糊逻辑解决了最可靠的知识即逻辑和现实世界之间的冲突，它引入了新的容忍范围概念，在这个范围内，现实仍然可以按照知识发现的规律运行。总之，现实是模糊的，而不是精确的。本文的突破性影响主要集中在完备性理论和模糊逻辑方面。在21世纪初，主流知识仍然没有意识到供需模型是不完整的，dna -蛋白质系统更像是基于逻辑的计算机科学，而不是基于实验的科学。当前的计算机是基于精确逻辑的，是为暂时存在而设计的，而生命系统是为永久存在而设计的，必须依靠基于模糊逻辑的容差范围才能在不确定的未来中永久生存。金融危机将由不稳定的投资回报引起，这是供需模型的不完备部分。复杂性危机是由于缺乏对永久性或完全自动化的要求而引起的，这是无限复杂性的最终解决方案。16种推理方法大致对应于文化水平商(CLQ)，它是一个人、一个民族或一个国家的非技术衡量标准。
{"title":"The Fuzzy Completeness Theory","authors":"H. Ching","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V4N1P52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V4N1P52","url":null,"abstract":"The Two Incompleteness Theorems of Kurt Friedrich Gödel and the Impossibility Theorem of Kenneth Arrow claim that logic, the most reliable of human knowledge, is incomplete or can be inconsistent. The Fuzzy Completeness Theory states that the Fuzzy Logic of Lotfi A. Zadeh has resolved the incompleteness and impossibility in logic and made logic complete and knowledge reliable with the new concept of Range of Tolerance, within which logic is still complete and knowledge, valid. In the Age of Reason about 300 years ago just prior to the Age of Science, reasoning is free for all, without the constraint of the laws of nature, which would be discovered in the Age of Science. However, the Scientific Method of reasoning by empirical verification depends so much on faith that it is logically and empirically dismissed by mathematicians and logicians, especially, after the exposure by Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend that a scientific advancement is akin to a religious conversion. On the other hand, mathematicians and logicians have been working steadily to find the limit of reliable knowledge. In the current state of knowledge, Kurt Gödel has the last word with his Two Incompleteness Theorems, which conclude that the most reliable of human knowledge, logic, is incomplete, casting doubt whether knowledge is completely reliable. Gödel’s view is further supported by the Impossibility Theorem of Kenneth Arrow. However, Zadeh and the author of this paper extend Zadeh’s concept of Range of Value in Fuzzy Logic to that of Range of Tolerance. Accordingly, Fuzzy Logic deals with the sacrifice of precision in the process of expanding the Range of Tolerance of a creation in order for the creation to survive and flourish for all the possibility of an uncertain future. In knowledge, incompleteness in logic can be resolved by the Range of Tolerance covering the incomplete part or ignoring the infrequent impossibilities, and, thus, making logic valid, again. Knowledge is derived generally from reason. Technically, the Fuzzy Completeness Theory classifies 16 Methods of Reason. The 16 Methods are the combination of the 4 basic Methods of Reason: 1) Logic, 2) Mathematics, 3) Empirical Verification, and 4) Others, each of which has 2 forms: 1) Fuzzy and 2) Exact and two types: 1) Complete and 2) Incomplete. Gödel, Arrow, and the Author agree that no matter how rigorous is the Method of Reason the reason cannot be complete, when the reason is Exact. When a solution is newly defined as an answer within the Range of Tolerance of the solution, Fuzzy Logic resolves the incompleteness in logic and becomes the new foundation of knowledge, replacing Exact Logic. With this definition of a solution, Fuzzy Logic covers the incomplete or the impossible parts of the solution by expanding sufficiently the Range of Tolerance to make reason complete and knowledge reliable, but only within the Range of Tolerance. To summarize, even though the world’s leading intellectuals have proven, direct","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126082937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evolutionary theory has attracted great interest recently in biology and game theory. What about the humanities and social sciences? Are we to explain human action with new natural science concepts?
{"title":"A Note on Evolution","authors":"J. Lane","doi":"10.22158/JRPH.V4N1P33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/JRPH.V4N1P33","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary theory has attracted great interest recently in biology and game theory. What about the humanities and social sciences? Are we to explain human action with new natural science concepts?","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121823438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Probabilistic language is language used to convey mathematical probabilities in narrative form including terms like “highly likely”, “concerning for”, “suspicious of”, and many others). PL can be used in conformance with standards elucidated in Forensic Epidemiology or misused with intentional imprecision, when not justified, to promote a misdiagnosis of abuse, with dire consequences. The application of actual probability analysis using tested mathematical models, like Bayes Theorem, is essential to an analysis of the actual probability of abuse in a specific case to avoid false accusations of abuse. Consideration of the prior odds of abuse combined with calculations the reliability of nonspecific and/or unreliable criteria or “indicators”, is being disregarded by child abuse pediatricians to justify diagnosing abuse with statements of false certainty that depend on the misuse of probabilistic language. These suppositious statements of false certainty are the sine qua non of accusatory expert opinion. Currently, and unfortunately, false certainty is only detected by scientists and physicians with the requisite advanced knowledge of these issues. When probabilities and evidence based science are studied and applied, deep flaws in the fund of knowledge of child abuse pediatrics have been exposed. On balance, there is an emerging reality that the collective suffering of falsely accused families may dwarf the horrific impacts associated with real abuse. It also exposes iatrogenic abuse as possibly the most common form of prosecuted child abuse in the legal system. A false accusation of child abuse is child abuse. The misuse of probabilistic language to convey false certainty and its ramifications for innocent caregivers is discussed herein and must be prevented.
{"title":"Recognizing the Misuse of Probabilistic Language and False Certainty in False Accusations of Child Abuse","authors":"Steven C. Gabaeff","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v4n1p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v4n1p1","url":null,"abstract":"Probabilistic language is language used to convey mathematical probabilities in narrative form including terms like “highly likely”, “concerning for”, “suspicious of”, and many others). PL can be used in conformance with standards elucidated in Forensic Epidemiology or misused with intentional imprecision, when not justified, to promote a misdiagnosis of abuse, with dire consequences. The application of actual probability analysis using tested mathematical models, like Bayes Theorem, is essential to an analysis of the actual probability of abuse in a specific case to avoid false accusations of abuse. Consideration of the prior odds of abuse combined with calculations the reliability of nonspecific and/or unreliable criteria or “indicators”, is being disregarded by child abuse pediatricians to justify diagnosing abuse with statements of false certainty that depend on the misuse of probabilistic language. These suppositious statements of false certainty are the sine qua non of accusatory expert opinion. Currently, and unfortunately, false certainty is only detected by scientists and physicians with the requisite advanced knowledge of these issues. When probabilities and evidence based science are studied and applied, deep flaws in the fund of knowledge of child abuse pediatrics have been exposed. On balance, there is an emerging reality that the collective suffering of falsely accused families may dwarf the horrific impacts associated with real abuse. It also exposes iatrogenic abuse as possibly the most common form of prosecuted child abuse in the legal system. A false accusation of child abuse is child abuse. The misuse of probabilistic language to convey false certainty and its ramifications for innocent caregivers is discussed herein and must be prevented.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121909926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The circular motion is formed from two halves equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, every thing in our universe being alive or not alive moves according to circular motion, but when our human words are formed as to move the same circular motion with its two equal and opposite halves in original poetry(Eid, 2015), here we are before a very important event.
{"title":"On the Universal Top","authors":"S. Eid","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v3n2p96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v3n2p96","url":null,"abstract":"The circular motion is formed from two halves equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, every thing in our universe being alive or not alive moves according to circular motion, but when our human words are formed as to move the same circular motion with its two equal and opposite halves in original poetry(Eid, 2015), here we are before a very important event.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"28 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117267110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In any scientific field, there is always a possibility, in which a particular theory dominates for many years. In this paper, the theory of magnetic reconnection in solar physics and auroral physics is reviewed as an example. It has prevailed for more than a half century in both fields as the “only one” without a concrete progress in understanding the source of energy for solar flares and auroral activities. This unusual situation is analyzed why and how it occurred. Since such a situation could occur in any scientific field, it may be useful to analyze how this situation happened. Actually, it is pointed out that a study of global warming may also be in a similar situation.
{"title":"Magnetic Reconnection: Phantom Theory","authors":"S. Akasofu","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v3n2p66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v3n2p66","url":null,"abstract":"In any scientific field, there is always a possibility, in which a particular theory dominates for many years. In this paper, the theory of magnetic reconnection in solar physics and auroral physics is reviewed as an example. It has prevailed for more than a half century in both fields as the “only one” without a concrete progress in understanding the source of energy for solar flares and auroral activities. This unusual situation is analyzed why and how it occurred. Since such a situation could occur in any scientific field, it may be useful to analyze how this situation happened. Actually, it is pointed out that a study of global warming may also be in a similar situation.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134599209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper situates the Sub-Saharan African state amidst the conflictual interface between the forces of political (Note 1) and economic globalization (Note 2) that have been ushered in the state milieu by neo-liberalism (Note 3). The paper argues that states are situated in an imperialistic globalization with capitalistic economic extirpation as central concern and social justice as a peripheral one. This categorically explicates the persistence of globalised economies and localized oppressive state apparatuses, ideologies and practices. The paper also contends that the forces of economic globalization have superimposed the cultural mantra in the Sub-Saharan Africa state milieu, rendering it virtually impossible to pursue a Rights Based Approach to Development (RBAD). The apparent assault by this globalization from above (economic globalization), continues almost unabated due to absence of an afro centric globalization from below to mitigate the homogenizing effects of economic globalization. Worse still, the inability of political globalization to check the daunting implications of economic globalization using a human rights antidote and the consequent slumber of the glocalisation dialectic in the African state locale explicate the problematic of Africa in the wake of erosion from above (global pillage) and devolution from below.
{"title":"The African State in a Wake of Neoliberal Globalization: A Cog in a Wheel or a Wheel in a Cog","authors":"Kizito Michael George","doi":"10.22158/jrph.v3n2p32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v3n2p32","url":null,"abstract":"This paper situates the Sub-Saharan African state amidst the conflictual interface between the forces of political (Note 1) and economic globalization (Note 2) that have been ushered in the state milieu by neo-liberalism (Note 3). The paper argues that states are situated in an imperialistic globalization with capitalistic economic extirpation as central concern and social justice as a peripheral one. This categorically explicates the persistence of globalised economies and localized oppressive state apparatuses, ideologies and practices. The paper also contends that the forces of economic globalization have superimposed the cultural mantra in the Sub-Saharan Africa state milieu, rendering it virtually impossible to pursue a Rights Based Approach to Development (RBAD). The apparent assault by this globalization from above (economic globalization), continues almost unabated due to absence of an afro centric globalization from below to mitigate the homogenizing effects of economic globalization. Worse still, the inability of political globalization to check the daunting implications of economic globalization using a human rights antidote and the consequent slumber of the glocalisation dialectic in the African state locale explicate the problematic of Africa in the wake of erosion from above (global pillage) and devolution from below.","PeriodicalId":229607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research in Philosophy and History","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130696246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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