Solar RRL最新文献

Despite competitive efficiency compared to Si solar cells and relevant stability at near room temperatures, the rapid degradation at elevated temperatures remains the critical obstacle for the exploitation of perovskite photovoltaics. In this work, a 4-(pyridin-4-yl)triphenylamine (TPA-Py) with pyridine anchor group was employed for intergrain bulk modification of double-cation CsCH(NH₂)₂PbI₃ perovskite absorbers to enhance thermal stability. Through coordination and dipole–dipole interactions, nitrogen-containing fragments (diphenylamine and pyridine) of TPA-Py passivate uncoordinated cations and improve the phase resilience of perovskite films against segregation. This resulted in a power conversion efficiency of 21.3% with a high open-circuit voltage of 1.14 V. Notable impact of self-assembled monolayer incorporated into the bulk of the perovskite film manifested in a huge improvement of thermal stability at 85°C (ISOS-D-2). TPA-Py modification extended the T80 lifetime to ≈700 h compared to only 200 h for the reference under harsh heating stress in ambient conditions. In-depth analysis using photoinduced voltage transients and admittance spectroscopy after different stress periods revealed the screening of ion migration (0.45 eV) for devices with TPA-Py. This work offers an important understanding of the bulk modification of microcrystalline perovskite absorbers and a guide for robust design of bulk and buried interfaces in highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have achieved certified efficiencies approaching 35%, but further progress is constrained by the fixed silicon bandgap, current-matching instability, and mechanical rigidity. All-perovskite tandem solar cells (APTSCs) provide a promising route to overcome these limitations through tunable bandgaps, compositional flexibility, and low-temperature processing. In particular, triple-junction (3J) APTSCs show the potential to surpass 40% efficiency by stacking wide-, intermediate-, and narrow-bandgap (WBG, IBG, NBG) subcells with complementary spectral utilization. This review summarizes recent advances toward stable and efficient 3J APTSCs, including halide homogenization and additive-assisted crystallization for WBG absorbers, oxidation control and interface passivation for NBG subcells, and key considerations for IBG subcells, particularly the need for thermally stable surface passivation. In addition, we discuss the critical role of optoelectronic modeling at the 3J device level for managing parasitic optical losses and achieving accurate current matching across multilayer stacks. Collectively, these developments underscore the technological potential of all-perovskite 3J tandems as a scalable and sustainable platform for next-generation photovoltaics.

As the perovskite solar cell (PSC) industry moves toward large-scale manufacturing, production processes must enable high-throughput fabrication and simple process integration. The hybrid two-step deposition route has emerged as a promising method for achieving conformal coatings on micron-scale textures, a critical feature for perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaics. In this work, we present a fully sequential route, wherein the inorganic materials CsCl and PbI₂ are deposited separately, allowing for facile industrial implementation as compared to the commonly codeposited inorganic scaffold. Microstructural analysis reveals a change in preferred crystal orientation of the PbI₂ platelets with codeposition resulting in horizontal growth, whereas sequential deposition promotes vertical growth with a secondary tilted orientation. Elemental mapping of the final perovskite absorber shows homogeneous distribution of Cs, formamidinium, and I, while Pb and Cl largely retain their initial scaffold positions. PSCs fabricated via sequential deposition of the inorganic scaffold demonstrate improved process repeatability and reach an efficiency of 20.3%, ranking among the highest reported efficiencies for wide-bandgap hybrid two-step processed PSCs. These findings underscore the potential of fully sequential hybrid deposition as a viable route toward industrial PSC production.

Dopant-free electron-selective contact materials with hydrogen passivation are crucial for electronic extraction applications for crystalline silicon (c-Si) cells. However, research on these materials, particularly transition metal nitrides, is limited. In this work, we investigate a titanium nitride (TiN)/SiO_x stack placed between c-Si and metal electrode, examining how hydrogen passivate affect the interfacial contacts. Three methods were investigated: (1) using Ar/H₂(95%/5%) as the working gas during TiN deposition; (2) pure Ar during TiN deposition followed by postannealing at 250°C for 30 min; and (3) Ar/H₂ during deposition, followed by postannealing. A control group without hydrogenation is also included. The best performance, with a contact resistivity of 1.48 mΩ·cm² and an open-circuit voltage of 674.4 mV, result in a champion power conversion efficiency of 22.4% as the dopant-free electron-selective contact material. This work highlights the sensitivity of transition metal nitrides, such as TiN, to hydrogenation under natural oxidizing conditions and emphasized the critical role of postannealing processes and material compatibility.

Microconcentrator photovoltaics (microCPV) are emerging as a promising solution for powering spacecraft in deep space, where conventional solar arrays are challenged by extremely low-intensity, low-temperature conditions. This work presents the design, development, and characterization of two optical architectures aiming at maximizing specific power (W/kg) beyond Mars orbit: (i) a Fresnel microlens array fabricated with silicone-on-glass (SoG) technology, and (ii) a catadioptric concentrator combining refraction and total internal reflection. Triple-junction (3J) and four-junction (4J) microcells were experimentally tested at cryogenic temperatures down to –175°C and irradiance levels representative of Jupiter and Saturn orbits, confirming that voltage recovery at low temperature partially compensates photocurrent losses, thereby validating the use of sub-mm cells under LILT conditions. Ray-tracing simulations show that the Fresnel architecture achieves higher optical efficiency and lower mass, while the catadioptric system provides greater angular tolerance and alignment robustness. The first Fresnel prototypes were successfully manufactured and characterized, showing optical efficiencies of 83%–85% with excellent uniformity across the lens array. A mini-module assembly composed of 72 4-junction microsolar cells showed an electrical efficiency of 25%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of microCPV modules as a high-specific-power alternative to conventional coverglass interconnected cell (CIC) arrays in deep space missions.

Aiming at the core bottlenecks of severe carrier recombination and disordered migration in quantum dot (QD) photocatalysis, this study proposes a synergistic strategy of “shallow-level defect-mediated carrier temporary storage and heterojunction built-in electric field-directed transport” to boost the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) performance of ZnCdS QDs (ZCS QDs). Employing 20-fold excess sulfur, S²⁻ replaces organic ligands to establish surface shallow-level defects (0.26 eV from the conduction band bottom), whose weak electron binding enables temporary carrier storage and suppresses nonradiative recombination. Leveraging these these S²⁻ sites, a 20% coverage ZnS partial shell is grown in situ to form a ZCS@ZnS heterojunction. The bandgap difference (ZCS: 2.56 eV; ZnS: 3.6 eV) induces a built-in electric field, disrupting isotropic carrier migration and driving shallow-level-stored electrons to ZnS surface active sites for H₂ evolution. The optimized Zn_0.3Cd_0.7S/20%ZnS (SR) exhibits a PHE rate of 51.65 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ (25 times higher than pristine Zn_0.3Cd_0.7S) with approximately 80% retention after 5 cycles. This work addresses the “storage-directed migration” tradeoff of carriers via defect level regulation and interface electric field design, providing a universal approach to optimize the photocatalytic performance of chalcogenide semiconductor QDs.

Triple-cation perovskites have attracted significant attention as promising photovoltaic materials due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the resulting solar cells remain limited by issues such as crystal defects and poor film uniformity. In this study, we introduce urea as a multifunctional additive to fabricate triple-cation perovskite solar cells with a bandgap of 1.61 eV. Incorporating urea into the precursor solution enhances coordination between its amino and carbonyl groups and the perovskite components, effectively slowing the crystallization kinetics during vacuum-assisted deposition. Consequently, the films exhibit significantly improved crystal orientation and enlarged grain size. Urea also serves as an effective passivator, mitigating various defects within the perovskite lattice due to its small molecular structure and active functional groups. This dual function yields an optimized perovskite solar cell with a champion PCE of 19.61%, demonstrating the strategy's efficacy in enhancing both film quality and device performance.

The commercialization of formamidinium-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs), despite their certified power conversion efficiencies exceeding 27%, is significantly hindered by their intrinsic phase instability under ambient conditions, particularly in high humidity. Developing fabrication protocols that can directly produce high-performance devices in air is therefore a critical research objective. Current strategies often struggle to simultaneously control crystallization kinetics and prevent environmental degradation during processing. In this work, we address this challenge through a synergistic materials and processing approach. We incorporate the hydrophobic ionic liquid BMIMPF₆ into the perovskite precursor and employ laser shock annealing to enable fabrication in high-humidity air (~70% RH). The BMIMPF₆ additive functions by modifying crystallization kinetics and passivating defects during the film formation. The subsequent laser shock annealing induces rapid microstructural densification. This combined processing results in a pinhole-free morphology with improved crystalline order and embedded ionic liquid molecules within the lattice. As a result, the champion devices (with PEAI) fabricated entirely in ambient air achieved a power conversion efficiency of 23.50% with negligible hysteresis and exhibited exceptional stability, maintaining 100% of their initial efficiency throughout 700 h of continuous operation, thereby validating the robustness of this approach for ambient-air production of high-performance PSCs.

As perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are approaching commercial mass production, the development of environmentally sustainable manufacturing processes is becoming a priority. Herein, we report the design and fabrication of inverted (p–i–n) PSCs utilizing a fully low-toxicity solvent system. We successfully replaced conventional toxic solvents, such as N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dichlorobenzene (DCB), with safer alternatives for all functional layers. The perovskite precursor was formulated by replacing the conventional DMF with a binary solvent system utilizing 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) as a key cosolvent. Through process optimization and analyses, it was confirmed that adjusting the DMI:dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ratio to 50:50 effectively suppressed pinhole formation and enabled the formation of a perovskite film with high uniformity and crystallinity. Furthermore, the use of anisole in the electron transport layer deposition has proven to be a suitable alternative to the DCB, enabling the suppression of nonradiative recombination losses while maintaining efficient charge extraction. The resulting device, processed with low-toxicity solvents, achieved a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.17% with long-term stability, retaining over 88.7% of its initial PCE after 580 h. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of a low-toxicity solvent-based approach and suggest an environmentally sustainable route toward the commercialization of high-performance PSCs.

Characterization of perovskite–silicon (Pero/Si) tandem solar cells in an industrial environment is hampered by several challenges. First, the monolithic series connection of the two subcells and the fact that the entire stack shares only two electrical terminals make it impossible to probe each subcell independently. Second, the perovskite absorber's metastability—most notably ion migration—introduces additional, often slow, time-dependent effects. Together with the industry's requirement for high throughput, these factors complicate accurate, high-speed characterization. In this work we propose a concept to acquire I–V data for tandem solar cells from light-emitting diode (LED)-based solar simulators, where we acquire an approximation of the external quantum efficiency from LED-based measurements before conducting an I–V measurement with an adjusted LED illumination spectrum. We present results on a reference III/V and different Pero/Si solar cells. We model ion migration in perovskite subcells, which allows for assessing preconditioning and transient effects in I–V cell measurements. We recommend a short preconditioning under light to stabilize the scan time dependence and show the potential for transfer between industrial and lab conditions. Finally, we showcase concepts of camera-based luminescence measurements for inline analysis. Specifically, we show a line-scan photoluminescence approach, a fast electroluminescence (EL) imaging approach based on parallel data acquisition with two cameras, and an EL concept based on the application of one RGB camera.