Solar RRL最新文献

Sequential deposition has emerged as an effective strategy to modulate the morphology of the active layer and enhance the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, conventional sequential methods often employ nonorthogonal solvents for the upper layer, leading to excessive donor–acceptor interpenetration, which compromises the mechanical properties and limits the flexibility of the active layers. Herein, we report a small-molecule/polymer blend acceptor strategy to construct a well-controlled P-i-N device architecture using orthogonal solvents to optimize the PCE and mechanical robustness simultaneously. The P-i-N devices exhibit a strong dependence on the upper-layer processing solvent, achieving a remarkable PCE of 18.67% and a crack-onset strain of 15.48%. In situ morphological and device analyses demonstrate that the enhanced crystallinity, more face-on orientation, and purer phases introduced by N2200 are beneficial for improving charge transport and decreasing bimolecular recombination in OSCs. Furthermore, the incorporation of polymer N2200 results in stable blend film nanostructures, thus improving the mechanical properties of the devices. These structural optimizations collectively suppress bimolecular recombination while enhancing both photovoltaic efficiency and mechanical robustness. This work provides a viable pathway toward high-performance and flexible OSCs for practical applications.

Vacuum-assisted crystallization is a promising strategy for large-area perovskite film formation, but the role of solvent environment in intermediate phase evolution under vacuum-assisted crystallization remains underexplored. In this work, two common mixed solvent systems—NMP/DMF and DMSO/DMF were systematically compared, aiming at investigating how their coordination characteristics affect film formation outcomes during vacuum-assisted crystallization. NMP/DMF results in a distinct intermediate phase and ultimately leads to perovskite films with uniform grains, smooth surface, lower defect densities, and enhanced optoelectronic properties compared to those obtained using DMSO/DMF. The optimized perovskite photovoltaic modules achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 19.14% (active area: 96.5 cm²). This study highlights the strong correlation between solvent coordination and crystallization behavior, providing useful insights for scalable production of high-performance perovskite modules via vacuum-assisted crystallization.

Single-atom catalysts, which feature atomically dispersed active sites that significantly enhance catalytic efficiency, still face persistent challenges in synthesis and stability. This study aims to develop efficient and stable highly dispersed materials as a promising alternative. Here, a new carbon nitride (UO) material with structure close to C₆N₇, where heptazine rings are connected via C–C bonds, was employed as a support. This material was further coupled with narrow-bandgap magnetic Fe₃O₄ to form an intimate contact interface, which promotes carrier separation and catalytic activity. Meanwhile, the extended conjugation in UO also facilitates broad spectral absorption and electron transport. In the visible-light-driven oxidation of benzylamine, the 4.8% Fe₃O₄/UO catalyst shows optimal performance, achieving a conversion rate of 97.6% within 6 h. This outstanding performance can be primarily attributed to the synergistic effects of high dispersion, efficient charge separation, and broad spectral response. Free radical trapping experiments and electron spin resonance spectroscopy confirmed that the primary active species are holes (h⁺) and superoxide radicals (•O₂⁻). This work provides a feasible strategy for constructing low-cost, easily synthesized, and stable highly dispersed catalysts, while also offering valuable insights for the design of efficient photocatalytic systems for benzylamine coupling reactions.

This paper investigates the design and performance of an air-based building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) system for sloped roof applications using colored PV modules. Two colors (terracotta and gray) are evaluated through experimental testing under controlled laboratory conditions to assess the impact of surface color on system behavior. Mechanical ventilation effectively reduced PV temperature by up to 13°C (1.49 m/s channel air velocity), with terracotta modules exhibiting slightly higher temperatures mainly due to color reflectance differences. Thermal efficiencies ranged between 13.9–28.6% for the terracotta and 12.5–27.3% for the gray prototype. While the proposed system achieved thermal efficiencies comparable to those reported in previous studies, commonly used convective heat transfer correlations failed to capture the behavior of the system accurately. A new empirical correlation tailored to the examined setup is introduced. This work contributes to the advancement of knowledge on colored BIPV/T systems by demonstrating that colored PV modules integrated into mechanically ventilated roof assemblies can support significant heat recovery while providing architectural design flexibility. By enabling both electricity generation and thermal recovery, colored BIPV/T systems enhance the energy efficiency and perceived economic value of solar-integrated building envelopes, supporting sustainable building design and low-carbon construction practices.

The convergence of renewable energy technologies, environmental sustainability, and circular economy principles presents a strategic approach to addressing today's pressing ecological challenges. In this context, a novel ternary photocatalyst composite, CZN@XmM comprising CdS nanorods, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), and Ni(OH)₂ was synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The stepwise fabrication involved the formation of CdS nanorods, growth of ZIF-8 to form a CdS/ZIF-8 hybrid, and integration of Ni(OH)₂ to complete the CdS/ZIF-8/Ni(OH)₂ (CZN@XmM) composite. This heterostructure is believed to be a S-scheme photocatalyst, exhibited superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance under simulated solar light. Among the CZN@XmM photocatalyst composite variants, CZN@25 mM showed the highest hydrogen evolution rate of 5.6 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, approximately six times greater than pristine CdS and an apparent quantum yield of 7.45%. Furthermore, photoelectrochemical analysis confirmed an efficient charge transfer mechanism between CdS and Ni(OH)₂, offering valuable insight into the composite's enhanced photocatalytic activity. This article presents a promising approach for engineering high-performance heterostructure photocatalysts and makes a significant contribution to the advancement of sustainable, solar-driven hydrogen production technologies.

Since the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for deep water, device stability has become critical. Although solar cells based on all-inorganic perovskite are a kind of device with wide application prospects due to the adjustable bandgap of the optical absorption layer material. At present, compared with organic–inorganic hybrid PSCs, there are still more unsolved problems. In this work, we introduce an organosilica nanodot (OSiND) with good electron transport ability as a complement to SnO₂. By mixing SnO₂ nanocrystals with smaller OSiNDs, a sandstone mixed structure is formed, which promotes carrier extraction and improves the crystal quality of the perovskite layer. Devices with better performance and significantly improved stability are obtained. Through the study on hybrid perovskite and the observation of device aging results under different conditions, it is proven that OSiNDs are of great significance to obtain better quality perovskite.

The stability and efficiency of inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remain limited owing to the presence of interfacial and bulk-related defects. To address this issue, a multifunctional defect-passivating interlayer can be introduced. In this study, 1,1′-bis(3-sulfonatopropyl)-viologen (BSP-Vi) was synthesized for depositing a multifunctional interlayer between a TiO₂ electron transport layer (ETL) and CsPbI₃ perovskite absorber. The sulfonate group in BSP-Vi effectively interacts with both oxygen vacancies on the TiO₂ surface and undercoordinated Pb²⁺ species in the perovskite, leading to substantial defect passivation in both the ETL and perovskite absorber. BSP-Vi induces a favorable shift in interfacial energy levels and facilitates the formation of a perovskite film with improved crystallinity and reduced defect density. Consequently, the optimized PSC incorporating 0.2 wt% BSP-Vi achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.93%, representing a marked increase from that of the control (PCE = 16.08%). The maximum power point tracking test demonstrates that the PSC with BSP-Vi-treated interlayer maintained 95% of the initial performance after 160 h of continuous operation. This study highlights the potential of introducing sulfonate-group-based materials at the ETL/perovskite interface as a promising route to simultaneously passivate defects in and enhance the efficiency and stability of inorganic perovskite photovoltaic devices.

The pursuit of efficient and environmentally sustainable photovoltaic technologies has intensified interest in lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This study presents a comprehensive theoretical study on a novel heterojunction device architecture integrating two active, nontoxic absorber layers: methylammonium tin iodide (MASnI₃) and antimony trisulfide (Sb₂S₃). Using the SCAPS-1D simulator under AM1.5G illumination, we systematically investigate the impact of critical device parameters, including layer thickness, doping concentrations, defect densities, and series resistance, on the device's optoelectronic performance. The optimized architecture, FTO/TiO₂/MASnI₃/Sb₂S₃/Spiro-OMeTAD/back-electrode, achieves a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 30.84%, with a photocurrent density (J_SC) of 29.08 mA/cm², an open-circuit voltage (V_OC) of 1.22 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 87.15%. The inclusion of a 200 nm Sb₂S₃ layer not only broadens the absorption spectrum, especially in the longer wavelength region, but also enhances charge extraction through favorable band alignment. Additionally, the role of different low-cost hole transport layers was assessed (MoS₂, Cu₂O_x, NiO_x, and MoO_x), outperforming the conventional materials like Spiro-OMeTAD in terms of PCE and FF. Our results demonstrate that precise control of absorber's thickness, suppression of interfacial defects, and reduction of series resistance are key elements to achieving high-efficiency lead-free PSCs. Further analysis reveals that reducing interfacial defects and series resistance is crucial for maximizing efficiency while maintaining low defect density in the absorber layer is vital for device reliability.

The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) provides historical time series of global horizontal, beam normal, and diffuse horizontal irradiance in Europe, Africa, South America, and the Asia-Oceania region trough the CAMS Radiation Service (CRS). The CRS was widely validated and is routinely monitored on the basis of a large number of ground observation stations. Nevertheless, existing studies all derive average validation metrics, which can only be seen as typical, aggregated results. Users get no information about the uncertainty of the estimate at individual data points. This study systematically scans through a large database of deviations between the CRS irradiance estimates and ground-based irradiance observations. A look-up-table that describes the uncertainty of the CRS deviations is obtained by conditioning the cumulative distribution function of the deviations to the CRS model inputs. Parametric and nonparametric probabilistic representations of this uncertainty model are investigated. This model provides a probabilistic deviation for each value of the CRS estimate time series and at each geographical location. The uncertainty model shows very good calibration and sharpness metrics in all sky conditions as well as an average Continuous Ranked Probability Score of 50 W/m$��{}^2�$. Additionally, its very strong robustness against the selection of training stations is shown.

The increasing use of plug and play photovoltaic systems has raised concerns about their safety, especially with nonprofessional installations, which existing standards only partially address. This study proposes a black box testing approach to assess the personal safety of plug and play inverters. A total of 25 microinverters are assessed using three tests: (1) analyzing the residual voltage at the mains plug after disconnection, (2) the feed-in current increase under low grid voltage conditions, and (3) the maximum touch temperature during operation. Residual voltage testing reveals that 56% of the inverters comply with the limit of the latest official German plug and play system standard draft and behave similarly to other tested electrical devices. Further investigation is required to determine if exceeding this limit presents a direct safety risk. However, adding a relay was identified as an effective measure to ensure compliance. Under low voltage conditions, current increases up to 26.3% were measured, potentially stressing nondedicated circuits. In the temperature test, a positive correlation between the inverters power density and the touch temperature was found. The findings of this analysis provide insights for future standardization efforts and offer guidance to manufacturers in improving the safety of these PV systems.