Solar RRL最新文献

Solar interfacial evaporation offers a sustainable method to extract fresh water from seawater, but is often constrained by salt accumulation. A 3D-printed hemispherical solar evaporator with integrated open capillary grooves on its surface is introduced to enhance water transport and evaporation. This design creates a vertically nonuniform liquid film, initiating Marangoni flow to facilitate continuous desalination. The evaporator achieves high evaporation rates of 2.768 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ for pure water and 2.646 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ for 25 wt% saline water upon one-sun solar irradiation. This high performance is attributed to the microporous structure of the capillaries, which supports cluster-based water evaporation and benefits from the lower evaporation enthalpy of seawater. After 15 h of operation, the hemispherical capillary design promotes localized salt crystallization at low concentrations and forms a thin salt film at higher concentrations, surprisingly increasing the evaporation rate. Moreover, the structure effectively removes pollutants, including heavy metals and organic contaminants from wastewater and seawater. This new evaporator could significantly impact wastewater treatment, desalination, and other evaporative applications.

Thermal stress significantly impacts the durability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), as evidenced by severe degradation observed at 85 °C in this study. This degradation is attributed to gold migration through the soft 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-4-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) hole transport layer (HTL) into the perovskite layer, driven by gold's low formation energy and diffusion barrier. To mitigate this issue, several vacuum-evaporable hard transition metal oxides as charge extraction interlayers between the gold electrode and the HTL to suppress gold migration are investigated. PSCs incorporating MoO₃, V₂O₅, MoO₂, and ReO₃ interlayers achieve a power conversion efficiency of ≈20%, comparable to PSCs without interlayers. Notably, these interlayer-equipped PSCs exhibit enhanced thermal durability at 85 °C by effectively suppressing gold migration into the perovskite layer under elevated temperatures, with the MoO₂ interlayer also improving durability at 25 °C. These findings offer a promising strategy for fabricating thermally durable PSCs, contributing to the future commercialization of photovoltaic technology.

Herein, unsubstituted poly-para-xylylene (parylene-N) film as an encapsulation material for MAPbI₃ perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is assessed. Unlike more commonly used parylene-C, parylene-N is cheaper and does not contain Cl which makes it a promising encapsulant for perovskite materials. Being deposited by room temperature chemical vapor deposition in a vacuum, 2 mm-thick parylene film stabilizes MAPbI₃-based solar cells and inhibits the degradation even under stress test conditions (85 °C in the air). Moreover, the solar cells, encapsulated with the parylene-N film and cover glass, show stable characteristics for over 3800 h in a dark ambient atmosphere, retaining 92% of their initial power conversion efficiency. Such results demonstrate the potential of unsubstituted parylene for PSC stabilization, paving the way for novel and highly stable PSCs.

Perovskite Solar Cells

A novel dibenzofuran-terminated spiro-type hole transport material with extending π-conjugation is designed and developed. The developed spiro-BNF has improved hole mobility and glass transition temperature than spiro-OMeTAD, which also form superior morphology on the perovskite layer. The perovskite solar cells employing spiro-BNF display a power conversion efficiency of 23.65% with greatly enhanced stability. More in article number 2400700, Xuepeng Liu, Songyuan Dai, and co-workers.

In order to attain high performance in single-component organic solar cells (SCOSCs), it requires the designing of light-harvesting structures that can absorb light across a wide range from visible to near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. In this investigation, two novel dyad materials, denoted as SPS-BF-Full and SPS-BT-Full are designed and synthesized, consisting of covalently linked benzofuran (BF) and benzothiophene (BT) functionalized thiophene–diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP) as donor and N-methyl fullero[60]pyrrolidine as the acceptor, respectively. The incorporation of a phenyl bridge between TDPP and fullero[60]pyrrolidine enhances light absorption in SPS-BF-Full and SPS-BT-Full, resulting to a high short-circuit density (J_SC). Consequently, the SCOSCs utilizing SPS-BT-Full and SPS-BF-Full attained overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.28 and 7.35%, respectively. The high photovoltaic performance of OSCs utilizing SPS-BF-Full is mainly attributed to its higher external quantum efficiency and balanced hole and electron mobility (μ_e/μ_h = 1.39), along with imporved charge carrier extraction, revealing more effective charge transport in comparison to SPS-BT-Full counterparts.

The defect is of great importance for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). During device aging, the already well-passivated perovskite can still generate new defects. Traditional passivating approaches are unable to well passivate these newly generated defects, thus affecting device performance. Herein, a thermal-triggered sustainable defect passivation strategy is proposed by employing a heat-induced molten passivator of perfluorobutylsulphonamide (PBSA). PBSA will change to liquid after heat treatment, flowing to the generation sites of new defects and passivate them, thus inducing degraded efficiency recover and enhancing device stability. Resulting PSCs with PBSA exhibit high efficiency of 24.34% with good stability, retaining >90% of initial efficiency after ultraviolet aging for 500 h.

Spectral data collected every minute at the test station in Grimstad, Norway, are used to investigate the impact of spectral variation on tandem cells. The results are displayed as efficiency maps which are compared to equivalent maps for the air mass 1.5 global (AM1.5G) reference spectrum. Most of the maps are calculated for ideal cells and will thus serve as benchmarks for what can possibly be achieved under real conditions, but the impact of non-radiative recombination is also included. It is found that there is generally good agreement between the efficiency under the AM1.5G spectrum and the efficiency found using the collected spectra. The main difference is that a slight blueshift in the real spectra favors larger bandgaps. Seasonal efficiency maps and maps for different types of conditions are also presented. The largest deviation from the reference spectrum is found for the three darkest months of the year. Optimizing the bandgaps for this period may increase seasonal production by several percent, albeit with a significant accompanying reduction in annual production. For June, the sunniest month, as well as for cloudy and lowlight conditions, it is found that the optimal bandgaps are slightly larger than those found for the AM1.5G.

The fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in the ambient environment offers considerable promise for practical applications, yet it also poses considerable challenges. Water is known to cause structural deterioration, which has a negative effect on the stability and efficiency of perovskite-based devices. The presence of defects is believed to provide pathways for water infiltration into the perovskite. Therefore, one important strategy for avoiding perovskite hydration is the passivation of perovskite defects. Herein, a simple antisolvent additive engineering approach is employed. By adding the additive with functional groups of CO, NH₂, and CF₃ to the antisolvent ethyl acetate, the defects in the perovskite thin film are successfully reduced and significantly mitigated the possibility of H₂O infiltrating the perovskite lattice through the defects. Additionally, the addition of methyl 2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate results in a p-type self-doping effect at the interface of the perovskite film, thereby improving hole extraction and transport. The power conversion efficiency of hole-transport layer-free carbon-based PSCs fabricated in ambient air conditions is 19.17% (0.04 cm²) and 17.78% (1 cm²), respectively. Moreover, the optimized unencapsulated devices retain 90.6% of their original efficiency after being kept for 1200 h in conditions of 70% relative humidity.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant attention due to their tunable bandgap, superior charge carrier properties, and easy fabrication processes, making them highly efficient energy conversion devices. Despite these advantages, nonradiative recombination due to defects in the perovskite layer continues to limit performance. This study addresses this issue by introducing 1-CarboxyMethyl-3-MethylImidazolium chloride (ImAcCl) into precursor solution to enhance film quality and suppress defect-induced recombination. The carboxylate groups (CO) and hydrogen donors (NH) in ImAcCl form coordination and hydrogen bonds, helping to reduce defect density of the perovskite film. Additive ImAcCl improves crystallinity, reduces surface roughness, and enhances charge carrier transport, leading to higher photovoltaic performance. With the ImAcCl additive, the power conversion efficiency and short-circuit current of PSCs significantly improve by 23.92% and 25.35 mA cm⁻², with a notable reduction in nonradiative recombination losses. This study highlights the significant potential of ImAcCl as an effective additive for defect passivation in PSCs, offering a promising pathway toward further efficiency improvements in next-generation solar cells.

The impact of dynamic sputtering geometry on the properties of ZnO: Ga (GZO) thin film nanomaterials is investigated by systematically varying Ar flow rates and substrate positions during the film growth. The structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of GZO layers, deposited from a ZnO: Ga (5.7 wt%) ceramic-type sputtering target, are comprehensively evaluated to reveal the relationship between the sputtering geometry and material properties. The obtained electrical properties, comparatively high carrier mobility 11.3 × 10¹ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and the lowest resistivity 1.13 × 10⁻³ Ω-cm, together with a moderately high optoelectric figure of merit with the films prepared using around 6 sccm Ar-flow rate (corresponding to around 4.92 mTorr Ar partial pressure) reveal distinct correlations between the sputtering conditions and thin film properties, providing insights into the optimization of sputtering parameters for tailored material synthesis required for advanced and emerging applications. The GZO thin film (prepared with the optimal setting of 6 sccm Ar flow rate) exhibits remarkable optoelectronic capabilities as a transport layer in solar cells, reaching peak efficiencies of 26.34% for CIGS, 14.142% for CdTe, and 24.289% for Cs₂AgBiBr₆ perovskite in SCAPS-1D simulated models. This study advances sputtering techniques for precise engineering of functional nanomaterials with enhanced performance and versatility, contributing to material synthesis optimization for emerging applications.