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Objective: The relationship between the in vitro detected virulence factors biofilm and capsule formation of Streptococcus (S.) uberis isolates of clinical mastitis in dairy cows and the bacteriological cure rate after antibiotic therapy was investigated in order to better understand the importance of these virulence factors for the bacteriological cure rate.

Material and methods: A total of 111 clinical mastitis (CM) cases were collected, in which S. uberis was bacteriologically detected. All mastitis cases were treated in accordance with the approval conditions of the antibiotic udder tubes used. Individual cow information including age, number of lactations, current lactation mastitis and antimicrobial treatment received was recorded. The microtiter plate test was used to detect biofilm formation and Anthony capsule staining was used to detect capsular capacity. Statistical analyses were performed to characterize the correlation between in vitro virulence factors and bacteriological cure (BC) rate.

Results: 30.5% (n=29) of the S. uberis isolates of bacteriologically cured cases and 34.5% (n=10) of the isolates of bacteriologically non-cured mastitis cases were found to have the ability to produce capsules in vitro. 70.7% (n=58) of the S. uberis isolates from bacteriologically cured mastitis cases had the ability to produce biofilm in vitro, whereas 58.6% (n=17) of the isolates of non-cured mastitis cases showed ability in producing biofilm. No correlation was found between the in vitro ability of S. uberis to form capsules and biofilms and the BC rate after antibiotic treatment of bovine mastitis.

Conclusion(s): The present work has shown that the investigated in vitro virulence factors are not associated with the BC after antibiotic therapy. Further studies on the role of S. uberis virulence factors are needed to complete the missing knowledge on the difficulties in curing S. uberis mastitis.

Clinical relevance: This study is of great clinical relevance since it enhances the understanding of the occurrence of BC in S. uberis mastitis cases. The investigated virulence factors are often addressed as possible reasons for therapy failure, although respective scientific studies are missing.

A 9.4 mg deslorelin slow-release implant was inserted into an adult, healthy billy goat to achieve temporary infertility and a reduction in sexual behavior. The implant was inserted in late autumn. No significant change in testis size was observed over the following 6 weeks. The endocrine function of the testis, which was examined by stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin, was also unchanged after 6 weeks compared to the initial examination. Histological examination revealed a preserved spermatogenesis.In conclusion, the application of a GnRH analogue implant in the adult male goat has no influence on the investigated parameters - and thus probably also on its fertility.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in lameness prevalence among Austrian dairy farms for both lactating and dry cows as assessed by locomotion scoring (LCS 1-5) by an expert and a student who had received brief training in locomotion scoring and by farmers' estimates and by farmers' lameness assessments.

Materials and methods: In total, 632 cows from 11 farms were evaluated, including 553 lactating and 79 dry cows. Lameness prevalence was calculated for all farms collectively as well as for individual farms. The ratio of lameness prevalence determined by the student/expert (Student's Assessment Index: SAI), the ratio between farmers' assessments/expert assessments (Farmers' Assessment Index: FAI) and the ratio between farmers' estimates/expert assessments (Farmers' Detection Index: FDI) were calculated.

Results: For the expert, the mean lameness prevalence (LCS≥2) among all 632 cows was 63.1%, while for the student it was 60.2%, and the farmers' assessment was 37.3%, resulting in a mean difference of 25.8% between the expert and the farmers. In cows with LCS 2, the SAI was 99.6%, in cows with LCS 3, it was 84.4%, and in cows with LCS≥4, it was 88.6%. The mean FDI and FAI for all cows on the 11 farms were 35.1% and 58.2%, respectively, with wide variation across farms (6.8-79.1% and 17.8-94.7%, respectively). Overall, lactating and dry cows exhibited a high mean lameness prevalence (63.9% vs. 59.6%), which differed by only 4.3%.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Farmers should actively assess their cattle for lameness on a regular basis. Moreover, they should be trained to identify lame cows (lactating and dry cows), especially those showing mild lameness (LCS 2). Since the recently trained student achieved similar high recognition rates as the expert, it is assumed that a training in locomotion scoring can contribute to higher recognition rates.

Various systems are available for birth monitoring in horses, whereby a distinction must be made between methods for more accurate prediction of the date of birth in order to intensify monitoring of the mare in a timely manner as well as methods for detecting individuals that are in labor. Basically, it should be noted that there are almost no studies that compare different methods on the same population of mares. As the time of birth approaches, physiological parameters of mare and fetus change, but their variability is too high to predict the exact parturition time point prospectively. The best method currently available is the detection of a decrease in the pH value and an increase in the calcium concentration of the udder secretions.Continuous camera monitoring is currently the method of choice for the detection of the start of the parturition process. However, the downside of this method is that the recordings have to be evaluated by a human.Recent developments based on the use of artificial intelligence could provide significant improvement. Before these methods are ready for practical use, the combination of camera monitoring and a sensor that is sewn into the vulva and activated during the opening phase of parturition is the safest method.

Subject and aims: The Swiss Claw Health Project (SCHP) started on 1 January 2019 and will last a total of 8 years. The main goals of the SCHP are (a) digital recording of claw health data of cattle in Switzerland by 100 professional claw trimmers, (b) development of claw health programs, (c) improvement of cattle claw health in Switzerland, (d) development of breeding values for claw health and (e) reduction of antibiotic use to control claw health problems.

Material and methods: Data was collected digitally by 45 hoof trimmers who had previously successfully completed the training program for diagnosis and digital documentation in accordance with the ICAR Claw Health Atlas. The national animal health database was further developed for data storage. Livestock farms with unfavorable claw health were offered an on farm analysis with subsequent annual support visits.

Results: A total of 1155 cattle owners joined the project by the end of the 5^th project year. The claw health data of 149753 claw trimmings at cow-level was recorded, and 176 individual visits and analyses of farms with claw health issues were carried out. A health program for mechanical and metabolism-related claw disorders was developed and successfully established. Biosecurity measures during claw trimming were analyzed, and a brochure with recommendations for claw trimmers was developed. Risk factors for the occurrence of digital dermatitis in dairy herds were identified. The prevalence of alarm lesions (painful lesions) decreased significantly and continuously in the participating farms over the project years 2 to 4.

Conclusions: The scientific project support proved to be extremely useful, as the progress of the project was continuously monitored, and new issues could be addressed promptly. Digitally recorded findings during herd hoof trimming are essential for monitoring and improving claw health.

Clinical relevance: This description and critical assessment of the SKGP procedure can be used by other consortia planning a similar project.

The present report aims to describe the case of a duodenal obstruction ileus in a dairy cow that was caused by a cage magnet. The 4.7-year-old German Fleckvieh cow was hospitalized because of symptoms of intestinal obstruction such as anorexia, noticeable drop in milk yield, reduced defecation, dehydration and positive percussion and swinging auscultation in a circumscribed area cranial of the right flank over the last 2 ribs. Six months as well as 3 days prior to hospitalization the cow had already been treated for signs of hardware disease, which included administration of a cage magnet.After the initial clinical diagnostic procedure on hospital admission, a diagnostic laparotomy in the right paralumbar fossa was performed to identify the cause of the ileus. The cranial part of the duodenum was markedly dilated, and a solid foreign body was found obstructing the intestine immediately aboral to the duodenal sigmoid flexure. This was identified as a cage magnet, which was massaged in retrograde direction into the pyloric antrum and removed via abomasotomy. The cow recovered from surgical intervention and was discharged from the hospital 6 days later.The present report describes an unusual complication of cage magnet administration, which is a standard veterinary procedure and generally considered a safe treatment option in cows with clinical signs of acute traumatic reticuloperitonitis.

A dynamic tracheal collapse caused by multiple rib fractures in a neonatal wagyu calf was diagnosed by radiography, endoscopy and computed tomography. Conservative treatment, consisting of the medical treatment of respiratory inflammation and the reduction of environmental and social stress was initiated. The respiratory signs improved significantly, and the calf was discharged. The condition deteriorated after several weeks without treatment, most likely due to of excessive callus formation of the fractured ribs causing increased reduction in tracheal diameter.

In horses, parturition is characterized by the fact that any delays may rapidly result in the death of the foal. Therefore, birth monitoring and the rapid detection of dystocia are of great importance. For this purpose, the differentiation between behavior associated with physiological parturition and activities related to difficult parturition is important. The aim of this publication is to present the physiological behavior of mares during parturition on the basis of a literature review. The behavior of mares in the opening phase of parturition is highly individual. In general, it is characterized by an increase in movement activity. In this phase of parturition, 13 different behaviors have been described (e. g. lying down and standing up, cessation of feed intake, local sweating, frequent defecation and urination). Mares show a more uniform pattern of behavior in the expulsion phase and the following phase of expulsion of the fetal membranes and placenta. More than 95% of mares give birth in the lateral position. A mare usually remains in recumbency for several minutes following the expulsion of the fetus. Immediately after standing up, the mare begins to intensely interact with the foal. The expulsion of the fetal membranes and the placenta usually takes place in a standing position. From a clinical point of view, it is important to give consideration to the difficulty in recognizing the opening phase of parturition due to the mares' individual behavior patterns.