HighlightsA handheld device was developed for automatic on-site measurement of fruit firmness.The prototype device achieved better performance than a typical commercial penetrometer.Two commonly used firmness-related parameters could be predicted based on the prototype readings.The distribution and changes of firmness could be visualized based on 3D models of the prototype readings.Abstract. Firmness is an important indicator of fruit quality. The devices for on-site fruit firmness measurement need to be portable, low-cost, lightweight, reliable, and flexible. Existing portable devices can provide firmness-related parameters, but their measurement results cannot be converted to each other. Their measurement results are also susceptible to operator error due to the manual measurement process. To solve this problem, a prototype handheld device was developed based on sensing fruit resistance to achieve automatic on-site firmness measurement of fruit with edible peel and provide commonly used firmness-related parameters. The prototype’s precision was verified by analyzing the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurement results with four Shore hardness blocks. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the results obtained by the same operator were less than 0.61%, and there was no significant difference among the results obtained by different operators (p < 0.05), which indicated that the prototype could provide reliable measurement results. A case study of peaches was performed, and the results showed that (1) the prototype had better performance than a commercial penetrometer, (2) two commonly used firmness-related parameters could be predicted based on regression models between a texture analyzer and the prototype readings (R2P = 0.908 and RMSEP = 4.191 N for maximum force; R2P = 0.923 and RMSEP = 1.613 N mm-1 for initial slope), (3) changes in the prototype readings for peaches during growth corresponded with the growth characteristics, and (4) the distribution and changes of peach firmness over time could be visualized based on 3D models of the prototype readings. Keywords: Automatic, Fruit firmness, Handheld device, High precision, Peach.
{"title":"An Automatic Handheld Device for Firmness Measurement of Fruit with Edible Peel Based on Resistance Sensing: A Case Study of Peaches","authors":"Dachen Wang, Zhe Feng, Di Cui","doi":"10.13031/trans.14656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14656","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsA handheld device was developed for automatic on-site measurement of fruit firmness.The prototype device achieved better performance than a typical commercial penetrometer.Two commonly used firmness-related parameters could be predicted based on the prototype readings.The distribution and changes of firmness could be visualized based on 3D models of the prototype readings.Abstract. Firmness is an important indicator of fruit quality. The devices for on-site fruit firmness measurement need to be portable, low-cost, lightweight, reliable, and flexible. Existing portable devices can provide firmness-related parameters, but their measurement results cannot be converted to each other. Their measurement results are also susceptible to operator error due to the manual measurement process. To solve this problem, a prototype handheld device was developed based on sensing fruit resistance to achieve automatic on-site firmness measurement of fruit with edible peel and provide commonly used firmness-related parameters. The prototype’s precision was verified by analyzing the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurement results with four Shore hardness blocks. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the results obtained by the same operator were less than 0.61%, and there was no significant difference among the results obtained by different operators (p < 0.05), which indicated that the prototype could provide reliable measurement results. A case study of peaches was performed, and the results showed that (1) the prototype had better performance than a commercial penetrometer, (2) two commonly used firmness-related parameters could be predicted based on regression models between a texture analyzer and the prototype readings (R2P = 0.908 and RMSEP = 4.191 N for maximum force; R2P = 0.923 and RMSEP = 1.613 N mm-1 for initial slope), (3) changes in the prototype readings for peaches during growth corresponded with the growth characteristics, and (4) the distribution and changes of peach firmness over time could be visualized based on 3D models of the prototype readings. Keywords: Automatic, Fruit firmness, Handheld device, High precision, Peach.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78650668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsSolved the problem of optimal design, in the sense of minimal film usage, of round bale diameter and height.Necessary and sufficient optimality conditions derived in the form of easy-to-solve cubic equations.Bales of a maximum volume achievable with an actual wrapper and of optimal dimensions ensure minimal film usage.Up to 10% savings in film usage if bale dimensions are optimally designed and wrapping parameters properly selected.Abstract. The combined 3D method is used for wrapping cylindrical bales of agricultural materials based on biaxial rotation of the film applicators. The demand for minimization of plastic film consumption keeps increasing, with the goal to save the environment, reduce plastic costs, and minimize wrapping time. Consequently, methods have been reported to solve the problem of optimal wrapping parameters for the conventional wrapping method. In this article, a model-based problem of such a design based on round bale dimensions (diameter and height) that minimizes film consumption for the combined 3D method is mathematically formulated and analyzed. The film consumption per unit of bale volume is used as a measure of film usage. Generally, it is difficult to find the optimal bale dimensions that minimize the original film usage index, due to the discontinuity of the index. Thus, near-optimal parameters, being as important as optimal parameters for engineering applications, are looked for. The problem of selecting near-optimal bale dimensions was constructed by minimizing the continuous lower bound of the original film usage index. The necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for near-optimal bale dimensions were established in the form of standard cubic equations, which can easily be solved using both analytical and numerical methods. Based on the optimality conditions, analytical and numerical analyses were performed of the influence of film width, pre-assumed bale volume, and numbers of bottom and upper film layers on the near-optimal bale dimensions and film usage. The results indicated that the near-optimal bale diameter and height, hereinafter called optimal, monotonically increase, while the optimal film consumption monotonically decreases, with increasing pre-assumed bale volume. Therefore, it is recommended to use bales of a maximum volume achievable with an actual wrapper and of optimal dimensions, i.e., diameter and height. The film width also influences the optimal bale dimensions and film usage: the wider the film, the smaller the minimal film usage. To confirm the effect of near-optimal bale design on film usage, the errors of the near-optimality were examined for four to sixteen film layers. The results of the numerical experiments demonstrated that for four to sixteen layers of film, there are compositions of the bottom and upper film layers for which the relative near-optimality errors do not exceed 0.01% whenever the optimal bale dimensions are used. Simultaneously, inappropriate selection
{"title":"Optimization and Analysis of Plastic Film Consumption for Wrapping Round Baled Silage Using Combined 3D Method Considering Effects of Bale Dimensions","authors":"A. Stankiewicz","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14137","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsSolved the problem of optimal design, in the sense of minimal film usage, of round bale diameter and height.Necessary and sufficient optimality conditions derived in the form of easy-to-solve cubic equations.Bales of a maximum volume achievable with an actual wrapper and of optimal dimensions ensure minimal film usage.Up to 10% savings in film usage if bale dimensions are optimally designed and wrapping parameters properly selected.Abstract. The combined 3D method is used for wrapping cylindrical bales of agricultural materials based on biaxial rotation of the film applicators. The demand for minimization of plastic film consumption keeps increasing, with the goal to save the environment, reduce plastic costs, and minimize wrapping time. Consequently, methods have been reported to solve the problem of optimal wrapping parameters for the conventional wrapping method. In this article, a model-based problem of such a design based on round bale dimensions (diameter and height) that minimizes film consumption for the combined 3D method is mathematically formulated and analyzed. The film consumption per unit of bale volume is used as a measure of film usage. Generally, it is difficult to find the optimal bale dimensions that minimize the original film usage index, due to the discontinuity of the index. Thus, near-optimal parameters, being as important as optimal parameters for engineering applications, are looked for. The problem of selecting near-optimal bale dimensions was constructed by minimizing the continuous lower bound of the original film usage index. The necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for near-optimal bale dimensions were established in the form of standard cubic equations, which can easily be solved using both analytical and numerical methods. Based on the optimality conditions, analytical and numerical analyses were performed of the influence of film width, pre-assumed bale volume, and numbers of bottom and upper film layers on the near-optimal bale dimensions and film usage. The results indicated that the near-optimal bale diameter and height, hereinafter called optimal, monotonically increase, while the optimal film consumption monotonically decreases, with increasing pre-assumed bale volume. Therefore, it is recommended to use bales of a maximum volume achievable with an actual wrapper and of optimal dimensions, i.e., diameter and height. The film width also influences the optimal bale dimensions and film usage: the wider the film, the smaller the minimal film usage. To confirm the effect of near-optimal bale design on film usage, the errors of the near-optimality were examined for four to sixteen film layers. The results of the numerical experiments demonstrated that for four to sixteen layers of film, there are compositions of the bottom and upper film layers for which the relative near-optimality errors do not exceed 0.01% whenever the optimal bale dimensions are used. Simultaneously, inappropriate selection ","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84843938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Tian, Patrick M. Stump, A. Vacca, S. Fiorati, F. Pintore
HighlightsTwo methods (VPM and HVM) are proposed to improve the hydraulic system efficiency of agricultural tractors.VPM and HVM both target reducing the power loss at the flow control valve of the hydraulic system.The solutions are presented conceptually and then numerically modeled, and VPM is tested on an actual tractor.Results show that the VPM solution achieves 6.7% power saving, while HVM achieves 15.6% power saving.Abstract. Load sensing (LS) is a dominant fluid power actuation technology in mobile machines, particularly in construction and agriculture. It has the advantage of guaranteeing good controllability in systems with multiple actuators while promoting higher energy efficiency. Several variants of LS systems have been proposed over the years, and research on cost-effective methods to further increase their efficiency is still of interest for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and the fluid power community. This article presents two solution, referred to as variable pump margin (VPM) and hybrid variable margin (HVM), suitable to improve the energy efficiency in pre-compensated LS systems such as those used in agricultural tractors. Both methods allow either downsizing the control valves or reducing the power consumption over the working range. Compared to a standard LS system, the VPM solution lowers the pump pressure using an electronic proportional pressure-reducing valve (ep-PRV), while the HVM solution uses a second ep-PRV in the compensator’s pilot line to further minimize the pressure differential across the LS valve. Simulation and experimental results show that, among the main working conditions, the VPM solution on average achieved 6.7% power saving over the standard LS system, while the model predicted an average improvement of 15.6% for the HVM solution. Keywords: Efficiency, Experiments, Hydraulic, Load sensing, Modeling, Pump.
{"title":"Power-Saving Solutions for Pre-Compensated Load-Sensing Systems on Mobile Machines","authors":"Xin Tian, Patrick M. Stump, A. Vacca, S. Fiorati, F. Pintore","doi":"10.13031/trans.14376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14376","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsTwo methods (VPM and HVM) are proposed to improve the hydraulic system efficiency of agricultural tractors.VPM and HVM both target reducing the power loss at the flow control valve of the hydraulic system.The solutions are presented conceptually and then numerically modeled, and VPM is tested on an actual tractor.Results show that the VPM solution achieves 6.7% power saving, while HVM achieves 15.6% power saving.Abstract. Load sensing (LS) is a dominant fluid power actuation technology in mobile machines, particularly in construction and agriculture. It has the advantage of guaranteeing good controllability in systems with multiple actuators while promoting higher energy efficiency. Several variants of LS systems have been proposed over the years, and research on cost-effective methods to further increase their efficiency is still of interest for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and the fluid power community. This article presents two solution, referred to as variable pump margin (VPM) and hybrid variable margin (HVM), suitable to improve the energy efficiency in pre-compensated LS systems such as those used in agricultural tractors. Both methods allow either downsizing the control valves or reducing the power consumption over the working range. Compared to a standard LS system, the VPM solution lowers the pump pressure using an electronic proportional pressure-reducing valve (ep-PRV), while the HVM solution uses a second ep-PRV in the compensator’s pilot line to further minimize the pressure differential across the LS valve. Simulation and experimental results show that, among the main working conditions, the VPM solution on average achieved 6.7% power saving over the standard LS system, while the model predicted an average improvement of 15.6% for the HVM solution. Keywords: Efficiency, Experiments, Hydraulic, Load sensing, Modeling, Pump.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85823326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Kaizu, T. Shimada, Yusuke Takahashi, S. Igarashi, Hiroyuki Yamada, K. Furuhashi, K. Imou
HighlightsA small, automatically guided electric robot boat was developed to control the growth of aquatic plants in lakes.The robot boat was able to mow without becoming entangled with aquatic plants due to the paddle propulsion mechanism.The average speed was 0.41 m s-1, and the lateral deviation from the set path was 9.4 cm.The growth restraint effect was confirmed using aerial images collected by a drone.Abstract. At present, aquatic plants are becoming a problem in various lakes. Aquatic weeds that grow to high densities cause decreases in the oxygen concentration in the water, accumulation of sludge, and adverse effects on water use facilities and fisheries. Although there are large machines for cutting and harvesting aquatic plants, their use is limited due to their high cost, large size, and heavy weight. On the other hand, manual cutting is very labor intensive and inefficient. Therefore, in this research, we developed a labor-saving and low-cost robot boat to mow aquatic plants. This robot boat is automatically controlled by a real-time kinematic global navigational satellite system (RTK-GNSS) and is characterized by its small size, light weight, excellent portability, and low energy consumption. In addition, a paddle mechanism that replaces a conventional propeller was introduced as a propulsion mechanism to prevent entanglement of water plants and enable long-term automatic navigation. Mowing lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) in Lake Izunuma, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, confirmed that mowing could be properly conducted with a lateral deviation of 9.4 cm, average speed of 0.41 m s-1, and average power consumption of 518 W even when lotus was at its densest growth. If the cutting width of the robot boat was 1.2 m and the sidelap width was 0.3 m, the theoretical field work rate would be 0.133 ha h-1. Images captured by a drone confirmed that cutting with the robot boat was effective in suppressing the growth of lotus. It was found that the effect of suppressing growth was maximized by mowing at the time when the stopping leaves appeared in the late growth stage of lotus. Keywords: Autonomous navigation, Lotus, Moving baseline, Robot operation system, RTK-GNSS, Virtual private network.
一种小型、自动引导的电动机器人船被开发出来，用于控制湖泊中水生植物的生长。由于采用桨推进装置，这艘机器船能够在不与水生植物纠缠的情况下进行割草。平均速度为0.41 m s-1，与设定路径的横向偏差为9.4 cm。利用无人机采集的航拍图像验证了生长抑制效果。目前，水生植物正在成为各种湖泊的一个问题。水草的高密度生长导致水中氧浓度降低，污泥堆积，对用水设施和渔业产生不利影响。虽然有大型机器用于切割和收获水生植物，但由于成本高、体积大、重量重，它们的使用受到限制。另一方面，手工切割是非常劳动密集和效率低下的。因此，在本研究中，我们开发了一种省力、低成本的水生植物割草机器人船。该机器人船由实时动态全球导航卫星系统(RTK-GNSS)自动控制，具有体积小、重量轻、便携性好、能耗低的特点。此外，还引入了一种取代传统螺旋桨的桨形机构作为推进机构，以防止水草缠绕，并实现长期自动导航。在日本宫城县出沼湖对荷花(Nelumbo nucifera)进行刈割，证实荷花生长最密集时，其横向偏差为9.4 cm，平均速度为0.41 m s-1，平均功耗为518 W。如果机器人船的切割宽度为1.2 m，侧舷宽度为0.3 m，则理论现场工作速率为0.133 ha h-1。无人机拍摄的图像证实，用机器船切割可以有效抑制荷花的生长。结果表明，在荷花生长后期出现停叶时，割草抑制生长的效果最大。关键词:自主导航，Lotus，移动基线，机器人操作系统，RTK-GNSS，虚拟专网
{"title":"Development of a Small Electric Robot Boat for Mowing Aquatic Weeds","authors":"Y. Kaizu, T. Shimada, Yusuke Takahashi, S. Igarashi, Hiroyuki Yamada, K. Furuhashi, K. Imou","doi":"10.13031/trans.14295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14295","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsA small, automatically guided electric robot boat was developed to control the growth of aquatic plants in lakes.The robot boat was able to mow without becoming entangled with aquatic plants due to the paddle propulsion mechanism.The average speed was 0.41 m s-1, and the lateral deviation from the set path was 9.4 cm.The growth restraint effect was confirmed using aerial images collected by a drone.Abstract. At present, aquatic plants are becoming a problem in various lakes. Aquatic weeds that grow to high densities cause decreases in the oxygen concentration in the water, accumulation of sludge, and adverse effects on water use facilities and fisheries. Although there are large machines for cutting and harvesting aquatic plants, their use is limited due to their high cost, large size, and heavy weight. On the other hand, manual cutting is very labor intensive and inefficient. Therefore, in this research, we developed a labor-saving and low-cost robot boat to mow aquatic plants. This robot boat is automatically controlled by a real-time kinematic global navigational satellite system (RTK-GNSS) and is characterized by its small size, light weight, excellent portability, and low energy consumption. In addition, a paddle mechanism that replaces a conventional propeller was introduced as a propulsion mechanism to prevent entanglement of water plants and enable long-term automatic navigation. Mowing lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) in Lake Izunuma, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, confirmed that mowing could be properly conducted with a lateral deviation of 9.4 cm, average speed of 0.41 m s-1, and average power consumption of 518 W even when lotus was at its densest growth. If the cutting width of the robot boat was 1.2 m and the sidelap width was 0.3 m, the theoretical field work rate would be 0.133 ha h-1. Images captured by a drone confirmed that cutting with the robot boat was effective in suppressing the growth of lotus. It was found that the effect of suppressing growth was maximized by mowing at the time when the stopping leaves appeared in the late growth stage of lotus. Keywords: Autonomous navigation, Lotus, Moving baseline, Robot operation system, RTK-GNSS, Virtual private network.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79661600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsRetention and spread of droplets with seven adjuvants were investigated on flat leaves.Surface tension of spray solutions, leaf wettability, and roughness strongly affected droplet retention and spread.Complete droplet retention occurred on hydrophilic leaves with all adjuvants and concentrations.High retention and spread on superhydrophobic leaves were achieved with the organo-silicone adjuvant.No retention occurred on superhydrophobic leaf surfaces with the hydrocolloid polymer adjuvant.Abstract. To optimize spray application efficiency, it is necessary to understand how the addition of adjuvants modifies the deposition properties of spray droplets on leaf surfaces due to variations in adhesive characteristics, such as roughness and wettability. Retention and spread of droplets with seven commercially available adjuvants were tested and compared at different concentrations. Tests were conducted with three leaf surfaces ranging in roughness and wettability from very smooth and hydrophilic to very rough and superhydrophobic. The adjuvants were formulated with non-ionic surfactant, crop oil, seed oil, organo-silicone, hydrocolloid polymer, or combinations of these agents as primary ingredients. Droplets of approximately 340 µm diameter were emitted from a streamed mono-sized generator. Droplet impact and spread were recorded with a 3D imaging system consisting of three high-speed digital cameras and analyzed using 3D motion analysis software. Retention and spread were determined by comparing droplet liquid volumes and droplet cross-sectional areas before and after impact, respectively. The surface tension of spray solutions and wettability of leaf surfaces strongly affected droplet retention. Droplets with lower surface tension were more likely to achieve high retention than those with higher surface tension. Droplet retention generally decreased with increasing leaf roughness-wettability. All droplets with and without adjuvants achieved 100% retention on the hydrophilic leaf surface. Addition of non-ionic, oil, or organo-silicone based adjuvants in the spray solution improved droplet retention on hydrophobic leaves, while the organo-silicone based adjuvant achieved the highest retention on superhydrophobic leaf surfaces. Droplet retention with the hydrocolloid polymer adjuvant was generally comparable to the other six adjuvants on the hydrophilic leaves and on the hydrophobic leaves with intermediate roughness and wettability but failed to achieve any retention on the superhydrophobic leaves. To improve droplet retention and adhesion, selection of adjuvants representing the non-ionic, oil, organo-silicone, blended, or hydrocolloid-based additives for enhancing spray solution performance must comply with the leaf surface characteristics. Keywords: Droplet rebound, High-speed imaging, Leaf wettability, Pesticide droplet deposition, Topography parameters.
{"title":"Retention and Spread Capability of Impacted Droplets with Surfactant and Hydrocolloid Based Adjuvants","authors":"J. Abbott, Heping Zhu, H. Jeon","doi":"10.13031/trans.14461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14461","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsRetention and spread of droplets with seven adjuvants were investigated on flat leaves.Surface tension of spray solutions, leaf wettability, and roughness strongly affected droplet retention and spread.Complete droplet retention occurred on hydrophilic leaves with all adjuvants and concentrations.High retention and spread on superhydrophobic leaves were achieved with the organo-silicone adjuvant.No retention occurred on superhydrophobic leaf surfaces with the hydrocolloid polymer adjuvant.Abstract. To optimize spray application efficiency, it is necessary to understand how the addition of adjuvants modifies the deposition properties of spray droplets on leaf surfaces due to variations in adhesive characteristics, such as roughness and wettability. Retention and spread of droplets with seven commercially available adjuvants were tested and compared at different concentrations. Tests were conducted with three leaf surfaces ranging in roughness and wettability from very smooth and hydrophilic to very rough and superhydrophobic. The adjuvants were formulated with non-ionic surfactant, crop oil, seed oil, organo-silicone, hydrocolloid polymer, or combinations of these agents as primary ingredients. Droplets of approximately 340 µm diameter were emitted from a streamed mono-sized generator. Droplet impact and spread were recorded with a 3D imaging system consisting of three high-speed digital cameras and analyzed using 3D motion analysis software. Retention and spread were determined by comparing droplet liquid volumes and droplet cross-sectional areas before and after impact, respectively. The surface tension of spray solutions and wettability of leaf surfaces strongly affected droplet retention. Droplets with lower surface tension were more likely to achieve high retention than those with higher surface tension. Droplet retention generally decreased with increasing leaf roughness-wettability. All droplets with and without adjuvants achieved 100% retention on the hydrophilic leaf surface. Addition of non-ionic, oil, or organo-silicone based adjuvants in the spray solution improved droplet retention on hydrophobic leaves, while the organo-silicone based adjuvant achieved the highest retention on superhydrophobic leaf surfaces. Droplet retention with the hydrocolloid polymer adjuvant was generally comparable to the other six adjuvants on the hydrophilic leaves and on the hydrophobic leaves with intermediate roughness and wettability but failed to achieve any retention on the superhydrophobic leaves. To improve droplet retention and adhesion, selection of adjuvants representing the non-ionic, oil, organo-silicone, blended, or hydrocolloid-based additives for enhancing spray solution performance must comply with the leaf surface characteristics. Keywords: Droplet rebound, High-speed imaging, Leaf wettability, Pesticide droplet deposition, Topography parameters.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77115298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Hay, B. Reinhart, J. Frankenberger, M. Helmers, X. Jia, K. Nelson, M. Youssef
HighlightsDrainage water recycling captures and stores agricultural drainage water for reuse as supplemental irrigation.Drainage water recycling can both increase crop production and benefit downstream water quality.Depending on management, drainage water recycling can also provide other complementary benefits.Research needs to advance drainage water recycling are presented and discussed. Keywords: Drainage water quality, Drainage water reuse, Subsurface drainage, Supplemental irrigation, Agricultural resiliency.
{"title":"Frontier: Drainage Water Recycling in the Humid Regions of the U.S.: Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"C. Hay, B. Reinhart, J. Frankenberger, M. Helmers, X. Jia, K. Nelson, M. Youssef","doi":"10.13031/trans.14207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14207","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsDrainage water recycling captures and stores agricultural drainage water for reuse as supplemental irrigation.Drainage water recycling can both increase crop production and benefit downstream water quality.Depending on management, drainage water recycling can also provide other complementary benefits.Research needs to advance drainage water recycling are presented and discussed. Keywords: Drainage water quality, Drainage water reuse, Subsurface drainage, Supplemental irrigation, Agricultural resiliency.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82787014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Ye, Yadong Zhang, Jian Zhao, Xia Zhao, Jianshe Li, Zhangying Ye
HighlightsLight design is needed in recirculating aquaculture systems.A long photoperiod is beneficial to largemouth bass growth.Low light intensity is beneficial to largemouth bass growth.Abstract. In this study, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) were used to culture juvenile largemouth bass, and the effects of LED light intensity and photoperiod on the survival and growth performance of juvenile largemouth bass were studied. In the light intensity experiment, largemouth bass juveniles with an initial weight of 0.53 ±0.02 g were subjected to a two-month feeding experiment under two different light intensities: group A, at 0.5 W m-2 in the first month and 5 W m-2 in the second month; and group B, at 5 W m-2 in the first month and 0.5 W m-2 in the second month. The results showed that in the first month of the experiment, the growth rate of fry was faster in group A than in group B. After changing the light intensity, the weight of the fry in group B after one month of growth had exceeded and was significantly higher than that in group A. Based on the above experimental results, we conducted a photoperiod experiment. Largemouth bass juveniles with an initial weight of 0.56 ±0.02 g were cultured for two months under four different photoperiods (24L:0D, 16L:8D, 8L:16D, and 0L:24D). The light intensity of the four groups was 0.5 W m-2. The fry growth rate was fastest in the 24L:0D photoperiod group and slowest in the 0L:24D photoperiod group. The growth rate of the 24L:0D photoperiod group was significantly higher than that of the 0L:24D photoperiod group (p < 0.05). The final fry weight was highest in the 24L:0D group, followed by that in the 16L:8D group and 8L:16D group, with the lowest weight observed in the 0L:24D group (p < 0.05). Although the different light conditions in the two experiments had no significant effect on the survival rate of juvenile largemouth bass (p > 0.05), a low-intensity light environment with a continuous photoperiod during the juvenile largemouth bass culture process promoted growth and development. Keywords: Growth, Largemouth bass, Light intensity, Photoperiod, RAS.
循环水养殖系统需要灯光设计。较长的光周期有利于大口黑鲈的生长。低光强有利于大口黑鲈的生长。本研究采用循环水养殖系统(RAS)对大口黑鲈幼鱼进行养殖，研究了LED光强和光周期对大口黑鲈幼鱼生存和生长性能的影响。光照强度试验中，初始体重为0.53±0.02 g的大口黑鲈幼鱼在两种不同光照强度下进行为期2个月的摄食试验:a组，第一个月0.5 W m-2，第二个月5 W m-2;B组第一个月5w - m-2，第二个月0.5 W - m-2。结果表明，在试验的第一个月，A组鱼苗的生长速度快于B组。改变光照强度后，B组鱼苗生长一个月后的体重已经超过并显著高于A组。基于上述试验结果，我们进行了光周期试验。选取初始体重为0.56±0.02 g的大口黑鲈幼鱼，在24L:0D、16L:8D、8L:16D和0L:24D四种不同光周期下培养2个月。四组光照强度均为0.5 W m-2。鱼苗生长速度以24L:0D光周期组最快，以0L:24D光周期组最慢。24L:0D光周期组的生长速率显著高于0L:24D光周期组(p < 0.05)。鱼苗末重以24L:0D组最高，16L:8D组次之，8L:16D组次之，以0L:24D组最低(p < 0.05)。虽然两个试验中不同的光照条件对大口黑鲈幼鱼的成活率没有显著影响(p < 0.05)，但在大口黑鲈幼鱼养殖过程中，持续的光周期的低强度光照环境促进了大口黑鲈幼鱼的生长发育。关键词:生长，大口黑鲈，光强，光周期，RAS。
{"title":"Effects of Light Intensity and Photoperiod on the Growth Performance of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems","authors":"L. Ye, Yadong Zhang, Jian Zhao, Xia Zhao, Jianshe Li, Zhangying Ye","doi":"10.13031/trans.14284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14284","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsLight design is needed in recirculating aquaculture systems.A long photoperiod is beneficial to largemouth bass growth.Low light intensity is beneficial to largemouth bass growth.Abstract. In this study, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) were used to culture juvenile largemouth bass, and the effects of LED light intensity and photoperiod on the survival and growth performance of juvenile largemouth bass were studied. In the light intensity experiment, largemouth bass juveniles with an initial weight of 0.53 ±0.02 g were subjected to a two-month feeding experiment under two different light intensities: group A, at 0.5 W m-2 in the first month and 5 W m-2 in the second month; and group B, at 5 W m-2 in the first month and 0.5 W m-2 in the second month. The results showed that in the first month of the experiment, the growth rate of fry was faster in group A than in group B. After changing the light intensity, the weight of the fry in group B after one month of growth had exceeded and was significantly higher than that in group A. Based on the above experimental results, we conducted a photoperiod experiment. Largemouth bass juveniles with an initial weight of 0.56 ±0.02 g were cultured for two months under four different photoperiods (24L:0D, 16L:8D, 8L:16D, and 0L:24D). The light intensity of the four groups was 0.5 W m-2. The fry growth rate was fastest in the 24L:0D photoperiod group and slowest in the 0L:24D photoperiod group. The growth rate of the 24L:0D photoperiod group was significantly higher than that of the 0L:24D photoperiod group (p < 0.05). The final fry weight was highest in the 24L:0D group, followed by that in the 16L:8D group and 8L:16D group, with the lowest weight observed in the 0L:24D group (p < 0.05). Although the different light conditions in the two experiments had no significant effect on the survival rate of juvenile largemouth bass (p > 0.05), a low-intensity light environment with a continuous photoperiod during the juvenile largemouth bass culture process promoted growth and development. Keywords: Growth, Largemouth bass, Light intensity, Photoperiod, RAS.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78434843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsForage rape crop could effectively alleviate the lack of green forage for livestock in winter.With the growth of forage rape crop, stem lignification was exacerbated and its palatability degenerated.The relationship between particle length and palatability was explored in a cattle feeding experiment.Optimal working parameters of the chopping device were obtained for harvesting the crop in different stages.Abstract. Forage rape crop, which uses the immature plant leaf and stem of a hybrid rape crop (Brassica napus L.) with low erucic acid and glucosinolate to feed livestock, is an innovative fresh-fed feed material with the advantages of high yield, low cost, rich nutrients, and vigorous growth in winter. In this work, a systematic study was carried out on the relationships among the characteristics of forage rape crop stems, chopping device parameters of the harvester, feeding performance, and chopped particle length (PL) in different growth stages. The results of the stem characteristics tests indicated that stem lignification occurred and increased with growth of the crop from the bolting stage to the silique stage, leading to degeneration of its palatability. The cattle feeding experiment showed that when the bolting rape crop was used, the average feed intake of the cattle fed the chopped rape crop increased by 33.35%, compared to feeding the whole crop without chopping, while the average feeding time decreased by 35.44%. Further experiments on the effects of PL after chopping on feeding performance in different growth stages showed that the optimal PL values in the bolting, flowering, and silique stages were 80, 60, and 30 mm, respectively. Finally, the corresponding cutterhead rotational speeds of the chopping device were calculated as 450, 510, and 1200 r min-1, respectively. This study provides a reference for the development and application of harvesting equipment for forage rape crop. Keywords: Agricultural mechanization, Cattle feeding, Forage palatability, Harvester, Parameter matching.
牧草油菜作物能有效缓解冬季家畜牧草缺乏的问题。随着饲用油菜的生长，茎秆木质化加剧，其适口性下降。通过牛饲试验，探讨颗粒长度与适口性的关系。针对不同收获阶段的作物，获得了斩割装置的最佳工作参数。饲用油菜作物是利用低芥酸和硫代葡萄糖苷杂交油菜(Brassica napus L.)的未成熟植物叶片和茎来喂养牲畜的一种新型新鲜饲料原料，具有产量高、成本低、营养丰富、冬季生长旺盛等优点。本文系统研究了不同生长阶段饲用油菜茎秆特性与收获机斩割装置参数、采食性能和斩粒长度之间的关系。茎秆特性试验结果表明，从抽苔期到吐丝期，茎秆发生木质化，木质化程度随着作物的生长而增加，导致其适口性退化。饲喂试验表明，采用抽油油菜作物时，采食切碎油菜作物的牛平均采食量比采食全油菜作物的牛提高了33.35%，平均采食时间减少了35.44%。进一步研究刈割对不同生育期采食性能影响的试验表明，抽苔期、开花期和拔节期的最佳采食量分别为80、60和30 mm。最后计算斩切装置对应的刀盘转速分别为450、510、1200 r min-1。本研究为饲用油菜收获设备的开发和应用提供了参考。关键词:农业机械化，牛饲养，饲料适口性，收割机，参数匹配。
{"title":"Cattle Feeding Experiment and Chopping Device Parameter Determination for Mechanized Harvesting of Forage Rape Crop","authors":"Xingyu Wan, Qingxi Liao, J. Yajun, Yitao Liao","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14341","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsForage rape crop could effectively alleviate the lack of green forage for livestock in winter.With the growth of forage rape crop, stem lignification was exacerbated and its palatability degenerated.The relationship between particle length and palatability was explored in a cattle feeding experiment.Optimal working parameters of the chopping device were obtained for harvesting the crop in different stages.Abstract. Forage rape crop, which uses the immature plant leaf and stem of a hybrid rape crop (Brassica napus L.) with low erucic acid and glucosinolate to feed livestock, is an innovative fresh-fed feed material with the advantages of high yield, low cost, rich nutrients, and vigorous growth in winter. In this work, a systematic study was carried out on the relationships among the characteristics of forage rape crop stems, chopping device parameters of the harvester, feeding performance, and chopped particle length (PL) in different growth stages. The results of the stem characteristics tests indicated that stem lignification occurred and increased with growth of the crop from the bolting stage to the silique stage, leading to degeneration of its palatability. The cattle feeding experiment showed that when the bolting rape crop was used, the average feed intake of the cattle fed the chopped rape crop increased by 33.35%, compared to feeding the whole crop without chopping, while the average feeding time decreased by 35.44%. Further experiments on the effects of PL after chopping on feeding performance in different growth stages showed that the optimal PL values in the bolting, flowering, and silique stages were 80, 60, and 30 mm, respectively. Finally, the corresponding cutterhead rotational speeds of the chopping device were calculated as 450, 510, and 1200 r min-1, respectively. This study provides a reference for the development and application of harvesting equipment for forage rape crop. Keywords: Agricultural mechanization, Cattle feeding, Forage palatability, Harvester, Parameter matching.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"48 1","pages":"715-725"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74119641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Worldwide, the use of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) for pesticide application has grown tremendously in the past decade. Their adoption has been slower for Midwestern row crops. This study compared droplet size, coverage, and drift potential of sprays from UAV application methods to those from ground (implement) sprayer methods on corn in the Midwest. Droplet sizes measured during UAV spray trials [geometric mean diameters of 179 and 112 μm for UAV (boom) and UAV (no boom), respectively] were substantially smaller than those deposited during implement spray trials [mean diameters of 303 and 423 μm for implement (regular) and implement (pulse)]. Droplet coverage was high and localized in the middle swath of the field for the UAV with boom (10 to 30 droplets cm-2) and with no boom (60 droplets cm-2). Droplet coverage was broader, covering the entire field width for the implement methods (10 to 40 droplets cm-2). Vertical coverage of droplets was more uniform for UAV methods than implement methods. Although the UAVs produced smaller droplets than the implement methods, we still observed greater potential for downwind pesticide drift during the implement spray trials. Because localized application may be beneficial for pest control and drift reduction, the findings indicate a strong potential for "spot" or "band" spray coverage using UAV methods. This is likely due to the smaller size, reduced spray volumes, and increased agility of UAVs as compared to more conventional methods.
{"title":"Comparison of Droplet Size, Coverage, and Drift Potential from UAV Application Methods and Ground Application Methods on Row Crops.","authors":"J Gibbs, T M Peters, L P Heck","doi":"10.13031/trans.14121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Worldwide, the use of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) for pesticide application has grown tremendously in the past decade. Their adoption has been slower for Midwestern row crops. This study compared droplet size, coverage, and drift potential of sprays from UAV application methods to those from ground (implement) sprayer methods on corn in the Midwest. Droplet sizes measured during UAV spray trials [geometric mean diameters of 179 and 112 μm for UAV (boom) and UAV (no boom), respectively] were substantially smaller than those deposited during implement spray trials [mean diameters of 303 and 423 μm for implement (regular) and implement (pulse)]. Droplet coverage was high and localized in the middle swath of the field for the UAV with boom (10 to 30 droplets cm<sup>-2</sup>) and with no boom (60 droplets cm<sup>-2</sup>). Droplet coverage was broader, covering the entire field width for the implement methods (10 to 40 droplets cm<sup>-2</sup>). Vertical coverage of droplets was more uniform for UAV methods than implement methods. Although the UAVs produced smaller droplets than the implement methods, we still observed greater potential for downwind pesticide drift during the implement spray trials. Because localized application may be beneficial for pest control and drift reduction, the findings indicate a strong potential for \"spot\" or \"band\" spray coverage using UAV methods. This is likely due to the smaller size, reduced spray volumes, and increased agility of UAVs as compared to more conventional methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"64 3","pages":"819-828"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10476208/pdf/nihms-1926678.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10533337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Lamm, P. Colaizzi, R. Sorensen, J. Bordovsky, M. Dougherty, K. Balkcom, D. Zaccaria, K. Bali, D. Rudnick, R. Peters
HighlightsSubsurface drip irrigation (SDI) has continued to expand in irrigation area within the U.S. during the last 15 years.Research with SDI continues for multiple crop types (fiber, grain and oilseed, horticultural, forage, and turf).SDI usage on many crops has matured through research and development of appropriate strategies and technologiesDespite some persistent challenges to successful use of SDI, important opportunities exist for further adoption.Abstract. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) offers several advantages over alternative irrigation systems when it is designed and installed correctly and when best management practices are adopted. These advantages include the ability to apply water and nutrients directly and efficiently within the crop root zone. Disadvantages of SDI in commercial agriculture relative to alternative irrigation systems include greater capital cost per unit land area (except for small land parcels), unfamiliar management and maintenance protocols that can exacerbate the potential for emitter clogging, the visibility of system attributes (components and design characteristics) and performance, and the susceptibility to damage (i.e., rodents and tillage) of the subsurface driplines. Despite these disadvantages, SDI continues to be adopted in commercial agriculture in the U.S., and research efforts to evaluate and develop SDI systems continue as well. This article summarizes recent progress in research (2010 to 2020) and the status of commercial adoption of SDI, along with a discussion of current challenges and future opportunities. Keywords: Drip Irrigation, Irrigation, Irrigation systems, Microirrigation, SDI, Water management.
{"title":"A 2020 Vision of Subsurface Drip Irrigation in the U.S.","authors":"F. Lamm, P. Colaizzi, R. Sorensen, J. Bordovsky, M. Dougherty, K. Balkcom, D. Zaccaria, K. Bali, D. Rudnick, R. Peters","doi":"10.13031/trans.14555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14555","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsSubsurface drip irrigation (SDI) has continued to expand in irrigation area within the U.S. during the last 15 years.Research with SDI continues for multiple crop types (fiber, grain and oilseed, horticultural, forage, and turf).SDI usage on many crops has matured through research and development of appropriate strategies and technologiesDespite some persistent challenges to successful use of SDI, important opportunities exist for further adoption.Abstract. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) offers several advantages over alternative irrigation systems when it is designed and installed correctly and when best management practices are adopted. These advantages include the ability to apply water and nutrients directly and efficiently within the crop root zone. Disadvantages of SDI in commercial agriculture relative to alternative irrigation systems include greater capital cost per unit land area (except for small land parcels), unfamiliar management and maintenance protocols that can exacerbate the potential for emitter clogging, the visibility of system attributes (components and design characteristics) and performance, and the susceptibility to damage (i.e., rodents and tillage) of the subsurface driplines. Despite these disadvantages, SDI continues to be adopted in commercial agriculture in the U.S., and research efforts to evaluate and develop SDI systems continue as well. This article summarizes recent progress in research (2010 to 2020) and the status of commercial adoption of SDI, along with a discussion of current challenges and future opportunities. Keywords: Drip Irrigation, Irrigation, Irrigation systems, Microirrigation, SDI, Water management.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75399349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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