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Effectiveness of Nutrient Management for Reducing Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Areas. 养分管理对减少农业区磷流失的效果。
IF 1.4 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.13031/jnrae.15572
Brock Kamrath, Yongping Yuan

Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) export from agricultural areas is a leading cause of nutrient pollution in freshwater systems (e.g., the North American Great Lakes). A potential solution to mitigate the excessive release of DRP is the use of nutrient management. To evaluate the effectiveness of nutrient management for phosphorus (P) in the United States, we conducted a review to synthesize P management and DRP export data from peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 to 2022. We identified 15 publications and extracted 113 and 90 observations from plot- and field-scale studies, respectively. At the plot scale, mean DRP concentrations were approximately 60% lower when P application rates were below the maximum recommended rate. In addition to the lower mean value, more extreme DRP export events occurred when the P fertilization rate was greater than the maximum recommended rate. In terms of application method, subsurface placement reduced mean DRP concentrations during rainfall simulations by 88% relative to surface placement (i.e., broadcasting). For fertilizer sources, mean DRP concentrations were similar between inorganic and organic fertilizers. However, at high application rates, organic fertilizers had a greater potential to produce extreme DRP export events. At the field-scale, organic fertilizers applied at high rates had the potential to produce extreme DRP export events. However, field-scale results for the other nutrient management techniques were generally inconclusive due to a limited number of studies and confounding factors. Overall, these results displayed the potential adverse impacts of overfertilization and the surface application of P fertilizers and highlighted the need for further research into the influence of nutrient management on P losses.

从农业区输出的溶解性活性磷(DRP)是淡水系统(如北美五大湖)营养污染的主要原因。养分管理是缓解 DRP 过度释放的一个潜在解决方案。为了评估美国磷(P)营养管理的有效性,我们对 2000 年至 2022 年间发表的同行评审文章中的磷管理和 DRP 排放数据进行了综述。我们确定了 15 篇出版物,并分别从小区和田间尺度的研究中提取了 113 条和 90 条观测数据。在小区尺度上,当钾施用量低于最大推荐施用量时,DRP 的平均浓度约降低 60%。除了平均值较低之外,当钾肥施用量高于建议的最大施用量时,还出现了更极端的 DRP 输出事件。就施肥方法而言,在模拟降雨过程中,地表下施肥比地表施肥(即播种)降低了 88% 的 DRP 平均浓度。在肥料来源方面,无机肥料和有机肥料的 DRP 平均浓度相似。然而,在高施肥量的情况下,有机肥更有可能产生极端的 DRP 输出事件。在田间尺度上,高施肥量的有机肥有可能产生极端的 DRP 输出事件。然而,由于研究数量有限和混杂因素的影响,其他养分管理技术的田间规模结果一般没有定论。总之,这些结果显示了过度施肥和地表施用钾肥的潜在不利影响,并强调有必要进一步研究养分管理对钾损失的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Effectiveness of Nutrient Management on Water Quality Improvement: A Synthesis on Nitrate-Nitrogen Loss from Subsurface Drainage. 营养物管理对水质改善的有效性:地下排水硝态氮损失综合分析。
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.13031/trans.14078
W Liu, Y Yuan, L Koropeckyj-Cox

Nutrient management, as described in NRCS Code 590, has been intensively investigated, with research largely focused on crop yields and water quality. Yet, due to complex processes and mechanisms in nutrient cycling (especially the nitrogen (N) cycle), there are many challenges in evaluating the effectiveness of nutrient management practices across site conditions. We therefore synthesized data from peer-reviewed publications on subsurface-drained agricultural fields in the Midwest U.S. with corn yield and drainage nitrate-N (NO3-N) export data published from 1980 to 2019. Through literature screening and data extraction from 43 publications, we obtained 577 site-years of data with detailed information on fertilization, corn yields, precipitation, drainage volume, and drainage NO3-N load/concentration or both. In addition, we estimated flow-weighted NO3-N concentrations ([NO3-N]) in drainage for those site-years where only load and volume were reported. Furthermore, we conducted a cost analysis using synthesized and surveyed corn yield data to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different nutrient management plans. Results from the synthesis showed that N fertilizer rate was strongly positively correlated with corn yields, NO3-N loads, and flow-weighted [NO3-N]. Reducing N fertilizer rates can effectively mitigate NO3-N losses from agricultural fields; however, our cost analysis showed negative economic returns for continuous corn production at lower N rates. In addition, organic fertilizers significantly boosted corn yields and NO3-N losses compared to inorganic fertilizers at comparable rates; however, accurate quantification of plant-available N in organic fertilizers is necessary to guide appropriate nutrient management plans because the nutrient content may be highly variable. In terms of fertilizer application methods, we did not find significant differences in NO3-N export in drainage discharge. Lastly, impact of fertilization timing on NO3-N export varied depending on other factors such as fertilizer rate, source, and weather. According to these results, we suggest that further efforts are still required to produce effective local nutrient management plans. Furthermore, government agencies such as USDA-NRCS need to work with other agencies such as USEPA to address the potential economic losses due to implementation of lower fertilizer rates for water quality improvement.

如《自然资源管理准则》第590条所述,对营养管理进行了深入调查,研究主要集中在作物产量和水质方面。然而,由于养分循环(特别是氮循环)的复杂过程和机制,在评估不同场地条件下养分管理实践的有效性方面存在许多挑战。因此,我们综合了同行评议的美国中西部地下排水农田的数据,以及1980年至2019年公布的玉米产量和排水硝态氮(NO3-N)出口数据。通过文献筛选和43篇出版物的数据提取,我们获得了577个站点年的详细数据,包括施肥、玉米产量、降水、排水量和排水NO3-N负荷/浓度或两者兼有的详细信息。此外,我们估计了仅报告负荷和体积的站点年的排水中流量加权NO3-N浓度([NO3-N])。此外,我们利用综合和调查的玉米产量数据进行了成本分析,以评估不同营养管理计划的成本效益。综合结果表明,施氮量与玉米产量、硝态氮负荷和流量加权呈显著正相关。降低氮肥施用量可有效缓解农田NO3-N流失;然而,我们的成本分析显示,在较低施氮量下连续生产玉米的经济回报为负。此外,与无机肥料相比,有机肥显著提高了玉米产量和NO3-N损失率。然而,准确量化有机肥料中植物速效氮对于指导适当的养分管理计划是必要的,因为养分含量可能是高度可变的。在施肥方式方面,我们没有发现排水排放中NO3-N输出的显著差异。施肥时机对NO3-N输出的影响因施肥量、来源和天气等因素而异。根据这些结果,我们建议仍需进一步努力制定有效的地方营养管理计划。此外,美国农业部和自然资源管理委员会等政府机构需要与美国环保署等其他机构合作,解决因实施低肥料率以改善水质而造成的潜在经济损失。
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引用次数: 7
Characterization of Nutrients and Pilot Biofertilizer Production from Food Waste and Dairy Manure Digestates 利用食物垃圾和乳粪消化池生产生物肥料的营养特性及中试研究
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.13031/trans.13767
Tyler J. Barzee, Abdolhossein Edalati, Joshua Rapport, H. El-mashad, Ruihong Zhang
HighlightsN, P, Ca, and Mg were mainly localized to fine digestate solids (0.45 µm to 1 mm).50% to 60% of NH4+-N was found in digestate solids between 0.45 and 75 µm.K and Na were mainly transferred to the ultrafiltration permeate (<0.45 µm).Mixing of coarse and fine solids can optimize nutrient and salt ratios in products.Abstract. Food waste and dairy manure digestates from commercial digesters were characterized in the lab for particle and nutrient distributions before pilot-scale processing (vibratory screen, ultrafiltration, sun drying) to produce solid and liquid biofertilizer products. Experimental results showed that the elemental compositions of the two digestates were different but shared similarities. The coarse solids of both digestates had lower concentrations of nutrients than the liquid fractions, which contained most of the K and Na. The dairy manure digestate had a higher amount of fine solids between 0.4  and 75 µm than the food waste digestate, but the majority of TKN was contained in the fine solids of both digestates. An optimization analysis concluded that optimal combinations of digestate fractions included over 70% coarse solids to obtain desired nutrient and salt ratios. The solid and liquid fertilizer products derived from the pilot-scale processing were similar to those expected from the lab-scale investigation. Keywords: Biofertilizer formulation, Digestate, Nutrient distribution, Pilot-scale processing, Ultrafiltration, Value-added products.
n, P, Ca和Mg主要定位于细消化固体(0.45µm至1 mm)。50% ~ 60%的NH4+-N存在于0.45 ~ 75µm的消化固体中。K和Na主要转移到超滤渗透膜(<0.45µm)。粗、细固体混合可优化产品中营养和盐的比例。在中试规模处理(振动筛、超滤、晒干)生产固体和液体生物肥料产品之前,在实验室对商业消化器消化的食物垃圾和奶牛粪便进行了颗粒和营养分布的表征。实验结果表明,两种消化液的元素组成不同,但有相似之处。两种消化液的粗固体组分的营养物质浓度都低于含有大部分钾和钠的液体组分。乳肥消化液中0.4 ~ 75µm的细固体含量高于餐厨垃圾消化液,但TKN主要存在于两种消化液的细固体中。优化分析表明,消化物组分的最佳组合包括70%以上的粗固体,以获得理想的营养和盐比。从中试规模加工中获得的固体和液体肥料产品与实验室规模调查的预期产品相似。关键词:生物肥料配方,消化,养分分配,中试处理,超滤,增值产品
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引用次数: 3
A Sample-to-Answer Compact Optical System for On-Site Detection of Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus 一种用于现场检测亚洲解放候选菌的样品-答案紧凑型光学系统
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.13031/trans.13937
Wu Cui, Wang Zhen, Hui Wu, Zhan Lu, Cheng Qian, Shunru Jin, Wang Rui, Youqing Meng, Jian Wu, Jianfeng Ping, Y. Ying, Z. Ye
HighlightsA portable system based on real-time fluorescence analysis was developed for field detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus within 40 min from sample to answer.A smartphone-assisted device was designed for easy operation, reliable nucleic acid amplification, and highly sensitive fluorescence detection, with sensitivity comparable to that of a commercial instrument.A novel homemade 3D printed box was used for in-field reagent storage, and it could maintain low temperature (<4°C) for about 8 hours without power supply.This fully integrated system is stable, easy to use, inexpensive, and has great application prospects in resource-limited areas.Abstract. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) is a main causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB), a destructive disease that has greatly reduced citrus yields and quality. Instruments with high sensitivity and portability are urgently required for on-site testing. In this study, a novel sample-to-answer optical system for on-site detection of Las was developed. Three major functions, including DNA extraction, amplification, and detection, are integrated into a portable case. This system mainly consists of (1) a specially designed 3D printed box for on-site reagent storage that can maintain low temperature (below 4°C) for 7.5 h at ambient temperature (35°C); (2) a custom device, called the IF-Device, for DNA amplification and detection of HLB, with an optimized optical structure, a sensitive signal processing circuit, and a precise temperature control algorithm with an accuracy of ±0.1°C; and (3) a battery-based power supply for the whole system. In a typical test using sodium fluorescein as a standard model, the results showed that the sensitivity of this system (1.0 nM) could easily meet the requirements of fluorescence biosensors. The feasibility of this homemade system was evaluated with samples extracted from infected citrus leaves based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method, and the limit of detection (LOD) was approximately 1.0 × 10-4 ng µL-1. The whole detection process for eight samples could be simultaneously accomplished within 40 min, and the results could be displayed on a smartphone in real-time. Moreover, the portable case is anti-interference, low cost, and only 2 kg in weight. Considering its sensitivity, stability, and portability, this highly integrated system possesses promising prospects for in-field detection. Keywords: Field detection, Fluorescence biosensor, Huanglongbing, Isothermal amplification, Sample-to-answer.
开发了基于实时荧光分析的便携式系统HighlightsA,用于从样品到应答的40 min内现场检测亚洲解放候选菌。设计了一种智能手机辅助装置,操作简便,核酸扩增可靠,荧光检测灵敏度高,灵敏度可与商用仪器媲美。采用自制的新型3D打印试剂盒进行现场试剂存储,无需供电即可保持低温(<4℃)约8小时。该系统稳定、易用、价格低廉,在资源有限的地区具有广阔的应用前景。asiaticus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las)是黄龙病(HLB)的主要致病因子,黄龙病是一种严重影响柑橘产量和品质的破坏性病害。现场检测迫切需要具有高灵敏度和便携性的仪器。在本研究中,开发了一种用于Las现场检测的新型样品到答案光学系统。三个主要功能,包括DNA提取,扩增和检测,集成到一个便携式的情况下。该系统主要由(1)一个专门设计的用于现场试剂储存的3D打印盒组成,该盒可在环境温度(35℃)下保持低温(4℃以下)7.5 h;(2)定制用于HLB DNA扩增和检测的IF-Device,该设备具有优化的光学结构、灵敏的信号处理电路和精确的温度控制算法,精度为±0.1°C;(3)整个系统采用电池供电。在以荧光素钠为标准模型的典型测试中,结果表明该系统的灵敏度(1.0 nM)可以轻松满足荧光生物传感器的要求。采用环介导等温扩增法(LAMP)对柑橘叶片样品进行检测,检测限(LOD)约为1.0 × 10-4 ngµL-1。8个样品的整个检测过程可在40分钟内同时完成,检测结果可在智能手机上实时显示。此外,便携盒具有抗干扰、成本低、重量仅为2公斤的特点。该系统具有灵敏度高、稳定性好、便携性好等特点,在现场检测中具有广阔的应用前景。关键词:现场检测,荧光生物传感器,黄龙冰,等温扩增,样品到答案
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引用次数: 3
Development and Testing of a Cam Disc Comb-Type Picking Machine for Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema morifolium Ramat. Tzvelev) 菊花凸轮圆盘梳式采摘机的研制与试验。Tzvelev)
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.13031/trans.14347
Rongyan Wang, Zhian Zheng, Lei Gao, A. Chen, Shanyu Wang, Yiyao Xu
HighlightsA practical cam disc comb-type chrysanthemum picking machine was developed.A three-dimensional model of the picking machine was designed in SolidWorks.The working principle and motion trajectory of the picking comb teeth were analyzed.The best working parameters of the picking machine were obtained with field tests.Abstract. Aiming at the problems of labor, picking efficiency, and mechanization, a small practical cam disc comb-type chrysanthemum picking machine was designed. The picking machine, mainly composed of a wheeled frame, power transmission system, cam disc, picking comb, and cleaning comb sleeve, uses the pulling force of comb teeth to pick chrysanthemum flowers. The comb teeth rotate on a central shaft, and their swing angle is determined by a groove on the cam disc. One rotation of the comb teeth completes the process of picking, lifting, and unloading. In this study, the parameters of the cam profile were designed using an analytical method. To ensure reliability of the components, the trajectory of the comb teeth and their structure and motion parameters were analyzed, and the conditions for picking chrysanthemums were determined. The physical parameters of chrysanthemum plants were measured, and a prototype picking machine was built. Field tests were conducted using the comb rotational speed, comb teeth spacing, and comb working depth as the test factors and the picking rate, impurity rate, breakage rate, and drop rate as the evaluation indexes. The effects of each factor and the interaction of any two factors on the picking effectiveness were obtained. The test results suggested that the most effective harvesting was achieved when the comb rotational speed was 40 rpm, the comb teeth spacing was 8 mm, and the comb working depth was 200 mm. With these parameters, the picking rate was 93.28%, the breakage rate was 1.21%, the impurity rate was 8.38%, and the drop rate was 6.61%. The prototype machine achieved good picking effectiveness, and this study provides a technical foundation for the realization of mechanized chrysanthemum harvesting. Keywords: Cam, Chrysanthemum, Comb teeth, Motion track, Picking machine.
研制了一种实用的凸轮圆盘梳式菊花采摘机。在SolidWorks中设计了采摘机的三维模型。分析了拾取梳齿的工作原理和运动轨迹。通过现场试验,确定了该采摘机的最佳工作参数。针对人工、采摘效率、机械化等问题,设计了一种小型实用凸轮圆盘梳式菊花采摘机。采摘机主要由轮式机架、动力传动系统、凸轮盘、采摘梳、清洗梳套等组成,利用梳齿的拉力采摘菊花。梳齿在中心轴上旋转,其摆动角度由凸轮盘上的凹槽决定。梳子齿旋转一次就完成了采摘、提升和卸载的过程。本文采用解析法设计了凸轮型线参数。为保证部件的可靠性,分析了梳齿的运动轨迹及其结构和运动参数,确定了采摘菊花的条件。对菊花植株的物理参数进行了测量,建立了菊花采摘机样机。以梳齿转速、梳齿间距、梳齿工作深度为试验因素,采摘率、杂质率、破碎率、掉落率为评价指标,进行现场试验。得到了各因素对采摘效果的影响以及任意两个因素的交互作用。试验结果表明,当梳子转速为40 rpm,梳子齿间距为8 mm,梳子工作深度为200 mm时,收获效果最佳。在此参数下,采摘率为93.28%,破损率为1.21%,杂质率为8.38%,掉落率为6.61%。该样机取得了良好的采摘效果,为实现菊花机械化采收提供了技术基础。关键词:凸轮,菊花,梳齿,运动轨迹,采摘机
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引用次数: 0
An Automatic Handheld Device for Firmness Measurement of Fruit with Edible Peel Based on Resistance Sensing: A Case Study of Peaches 一种基于电阻传感的手持可食果皮硬度自动测量装置——以桃子为例
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.13031/trans.14656
Dachen Wang, Zhe Feng, Di Cui
HighlightsA handheld device was developed for automatic on-site measurement of fruit firmness.The prototype device achieved better performance than a typical commercial penetrometer.Two commonly used firmness-related parameters could be predicted based on the prototype readings.The distribution and changes of firmness could be visualized based on 3D models of the prototype readings.Abstract. Firmness is an important indicator of fruit quality. The devices for on-site fruit firmness measurement need to be portable, low-cost, lightweight, reliable, and flexible. Existing portable devices can provide firmness-related parameters, but their measurement results cannot be converted to each other. Their measurement results are also susceptible to operator error due to the manual measurement process. To solve this problem, a prototype handheld device was developed based on sensing fruit resistance to achieve automatic on-site firmness measurement of fruit with edible peel and provide commonly used firmness-related parameters. The prototype’s precision was verified by analyzing the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurement results with four Shore hardness blocks. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the results obtained by the same operator were less than 0.61%, and there was no significant difference among the results obtained by different operators (p < 0.05), which indicated that the prototype could provide reliable measurement results. A case study of peaches was performed, and the results showed that (1) the prototype had better performance than a commercial penetrometer, (2) two commonly used firmness-related parameters could be predicted based on regression models between a texture analyzer and the prototype readings (R2P = 0.908 and RMSEP = 4.191 N for maximum force; R2P = 0.923 and RMSEP = 1.613 N mm-1 for initial slope), (3) changes in the prototype readings for peaches during growth corresponded with the growth characteristics, and (4) the distribution and changes of peach firmness over time could be visualized based on 3D models of the prototype readings. Keywords: Automatic, Fruit firmness, Handheld device, High precision, Peach.
HighlightsA手持式水果硬度自动现场测量装置。该原型装置取得了比典型的商用穿透仪更好的性能。两个常用的硬度相关参数可以根据原型读数进行预测。基于原型读数的三维模型,可以可视化硬度的分布和变化。硬度是果实品质的重要指标。现场水果硬度测量设备需要便携、低成本、轻便、可靠和灵活。现有的便携式设备可以提供与硬度相关的参数,但它们的测量结果不能相互转换。由于人工测量过程,其测量结果也容易受到操作人员误差的影响。为解决这一问题,研制了一种基于水果阻力传感的手持样机,实现了可食用果皮水果的现场硬度自动测量,并提供了常用的硬度相关参数。通过分析四种邵氏硬度块测量结果的重复性和再现性,验证了样机的精度。同一操作人员测量结果的相对标准偏差(rsd)均小于0.61%,不同操作人员测量结果之间无显著差异(p < 0.05),说明该样机能够提供可靠的测量结果。以桃子为研究对象,结果表明:(1)样机的测力性能优于商用测力仪;(2)基于纹理分析仪与样机测力值之间的回归模型(最大力值R2P = 0.908, RMSEP = 4.191 N),可以预测两个常用的硬度相关参数;R2P = 0.923, RMSEP = 1.613 N mm-1(初始坡度),(3)桃子生长过程中原型读数的变化与生长特征相对应,(4)基于原型读数的三维模型可以可视化桃子硬度随时间的分布和变化。关键词:自动,果实紧实,手持装置,高精度,桃子。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization and Analysis of Plastic Film Consumption for Wrapping Round Baled Silage Using Combined 3D Method Considering Effects of Bale Dimensions 考虑包捆尺寸影响的组合三维方法优化青贮圆捆膜耗量分析
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.13031/TRANS.14137
A. Stankiewicz
HighlightsSolved the problem of optimal design, in the sense of minimal film usage, of round bale diameter and height.Necessary and sufficient optimality conditions derived in the form of easy-to-solve cubic equations.Bales of a maximum volume achievable with an actual wrapper and of optimal dimensions ensure minimal film usage.Up to 10% savings in film usage if bale dimensions are optimally designed and wrapping parameters properly selected.Abstract. The combined 3D method is used for wrapping cylindrical bales of agricultural materials based on biaxial rotation of the film applicators. The demand for minimization of plastic film consumption keeps increasing, with the goal to save the environment, reduce plastic costs, and minimize wrapping time. Consequently, methods have been reported to solve the problem of optimal wrapping parameters for the conventional wrapping method. In this article, a model-based problem of such a design based on round bale dimensions (diameter and height) that minimizes film consumption for the combined 3D method is mathematically formulated and analyzed. The film consumption per unit of bale volume is used as a measure of film usage. Generally, it is difficult to find the optimal bale dimensions that minimize the original film usage index, due to the discontinuity of the index. Thus, near-optimal parameters, being as important as optimal parameters for engineering applications, are looked for. The problem of selecting near-optimal bale dimensions was constructed by minimizing the continuous lower bound of the original film usage index. The necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for near-optimal bale dimensions were established in the form of standard cubic equations, which can easily be solved using both analytical and numerical methods. Based on the optimality conditions, analytical and numerical analyses were performed of the influence of film width, pre-assumed bale volume, and numbers of bottom and upper film layers on the near-optimal bale dimensions and film usage. The results indicated that the near-optimal bale diameter and height, hereinafter called optimal, monotonically increase, while the optimal film consumption monotonically decreases, with increasing pre-assumed bale volume. Therefore, it is recommended to use bales of a maximum volume achievable with an actual wrapper and of optimal dimensions, i.e., diameter and height. The film width also influences the optimal bale dimensions and film usage: the wider the film, the smaller the minimal film usage. To confirm the effect of near-optimal bale design on film usage, the errors of the near-optimality were examined for four to sixteen film layers. The results of the numerical experiments demonstrated that for four to sixteen layers of film, there are compositions of the bottom and upper film layers for which the relative near-optimality errors do not exceed 0.01% whenever the optimal bale dimensions are used. Simultaneously, inappropriate selection
解决了圆捆直径和高度的优化设计问题,在膜用量最小的意义上。以易解三次方程形式导出的充分必要最优性条件。最大容量的包可实现与实际包装和最佳尺寸,确保最小的薄膜使用。高达10%的节省薄膜使用,如果包尺寸的优化设计和包装参数正确选择。该组合三维方法用于基于涂膜器的双轴旋转包裹圆柱形农业材料包。人们对塑料薄膜消耗最小化的要求不断提高,目的是为了保护环境,降低塑料成本,最大限度地减少包装时间。因此,已有报道提出了解决传统缠绕方法的最优缠绕参数问题的方法。在本文中,基于圆捆尺寸(直径和高度)的这种设计的基于模型的问题是最小的薄膜消耗的组合三维方法的数学公式和分析。每单位包体积的薄膜消耗量被用作薄膜使用量的度量。通常,由于原始薄膜使用指数的不连续性,很难找到使原始薄膜使用指数最小的最佳捆包尺寸。因此,在工程应用中,寻找与最优参数同样重要的近最优参数。通过最小化原始膜利用率指数的连续下界,构造了近最优包尺寸选择问题。以标准三次方程的形式,建立了近最优包捆尺寸的充要条件,该条件易于用解析和数值方法求解。基于最优条件,分析和数值分析了薄膜宽度、预估的包体积、底层和上层薄膜层数对接近最优的包尺寸和薄膜使用量的影响。结果表明:随着预设包量的增加,近最优包径和包高(以下简称最优)单调增加,最优耗膜量单调减少;因此,建议使用实际包装器可实现的最大体积和最佳尺寸(即直径和高度)的包。薄膜宽度也影响最佳捆尺寸和薄膜用量:薄膜越宽,最小薄膜用量越小。为了确认近最优包捆设计对薄膜使用的影响,研究了4到16层薄膜的近最优误差。数值实验结果表明,对于4 ~ 16层薄膜,当使用最优包尺寸时,存在底层和上层薄膜组成的相对近最优误差不超过0.01%。同时,不适当的包装参数选择可能导致薄膜使用量增加,平均相对误差为1%至9.5%,这意味着当根据所提出的方法优化设计包捆尺寸并选择适当的包装参数时,可节省高达10%的薄膜成本。关键词:三维包捆,数学模型,最小薄膜消耗,圆捆,拉伸膜使用。
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引用次数: 1
Power-Saving Solutions for Pre-Compensated Load-Sensing Systems on Mobile Machines 移动设备上预补偿负载敏感系统的节能解决方案
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.13031/trans.14376
Xin Tian, Patrick M. Stump, A. Vacca, S. Fiorati, F. Pintore
HighlightsTwo methods (VPM and HVM) are proposed to improve the hydraulic system efficiency of agricultural tractors.VPM and HVM both target reducing the power loss at the flow control valve of the hydraulic system.The solutions are presented conceptually and then numerically modeled, and VPM is tested on an actual tractor.Results show that the VPM solution achieves 6.7% power saving, while HVM achieves 15.6% power saving.Abstract. Load sensing (LS) is a dominant fluid power actuation technology in mobile machines, particularly in construction and agriculture. It has the advantage of guaranteeing good controllability in systems with multiple actuators while promoting higher energy efficiency. Several variants of LS systems have been proposed over the years, and research on cost-effective methods to further increase their efficiency is still of interest for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and the fluid power community. This article presents two solution, referred to as variable pump margin (VPM) and hybrid variable margin (HVM), suitable to improve the energy efficiency in pre-compensated LS systems such as those used in agricultural tractors. Both methods allow either downsizing the control valves or reducing the power consumption over the working range. Compared to a standard LS system, the VPM solution lowers the pump pressure using an electronic proportional pressure-reducing valve (ep-PRV), while the HVM solution uses a second ep-PRV in the compensator’s pilot line to further minimize the pressure differential across the LS valve. Simulation and experimental results show that, among the main working conditions, the VPM solution on average achieved 6.7% power saving over the standard LS system, while the model predicted an average improvement of 15.6% for the HVM solution. Keywords: Efficiency, Experiments, Hydraulic, Load sensing, Modeling, Pump.
提出了两种提高农用拖拉机液压系统效率的方法(VPM和HVM)。VPM和HVM的目标都是减少液压系统流量控制阀处的功率损失。提出了解决方案的概念,然后进行了数值模拟,并在一台实际拖拉机上进行了VPM测试。结果表明,VPM方案节能6.7%,HVM方案节能15.6%。负载敏感(LS)是移动机械中主要的流体动力驱动技术,特别是在建筑和农业中。它在保证多作动器系统的良好可控性的同时,又能提高系统的能效。多年来,已经提出了几种LS系统的变体,并且研究具有成本效益的方法以进一步提高其效率仍然是原始设备制造商(oem)和流体动力社区的兴趣。本文提出了两种解决方案,即可变泵裕度(VPM)和混合变量裕度(HVM),适用于提高农业拖拉机等预补偿LS系统的能源效率。这两种方法都允许减小控制阀的尺寸或减少工作范围内的功耗。与标准LS系统相比,VPM解决方案使用电子比例减压阀(ep-PRV)降低泵压力,而HVM解决方案在补偿器的先导管线中使用第二个ep-PRV,以进一步减少LS阀上的压差。仿真和实验结果表明,在主要工况中,VPM方案比标准LS系统平均节能6.7%,而模型预测HVM方案平均节能15.6%。关键词:效率,实验,液压,负载敏感,建模,泵
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引用次数: 2
Development of a Small Electric Robot Boat for Mowing Aquatic Weeds 小型水草割草电动机器人船的研制
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.13031/trans.14295
Y. Kaizu, T. Shimada, Yusuke Takahashi, S. Igarashi, Hiroyuki Yamada, K. Furuhashi, K. Imou
HighlightsA small, automatically guided electric robot boat was developed to control the growth of aquatic plants in lakes.The robot boat was able to mow without becoming entangled with aquatic plants due to the paddle propulsion mechanism.The average speed was 0.41 m s-1, and the lateral deviation from the set path was 9.4 cm.The growth restraint effect was confirmed using aerial images collected by a drone.Abstract. At present, aquatic plants are becoming a problem in various lakes. Aquatic weeds that grow to high densities cause decreases in the oxygen concentration in the water, accumulation of sludge, and adverse effects on water use facilities and fisheries. Although there are large machines for cutting and harvesting aquatic plants, their use is limited due to their high cost, large size, and heavy weight. On the other hand, manual cutting is very labor intensive and inefficient. Therefore, in this research, we developed a labor-saving and low-cost robot boat to mow aquatic plants. This robot boat is automatically controlled by a real-time kinematic global navigational satellite system (RTK-GNSS) and is characterized by its small size, light weight, excellent portability, and low energy consumption. In addition, a paddle mechanism that replaces a conventional propeller was introduced as a propulsion mechanism to prevent entanglement of water plants and enable long-term automatic navigation. Mowing lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) in Lake Izunuma, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, confirmed that mowing could be properly conducted with a lateral deviation of 9.4 cm, average speed of 0.41 m s-1, and average power consumption of 518 W even when lotus was at its densest growth. If the cutting width of the robot boat was 1.2 m and the sidelap width was 0.3 m, the theoretical field work rate would be 0.133 ha h-1. Images captured by a drone confirmed that cutting with the robot boat was effective in suppressing the growth of lotus. It was found that the effect of suppressing growth was maximized by mowing at the time when the stopping leaves appeared in the late growth stage of lotus. Keywords: Autonomous navigation, Lotus, Moving baseline, Robot operation system, RTK-GNSS, Virtual private network.
一种小型、自动引导的电动机器人船被开发出来,用于控制湖泊中水生植物的生长。由于采用桨推进装置,这艘机器船能够在不与水生植物纠缠的情况下进行割草。平均速度为0.41 m s-1,与设定路径的横向偏差为9.4 cm。利用无人机采集的航拍图像验证了生长抑制效果。目前,水生植物正在成为各种湖泊的一个问题。水草的高密度生长导致水中氧浓度降低,污泥堆积,对用水设施和渔业产生不利影响。虽然有大型机器用于切割和收获水生植物,但由于成本高、体积大、重量重,它们的使用受到限制。另一方面,手工切割是非常劳动密集和效率低下的。因此,在本研究中,我们开发了一种省力、低成本的水生植物割草机器人船。该机器人船由实时动态全球导航卫星系统(RTK-GNSS)自动控制,具有体积小、重量轻、便携性好、能耗低的特点。此外,还引入了一种取代传统螺旋桨的桨形机构作为推进机构,以防止水草缠绕,并实现长期自动导航。在日本宫城县出沼湖对荷花(Nelumbo nucifera)进行刈割,证实荷花生长最密集时,其横向偏差为9.4 cm,平均速度为0.41 m s-1,平均功耗为518 W。如果机器人船的切割宽度为1.2 m,侧舷宽度为0.3 m,则理论现场工作速率为0.133 ha h-1。无人机拍摄的图像证实,用机器船切割可以有效抑制荷花的生长。结果表明,在荷花生长后期出现停叶时,割草抑制生长的效果最大。关键词:自主导航,Lotus,移动基线,机器人操作系统,RTK-GNSS,虚拟专网
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引用次数: 2
Retention and Spread Capability of Impacted Droplets with Surfactant and Hydrocolloid Based Adjuvants 表面活性剂和基于水胶体的佐剂对冲击液滴的保留和扩散能力的影响
IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.13031/trans.14461
J. Abbott, Heping Zhu, H. Jeon
HighlightsRetention and spread of droplets with seven adjuvants were investigated on flat leaves.Surface tension of spray solutions, leaf wettability, and roughness strongly affected droplet retention and spread.Complete droplet retention occurred on hydrophilic leaves with all adjuvants and concentrations.High retention and spread on superhydrophobic leaves were achieved with the organo-silicone adjuvant.No retention occurred on superhydrophobic leaf surfaces with the hydrocolloid polymer adjuvant.Abstract. To optimize spray application efficiency, it is necessary to understand how the addition of adjuvants modifies the deposition properties of spray droplets on leaf surfaces due to variations in adhesive characteristics, such as roughness and wettability. Retention and spread of droplets with seven commercially available adjuvants were tested and compared at different concentrations. Tests were conducted with three leaf surfaces ranging in roughness and wettability from very smooth and hydrophilic to very rough and superhydrophobic. The adjuvants were formulated with non-ionic surfactant, crop oil, seed oil, organo-silicone, hydrocolloid polymer, or combinations of these agents as primary ingredients. Droplets of approximately 340 µm diameter were emitted from a streamed mono-sized generator. Droplet impact and spread were recorded with a 3D imaging system consisting of three high-speed digital cameras and analyzed using 3D motion analysis software. Retention and spread were determined by comparing droplet liquid volumes and droplet cross-sectional areas before and after impact, respectively. The surface tension of spray solutions and wettability of leaf surfaces strongly affected droplet retention. Droplets with lower surface tension were more likely to achieve high retention than those with higher surface tension. Droplet retention generally decreased with increasing leaf roughness-wettability. All droplets with and without adjuvants achieved 100% retention on the hydrophilic leaf surface. Addition of non-ionic, oil, or organo-silicone based adjuvants in the spray solution improved droplet retention on hydrophobic leaves, while the organo-silicone based adjuvant achieved the highest retention on superhydrophobic leaf surfaces. Droplet retention with the hydrocolloid polymer adjuvant was generally comparable to the other six adjuvants on the hydrophilic leaves and on the hydrophobic leaves with intermediate roughness and wettability but failed to achieve any retention on the superhydrophobic leaves. To improve droplet retention and adhesion, selection of adjuvants representing the non-ionic, oil, organo-silicone, blended, or hydrocolloid-based additives for enhancing spray solution performance must comply with the leaf surface characteristics. Keywords: Droplet rebound, High-speed imaging, Leaf wettability, Pesticide droplet deposition, Topography parameters.
7种佐剂对微滴在叶片上的保留和扩散进行了研究。喷雾溶液的表面张力、叶片的润湿性和粗糙度强烈影响液滴的保留和扩散。在所有佐剂和浓度的亲水性叶片上,液滴完全保留。有机硅佐剂在超疏水叶片上具有较高的保留率和涂抹性。水胶体聚合物佐剂对超疏水叶片表面无滞留作用。为了优化喷雾应用效率,有必要了解佐剂的添加如何改变喷雾液滴在叶片表面的沉积特性,这是由于粘合剂特性的变化,如粗糙度和润湿性。7种市售佐剂对液滴的保留和扩散进行了测试,并在不同浓度下进行了比较。试验用三种叶片表面进行,其粗糙度和润湿性从非常光滑和亲水到非常粗糙和超疏水。佐剂由非离子表面活性剂、作物油、种子油、有机硅、水胶体聚合物或这些试剂的组合作为主要成分配制而成。直径约340微米的液滴从一个单一尺寸的流发生器中发射出来。用由3台高速数码相机组成的三维成像系统记录液滴撞击和扩散,并使用三维运动分析软件进行分析。通过比较撞击前后液滴液体积和液滴横截面积来确定滞留和扩散。喷雾溶液的表面张力和叶片表面的润湿性对液滴滞留有很大影响。表面张力较低的液滴比表面张力较高的液滴更容易获得较高的滞留率。液滴滞留一般随叶片粗糙度的增加而减少。所有滴有助剂和不含助剂都在亲水性叶片表面达到100%的保留率。在喷雾溶液中加入非离子、油或有机硅基佐剂可以改善疏水性叶片上的液滴保留,而有机硅基佐剂在超疏水性叶片表面上的保留率最高。水胶体聚合物佐剂的液滴在亲水性叶片和疏水性叶片上的保留率与其他六种佐剂大致相当,具有中等粗糙度和润湿性,但在超疏水性叶片上未能实现任何保留率。为了提高液滴的保留和粘附性,选择非离子型、油型、有机硅型、混合型或基于水胶体的助剂来增强喷雾溶液的性能,必须符合叶子表面的特性。关键词:液滴回弹,高速成像,叶片润湿性,农药液滴沉积,地形参数。
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引用次数: 1
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