Discipline-based education research can provide unique insights for agricultural and biological engineering.Authentic learning has the potential to transform teaching practices and student learning.Work in the five areas of engineering education research provides a foundation for discipline-specific inquiry.An agricultural and biological engineering education research agenda is advised. Keywords: Authentic learning, Discipline-based education research.
{"title":"Frontier: Discipline-Based Education Research to Advance Authentic Learning in Agricultural and Biological Engineering","authors":"H. Diefes‐Dux","doi":"10.13031/trans.14422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14422","url":null,"abstract":"Discipline-based education research can provide unique insights for agricultural and biological engineering.Authentic learning has the potential to transform teaching practices and student learning.Work in the five areas of engineering education research provides a foundation for discipline-specific inquiry.An agricultural and biological engineering education research agenda is advised. Keywords: Authentic learning, Discipline-based education research.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77950819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsTree canopy architecture traits are associated with its productivity and management.Understanding these traits is important for both precision agriculture and phenomics applications.Remote sensing platforms (satellite, UAV, etc.) and multiple approaches (SfM, LiDAR) have been used to assess these traits.3D reconstruction of tree canopies allows the measurement of tree height, crown area, and canopy volume.Abstract. Tree canopy architecture is associated with light use efficiency and thus productivity. Given the modern training systems in orchard tree fruit systems, modification of tree architecture is becoming important for easier management of crops (e.g., pruning, thinning, chemical application, harvesting, etc.) while maintaining fruit quality and quantity. Similarly, in forest environments, architecture can influence the competitiveness and balance between tree species in the ecosystem. This article reviews the literature related to sensing approaches used for assessing architecture traits and the factors that influence such evaluation processes. Digital imagery integrated with structure from motion analysis and both terrestrial and aerial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems have been commonly used. In addition, satellite imagery and other techniques have been explored. Some of the major findings and some critical considerations for such measurement methods are summarized here. Keywords: Canopy volume, LiDAR system, Structure from motion, Tree height, UAV.
{"title":"Phenotyping Architecture Traits of Tree Species Using Remote Sensing Techniques","authors":"Worasit Sangjan, S. Sankaran","doi":"10.13031/trans.14419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14419","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsTree canopy architecture traits are associated with its productivity and management.Understanding these traits is important for both precision agriculture and phenomics applications.Remote sensing platforms (satellite, UAV, etc.) and multiple approaches (SfM, LiDAR) have been used to assess these traits.3D reconstruction of tree canopies allows the measurement of tree height, crown area, and canopy volume.Abstract. Tree canopy architecture is associated with light use efficiency and thus productivity. Given the modern training systems in orchard tree fruit systems, modification of tree architecture is becoming important for easier management of crops (e.g., pruning, thinning, chemical application, harvesting, etc.) while maintaining fruit quality and quantity. Similarly, in forest environments, architecture can influence the competitiveness and balance between tree species in the ecosystem. This article reviews the literature related to sensing approaches used for assessing architecture traits and the factors that influence such evaluation processes. Digital imagery integrated with structure from motion analysis and both terrestrial and aerial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems have been commonly used. In addition, satellite imagery and other techniques have been explored. Some of the major findings and some critical considerations for such measurement methods are summarized here. Keywords: Canopy volume, LiDAR system, Structure from motion, Tree height, UAV.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77652861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsTemperature and air movement in the naturally ventilated barns correlated to ambient conditions.Manure N-P-K values related to solids distribution in the manure storage.Ammonia and combined sulfur concentrations increased with closer proximity to the manure surface.Influences of manure properties, airflow conditions, barn design, and management were evident for gas concentrations.Abstract. There is a lack of data to describe the range of environmental and air quality conditions in beef cattle confinement buildings with deep-pit manure storage. The objective of this article is to describe the environmental conditions, manure nutrient concentrations, and aerial gas concentrations for three deep-pit manure storage finishing beef cattle facilities and varying weather conditions. Measurements were collected from three barns finishing beef cattle with deep pits in Minnesota on three sampling days per barn in summer, fall, and spring weather conditions. The air temperatures throughout the barns closely mirrored the ambient temperature conditions, although significantly lower temperatures were sometimes evident at the manure surface or in the inlet opening. However, the manure and floor surfaces had 2°C and 5°C temperature increases over ambient temperatures. Air speeds through the barn openings were generally 40% of the ambient wind speed; at animal level, the average air speed was 1 to 3 m s-1. Manure nutrient distributions were not consistent between the surface and agitated (whole pit) samples, and this was likely due in part to solids distribution in the storage. Total nitrogen levels ranged from 4.5 to 6.7 g L-1, and ammonium-N was 50% to 65% of total N in agitated whole-pit samples. Phosphate and potassium oxide levels ranged from 2.8 to 4.2 g L-1 and from 3.7 to 4.5 g L-1, respectively. Aerial ammonia and combined sulfur concentrations varied by location within a barn, pen, and season. Ammonia and combined sulfur increased with proximity to the manure surface. Higher ammonia and combined sulfur concentrations at manure level and floor level for one of the three barns may have related to water quality and/or feed composition and resulting manure nutrients, in addition to warmer temperatures. At floor level, the greatest average ammonia concentration was 8.5 ppm, and 3.9 ppm at nose level. Maximum combined sulfur levels were a maximum of 270 ppb at floor level in summer conditions in one of the barns, while 52 ppb was the maximum average during spring conditions. Carbon dioxide levels also varied by location within a barn, pen, and season and were related in part to the presence of cattle in the pen. This project is the first to quantify air quality in slatted-floor cattle barns and contributes to a body of knowledge that can be used to develop process-based models for estimating air emissions from cattle facilities. Keywords: Airflow, Ammonia, Beef cattle, Confinement, Hydrogenslfide, Manure characteristics, Temperature.
突出显示自然通风谷仓的温度和空气运动与环境条件相关。粪肥N-P-K值与粪肥库中固体分布有关。氨和复合硫的浓度越接近粪便表面越高。粪便特性、气流条件、畜棚设计和管理对气体浓度的影响是明显的。缺乏数据来描述具有深坑粪便储存的肉牛圈养建筑物的环境和空气质量条件的范围。本文的目的是描述三个深坑粪便储存精育肉牛设施的环境条件，粪便养分浓度和空气气体浓度以及不同的天气条件。在夏季、秋季和春季的天气条件下，从明尼苏达州的三个深坑育肥肉牛的畜棚中收集了三个采样日的测量数据。整个畜棚的空气温度密切反映了环境温度条件，尽管有时在粪肥表面或入口开口处明显温度较低。然而，粪肥和地板表面的温度比环境温度分别升高2°C和5°C。通过谷仓开口的风速一般为环境风速的40%;在动物水平，平均风速为1 ~ 3 m s-1。粪便养分分布在表面和搅拌(整个坑)样品之间不一致，这可能部分是由于储存中的固体分布。在搅拌后的全坑样品中，总氮含量在4.5 ~ 6.7 g L-1之间，氨氮占总氮的50% ~ 65%。磷酸盐和氧化钾含量分别为2.8 ~ 4.2 g L-1和3.7 ~ 4.5 g L-1。空气中氨和混合硫的浓度因谷仓、围栏和季节的不同而不同。氨和结合硫随着接近粪肥表面而增加。除了温度升高外，三个谷仓中有一个的粪便水平和地板水平的氨和综合硫浓度较高可能与水质和/或饲料成分以及由此产生的粪便营养物质有关。在地面水平，平均氨浓度最高为8.5 ppm，在鼻子水平为3.9 ppm。在夏季条件下，其中一个谷仓的地面最大组合硫含量为270 ppb，而在春季条件下，最大平均硫含量为52 ppb。二氧化碳的含量也会随着牲口棚、围栏和季节的不同而变化，这在一定程度上与围栏中是否有牛有关。该项目是第一个对板条地板牛舍的空气质量进行量化的项目，并有助于建立一个知识体系，可用于开发基于过程的模型，以估计养牛场的空气排放。关键词:气流，氨气，肉牛，约束，氢化物，粪便特性，温度。
{"title":"Environmental Conditions and Gas Concentrations in Deep-Pit Finishing Cattle Facilities: A Descriptive Study","authors":"E. Cortus, B. Hetchler, M. Spiehs, W. Rusche","doi":"10.13031/trans.14040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14040","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsTemperature and air movement in the naturally ventilated barns correlated to ambient conditions.Manure N-P-K values related to solids distribution in the manure storage.Ammonia and combined sulfur concentrations increased with closer proximity to the manure surface.Influences of manure properties, airflow conditions, barn design, and management were evident for gas concentrations.Abstract. There is a lack of data to describe the range of environmental and air quality conditions in beef cattle confinement buildings with deep-pit manure storage. The objective of this article is to describe the environmental conditions, manure nutrient concentrations, and aerial gas concentrations for three deep-pit manure storage finishing beef cattle facilities and varying weather conditions. Measurements were collected from three barns finishing beef cattle with deep pits in Minnesota on three sampling days per barn in summer, fall, and spring weather conditions. The air temperatures throughout the barns closely mirrored the ambient temperature conditions, although significantly lower temperatures were sometimes evident at the manure surface or in the inlet opening. However, the manure and floor surfaces had 2°C and 5°C temperature increases over ambient temperatures. Air speeds through the barn openings were generally 40% of the ambient wind speed; at animal level, the average air speed was 1 to 3 m s-1. Manure nutrient distributions were not consistent between the surface and agitated (whole pit) samples, and this was likely due in part to solids distribution in the storage. Total nitrogen levels ranged from 4.5 to 6.7 g L-1, and ammonium-N was 50% to 65% of total N in agitated whole-pit samples. Phosphate and potassium oxide levels ranged from 2.8 to 4.2 g L-1 and from 3.7 to 4.5 g L-1, respectively. Aerial ammonia and combined sulfur concentrations varied by location within a barn, pen, and season. Ammonia and combined sulfur increased with proximity to the manure surface. Higher ammonia and combined sulfur concentrations at manure level and floor level for one of the three barns may have related to water quality and/or feed composition and resulting manure nutrients, in addition to warmer temperatures. At floor level, the greatest average ammonia concentration was 8.5 ppm, and 3.9 ppm at nose level. Maximum combined sulfur levels were a maximum of 270 ppb at floor level in summer conditions in one of the barns, while 52 ppb was the maximum average during spring conditions. Carbon dioxide levels also varied by location within a barn, pen, and season and were related in part to the presence of cattle in the pen. This project is the first to quantify air quality in slatted-floor cattle barns and contributes to a body of knowledge that can be used to develop process-based models for estimating air emissions from cattle facilities. Keywords: Airflow, Ammonia, Beef cattle, Confinement, Hydrogenslfide, Manure characteristics, Temperature.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"79 1","pages":"31-48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80341908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsThe TS-PEF diminished the color change compared to individual treatments.The concentration of Fe, Cr, and Ni increased after the treatments of PEF and TS-PEF.The volatile flavor compounds decreased after the treatment of TS and TS-PEF.Abstract. Chinese rice wine (CRW) is a traditional wine prevalent in East Asia. In current industrial production of bottled CRW, an additional thermal pasteurization is required at the bottling stage to extend the shelf life of the product, and this thermal treatment results in quality degradation and even carcinogen formation. In our previous studies, non-thermal technologies such as pulsed electric fields (PEF), thermosonication (TS), and their combination (TS-PEF) have been shown to significantly inactivate Saccharomyces cerevisiae in CRW as an alternative to thermal pasteurization of bottled wine. However, studies of their effects on the quality of CRW are very limited. In this study, we compared the physicochemical properties of CRW treated by pasteurization, PEF, TS, and TS-PEF. The results showed that the basic physicochemical indicators of CRW (total sugar, non-sugar solids, total acidity, amino acid nitrogen, and pH) did not change significantly after all these treatments. The TS-PEF treatment reduced the total color difference caused by the TS or PEF treatments. However, corrosion of the electrodes during PEF and TS-PEF treatment caused a significant increase in iron, chromium, and nickel concentrations. In addition, volatile flavor compounds, such as alcohols, esters, acids, and aldehydes, were reduced much more after TS and TS-PEF treatment than after pasteurization and PEF. Further research is needed on minimizing the negative impacts of these new technologies on the flavor of CRW in the context of effective sterilization. Keywords: Chinese rice wine, Metal ion, Physicochemical properties, Pulsed electric fields, Ultrasound, Volatile flavor compounds.
{"title":"Impact of Pulsed Electric Fields Combined with Thermosonication on the Physicochemical Properties of Chinese Rice Wine","authors":"Chenang Lyu, Xiaolu Qi, Sun Ying, Jianping Wang","doi":"10.13031/trans.14457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14457","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsThe TS-PEF diminished the color change compared to individual treatments.The concentration of Fe, Cr, and Ni increased after the treatments of PEF and TS-PEF.The volatile flavor compounds decreased after the treatment of TS and TS-PEF.Abstract. Chinese rice wine (CRW) is a traditional wine prevalent in East Asia. In current industrial production of bottled CRW, an additional thermal pasteurization is required at the bottling stage to extend the shelf life of the product, and this thermal treatment results in quality degradation and even carcinogen formation. In our previous studies, non-thermal technologies such as pulsed electric fields (PEF), thermosonication (TS), and their combination (TS-PEF) have been shown to significantly inactivate Saccharomyces cerevisiae in CRW as an alternative to thermal pasteurization of bottled wine. However, studies of their effects on the quality of CRW are very limited. In this study, we compared the physicochemical properties of CRW treated by pasteurization, PEF, TS, and TS-PEF. The results showed that the basic physicochemical indicators of CRW (total sugar, non-sugar solids, total acidity, amino acid nitrogen, and pH) did not change significantly after all these treatments. The TS-PEF treatment reduced the total color difference caused by the TS or PEF treatments. However, corrosion of the electrodes during PEF and TS-PEF treatment caused a significant increase in iron, chromium, and nickel concentrations. In addition, volatile flavor compounds, such as alcohols, esters, acids, and aldehydes, were reduced much more after TS and TS-PEF treatment than after pasteurization and PEF. Further research is needed on minimizing the negative impacts of these new technologies on the flavor of CRW in the context of effective sterilization. Keywords: Chinese rice wine, Metal ion, Physicochemical properties, Pulsed electric fields, Ultrasound, Volatile flavor compounds.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81272395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsFifty-two jet erosion tests performed on four cohesive soils were analyzed by nine different methods.Nonlinear methods performed well on some individual tests but fit inconsistently overall.Several alternate linear solution methods outperformed the widely used Blaisdell method.Simple linear regression of erosion rate versus applied shear stress provided the most consistent relationship between erosion rate and critical shear stress parameters.Abstract. The submerged jet erosion test (JET) is widely used in lab and field settings to quantify erodibility of cohesive soils and determine erosion rate coefficients and critical shear stress values. Test devices with different scales and configurations have been developed in recent years, along with several alternative methods for processing the collected data to determine parameters of linear and nonlinear soil erosion equations. To facilitate standardization, 52 JET experiments were conducted on four different cohesive soils compacted at optimum water content and 2% dry and wet of optimum. Each test was analyzed using nine different methods, four based on the linear excess stress equation (including the commonly used Blaisdell method) and five based on nonlinear erosion equations, including two using the recently popular Wilson model. Results were analyzed to determine the erosion equations and parameter-fitting methods that most effectively represent the observed erosion rates and are of greatest utility for soil erosion modeling and the ranking and classification of soils according to erodibility. Methods based on nonlinear erosion equations fit some data sets well, but they exhibited poor correlation between the erosion rate coefficient and the threshold shear stress parameter for initiating erosion, which is problematic for soil erodibility classification work. Linear methods that simultaneously optimized erosion equation parameters to best fit the total depth of scour or the elapsed time needed to reach specific depths of scour performed better than the Blaisdell method, which has been the informally accepted standard of practice since the late 1990s. However, they also exhibited weak correlation of the erosion rate and critical shear stress parameters. Simple linear regression of average scour rate versus average applied stress provided an effective method for representing the erosion rate versus applied stress curve and exhibited the strongest correlation of the erosion rate coefficient and critical shear stress parameters. Keywords: Cohesive soil, Critical shear stress, Erodibility, Erosion, Erosion laws, Erosion models, Jet erosion test, Shear strss, Soil moisture.
{"title":"Methods for Analyzing Submerged Jet Erosion Test Data to Model Scour of Cohesive Soils","authors":"T. Wahl","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14212","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsFifty-two jet erosion tests performed on four cohesive soils were analyzed by nine different methods.Nonlinear methods performed well on some individual tests but fit inconsistently overall.Several alternate linear solution methods outperformed the widely used Blaisdell method.Simple linear regression of erosion rate versus applied shear stress provided the most consistent relationship between erosion rate and critical shear stress parameters.Abstract. The submerged jet erosion test (JET) is widely used in lab and field settings to quantify erodibility of cohesive soils and determine erosion rate coefficients and critical shear stress values. Test devices with different scales and configurations have been developed in recent years, along with several alternative methods for processing the collected data to determine parameters of linear and nonlinear soil erosion equations. To facilitate standardization, 52 JET experiments were conducted on four different cohesive soils compacted at optimum water content and 2% dry and wet of optimum. Each test was analyzed using nine different methods, four based on the linear excess stress equation (including the commonly used Blaisdell method) and five based on nonlinear erosion equations, including two using the recently popular Wilson model. Results were analyzed to determine the erosion equations and parameter-fitting methods that most effectively represent the observed erosion rates and are of greatest utility for soil erosion modeling and the ranking and classification of soils according to erodibility. Methods based on nonlinear erosion equations fit some data sets well, but they exhibited poor correlation between the erosion rate coefficient and the threshold shear stress parameter for initiating erosion, which is problematic for soil erodibility classification work. Linear methods that simultaneously optimized erosion equation parameters to best fit the total depth of scour or the elapsed time needed to reach specific depths of scour performed better than the Blaisdell method, which has been the informally accepted standard of practice since the late 1990s. However, they also exhibited weak correlation of the erosion rate and critical shear stress parameters. Simple linear regression of average scour rate versus average applied stress provided an effective method for representing the erosion rate versus applied stress curve and exhibited the strongest correlation of the erosion rate coefficient and critical shear stress parameters. Keywords: Cohesive soil, Critical shear stress, Erodibility, Erosion, Erosion laws, Erosion models, Jet erosion test, Shear strss, Soil moisture.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"25 1","pages":"785-799"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85899189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsA finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed to predict behavior of steel-clad, wood-framed (SCWF) shear walls under cyclic loading.This FEA model will be useful in determining post-frame building response to seismic forces.The model will save time and money in developing design coefficients and planning experiments for SCWF shear walls.Abstract. This article presents finite element (FEA) model results of steel-clad, wood-framed (SCWF) shear walls under cyclic lateral loading. The shear wall model consists of beam elements to model framing members, equivalent orthotropic plane stress elements to model corrugated steel cladding, linear spring elements to model nail connectors between framing members, and nonlinear hysteresis spring elements to model screw connectors. Screw connectors attaching steel panels to wood framing and steel panels to steel panels at lap joints were tested under cyclic loading to provide the constitutive relationships needed. A modified Bouc-Wen-Barber-Noori (BWBN) model was developed to capture slack, pinching, and strength and stiffness degradation of screw connectors under cyclic loading. The finite element models were validated by comparing them with experimental test results of six different SCWF shear wall configurations. Predicted peak shear strengths for most load cycles were slightly higher than those from the experimental tests, especially for stitched shear walls. Visual inspection of the FEA predicted hysteretic load curves demonstrated that pinching, and strength and stiffness degradation were well captured. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of the FEA model for comparative studies of different SCWF shear wall constructions under cyclic lateral loading. Keywords: Cyclic lateral loading, Diaphragm design, Post-frame building, Steel-clad wood-frame diaphragm.
{"title":"Predicting Behavior of Steel-Clad, Wood-Framed Shear Walls under Cyclic Lateral Loading","authors":"Khoi Mai, W. Cofer, D. Bender","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14250","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsA finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed to predict behavior of steel-clad, wood-framed (SCWF) shear walls under cyclic loading.This FEA model will be useful in determining post-frame building response to seismic forces.The model will save time and money in developing design coefficients and planning experiments for SCWF shear walls.Abstract. This article presents finite element (FEA) model results of steel-clad, wood-framed (SCWF) shear walls under cyclic lateral loading. The shear wall model consists of beam elements to model framing members, equivalent orthotropic plane stress elements to model corrugated steel cladding, linear spring elements to model nail connectors between framing members, and nonlinear hysteresis spring elements to model screw connectors. Screw connectors attaching steel panels to wood framing and steel panels to steel panels at lap joints were tested under cyclic loading to provide the constitutive relationships needed. A modified Bouc-Wen-Barber-Noori (BWBN) model was developed to capture slack, pinching, and strength and stiffness degradation of screw connectors under cyclic loading. The finite element models were validated by comparing them with experimental test results of six different SCWF shear wall configurations. Predicted peak shear strengths for most load cycles were slightly higher than those from the experimental tests, especially for stitched shear walls. Visual inspection of the FEA predicted hysteretic load curves demonstrated that pinching, and strength and stiffness degradation were well captured. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of the FEA model for comparative studies of different SCWF shear wall constructions under cyclic lateral loading. Keywords: Cyclic lateral loading, Diaphragm design, Post-frame building, Steel-clad wood-frame diaphragm.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"53 1","pages":"413-424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85511750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsAn LED-based candling system was designed to automatically judge egg fertility.LEDs of six different colors were tested for light optimization.Relative absorptivity (RA) was negatively correlated with the L* value and positively correlated with the a* value.The results combined with egg parameters produced higher accuracy than the results without egg parameters.Abstract. Removal of infertile eggs could increase the efficiency of commercial hatcheries by saving space, ensuring the hatching rate, and decreasing costs. In this study, an LED-based candling system was designed to automatically judge egg fertility by measuring photo-resistance, which was converted into the relative absorptivity (RA) of light through the egg. In the first experiment, 85 eggs were used to test LEDs of six different colors (red, yellow, green, blue, warm white, and cold white) during days 0 to 13 of incubation. In the second experiment, 170 eggs were detected with warm white LEDs during days 0 to 10 of incubation to further study whether egg parameters (weight, dimensions, and shell color) affected the accuracy of logistic regression. The detection results of the first experiment indicated that the RA of fertile eggs increased rapidly throughout the first 13 days of incubation, while the RA of infertile eggs increased little. Comparing the detection results for all LEDs, it was found that the warm white LEDs achieved the best results, with an accuracy of 94.9% on day 7. The second experiment showed that the RA was negatively correlated with the L* value (lightness or darkness) and positively correlated with the a* value (color in the red or green direction). Furthermore, on most days of incubation, the results of logistic regression combined with the egg parameters produced higher accuracy than the results without egg parameters. The accuracy was 100% on day 10. This study provides an automatic and non-destructive method to discriminate fertile eggs from infertile eggs for current hatcheries. Keywords: Egg parameters, Fertility, LED, Light optimization.
{"title":"Light Optimization for an LED-Based Candling System and Detection Combined with Egg Parameters for Discrimination of Fertility","authors":"Chenghao Pan, Zhu Gai, Yingping Zhang, Xiuqin Rao, Huanyu Jiang, Jinming Pan","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14134","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsAn LED-based candling system was designed to automatically judge egg fertility.LEDs of six different colors were tested for light optimization.Relative absorptivity (RA) was negatively correlated with the L* value and positively correlated with the a* value.The results combined with egg parameters produced higher accuracy than the results without egg parameters.Abstract. Removal of infertile eggs could increase the efficiency of commercial hatcheries by saving space, ensuring the hatching rate, and decreasing costs. In this study, an LED-based candling system was designed to automatically judge egg fertility by measuring photo-resistance, which was converted into the relative absorptivity (RA) of light through the egg. In the first experiment, 85 eggs were used to test LEDs of six different colors (red, yellow, green, blue, warm white, and cold white) during days 0 to 13 of incubation. In the second experiment, 170 eggs were detected with warm white LEDs during days 0 to 10 of incubation to further study whether egg parameters (weight, dimensions, and shell color) affected the accuracy of logistic regression. The detection results of the first experiment indicated that the RA of fertile eggs increased rapidly throughout the first 13 days of incubation, while the RA of infertile eggs increased little. Comparing the detection results for all LEDs, it was found that the warm white LEDs achieved the best results, with an accuracy of 94.9% on day 7. The second experiment showed that the RA was negatively correlated with the L* value (lightness or darkness) and positively correlated with the a* value (color in the red or green direction). Furthermore, on most days of incubation, the results of logistic regression combined with the egg parameters produced higher accuracy than the results without egg parameters. The accuracy was 100% on day 10. This study provides an automatic and non-destructive method to discriminate fertile eggs from infertile eggs for current hatcheries. Keywords: Egg parameters, Fertility, LED, Light optimization.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"40 1","pages":"485-493"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82466637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights Crop protection and pest management programs continue to be integral for modern food production. Potential ecological impacts of pesticides must be assessed, and key mitigation practices adopted. Efforts are needed to advance surface water pesticide exposure assessments from field to landscape scales. Ensuring effective pesticide mitigation practices requires quantifying dynamic site-specific characteristics. Ecological assessments must improve prediction of adverse population and community-level outcomes. Abstract. As the global food demand increases, the use of pesticides will continue to increase with significant growth in low- and middle-income countries. Agricultural systems in which pesticides are used are complex with significant and often unknown biological, human, and physical-chemical interactions. These interactions include climate and hydrology, soil type, selection and use of best management practices, chemical fate and transport, application technology, and land use socioeconomics. The objective of this review article is to highlight key research opportunities identified from recent special meetings and workshops on advancing pesticide exposure assessments and mitigation. Research is needed in using advanced analytics and forensics to better understand the distribution of pesticides in the environment through novel monitoring and detection. Higher-tier modeling approaches can help inform monitoring a priori to better characterize pesticide distributions in the environment. Current pesticide exposure assessments are largely focused on the field or watershed scale, but advancements are needed to move toward landscape-scale analyses capable of analyzing for interacting ecosystems. Assessing the effects of complex, low-dose chemical mixtures on non-target aquatic organisms must advance with new quantitative high-throughput experimental methods focused on identifying interactions and not just additive effects. Field mitigation measures are currently considered as part of the pesticide exposure and risk assessment process using qualitative, fixed-efficiency type approaches, but we specifically call for the use of existing quantitative tools moving forward. These mechanistic modeling and simulation tools can capture the inherent complexity within an agroecological system. There is a need for risk assessment to be more predictive of population and community-level impacts as part of environmentally relevant scenarios. Finally, it is imperative that professional societies take a more proactive role in promoting the transdisciplinary collaboration of biological and agricultural engineers with other disciplines contributing to advances in ecological risk assessment.
{"title":"Advancing Surface Water Pesticide Exposure Assessments for Ecosystem Protection","authors":"G. Fox, R. Muñoz‐Carpena, B. Brooks, T. Hall","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14225","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Crop protection and pest management programs continue to be integral for modern food production. Potential ecological impacts of pesticides must be assessed, and key mitigation practices adopted. Efforts are needed to advance surface water pesticide exposure assessments from field to landscape scales. Ensuring effective pesticide mitigation practices requires quantifying dynamic site-specific characteristics. Ecological assessments must improve prediction of adverse population and community-level outcomes. Abstract. As the global food demand increases, the use of pesticides will continue to increase with significant growth in low- and middle-income countries. Agricultural systems in which pesticides are used are complex with significant and often unknown biological, human, and physical-chemical interactions. These interactions include climate and hydrology, soil type, selection and use of best management practices, chemical fate and transport, application technology, and land use socioeconomics. The objective of this review article is to highlight key research opportunities identified from recent special meetings and workshops on advancing pesticide exposure assessments and mitigation. Research is needed in using advanced analytics and forensics to better understand the distribution of pesticides in the environment through novel monitoring and detection. Higher-tier modeling approaches can help inform monitoring a priori to better characterize pesticide distributions in the environment. Current pesticide exposure assessments are largely focused on the field or watershed scale, but advancements are needed to move toward landscape-scale analyses capable of analyzing for interacting ecosystems. Assessing the effects of complex, low-dose chemical mixtures on non-target aquatic organisms must advance with new quantitative high-throughput experimental methods focused on identifying interactions and not just additive effects. Field mitigation measures are currently considered as part of the pesticide exposure and risk assessment process using qualitative, fixed-efficiency type approaches, but we specifically call for the use of existing quantitative tools moving forward. These mechanistic modeling and simulation tools can capture the inherent complexity within an agroecological system. There is a need for risk assessment to be more predictive of population and community-level impacts as part of environmentally relevant scenarios. Finally, it is imperative that professional societies take a more proactive role in promoting the transdisciplinary collaboration of biological and agricultural engineers with other disciplines contributing to advances in ecological risk assessment.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"47 1","pages":"377-387"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87564595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thiago Berton Ferreira, W. Pavan, J. M. Fernandes, S. Asseng, F. Oliveira, Carlos Amaral Ho¨lbig, D. Pequeno, G. A. Dalmago, A. L. Zanatta, G. Hoogenboom
HighlightsCSM-NWheat, a DSSAT wheat crop model, was coupled with a pest module named PEST.The coupled model can simulate the impact of pest and disease damage on wheat crops.Pest damage is expressed in daily steps by communication links called coupling points.Coupling points are linked with state variables at which pest damage can be applied.Field pest-scouting reports and linear interpolation are used to compute damage rates.Abstract. Wheat is one of the most important global staple crops and is affected by numerous pests and diseases. Depending on their intensity, pests and diseases can cause significant economic losses and even crop failures. Pest models can assist decision-making, thus helping reduce crop losses. Most wheat simulation models account for abiotic stresses such as drought and nutrients, but they do not account for biotic stresses caused by pests and diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to couple a dynamic pest and disease damage module to the DSSAT model CSM-NWheat. Coupling points were integrated into the CSM-NWheat model for applying daily damage to all plant components, including leaves, stems, roots, and grains, the entire plant, and to the assimilate supply. The coupled model was tested by simulating a wheat crop with virtual damage levels applied at each coupling point. Measured foliar damage caused by tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) was also simulated. The modified model accurately estimated the reduction in leaf area growth and the yield loss when compared with observed data. With the incorporation of the pest module, CSM-NWheat can now predict the potential impact of pests and diseases on wheat growth and development, and ultimately economic yield. Keywords: Biotic stress, Decision support, DSSAT, Model coupling, Yield loss.
{"title":"Coupling a Pest and Disease Damage Module with CSM-NWheat: A Wheat Crop Simulation Model","authors":"Thiago Berton Ferreira, W. Pavan, J. M. Fernandes, S. Asseng, F. Oliveira, Carlos Amaral Ho¨lbig, D. Pequeno, G. A. Dalmago, A. L. Zanatta, G. Hoogenboom","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14586","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsCSM-NWheat, a DSSAT wheat crop model, was coupled with a pest module named PEST.The coupled model can simulate the impact of pest and disease damage on wheat crops.Pest damage is expressed in daily steps by communication links called coupling points.Coupling points are linked with state variables at which pest damage can be applied.Field pest-scouting reports and linear interpolation are used to compute damage rates.Abstract. Wheat is one of the most important global staple crops and is affected by numerous pests and diseases. Depending on their intensity, pests and diseases can cause significant economic losses and even crop failures. Pest models can assist decision-making, thus helping reduce crop losses. Most wheat simulation models account for abiotic stresses such as drought and nutrients, but they do not account for biotic stresses caused by pests and diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to couple a dynamic pest and disease damage module to the DSSAT model CSM-NWheat. Coupling points were integrated into the CSM-NWheat model for applying daily damage to all plant components, including leaves, stems, roots, and grains, the entire plant, and to the assimilate supply. The coupled model was tested by simulating a wheat crop with virtual damage levels applied at each coupling point. Measured foliar damage caused by tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) was also simulated. The modified model accurately estimated the reduction in leaf area growth and the yield loss when compared with observed data. With the incorporation of the pest module, CSM-NWheat can now predict the potential impact of pests and diseases on wheat growth and development, and ultimately economic yield. Keywords: Biotic stress, Decision support, DSSAT, Model coupling, Yield loss.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88281042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. J. Fernando, K. Amaratunga, H. Madhushanka, H. S. Jayaweera
{"title":"Drying Performance of Coffee in a Batch-Type Heat Pump Dryer","authors":"A. J. Fernando, K. Amaratunga, H. Madhushanka, H. S. Jayaweera","doi":"10.13031/aim.202001301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aim.202001301","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81421140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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